Pair-bond - Factbites

Pair-bond - Factbites
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Topic: Pair-bond

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	shapes of molecules and ions containing single bonds
		Lone pairs are in orbitals that are shorter and rounder than the orbitals that the bonding pairs occupy.
		In the next structure, each lone pair is at 90° to 3 bond pairs, and so each lone pair is responsible for 3 lone pair-bond pair repulsions.
		The structure with the minimum amount of repulsion is therefore this last one, because bond pair-bond pair repulsion is less than lone pair-bond pair repulsion.
	www.chemguide.co.uk /atoms/bonding/shapes.html (2139 words)

	Name _________________________________
		The lone pair-lone pair repulsion is stronger than lone pair-bond pair repulsion which is stroner than the bond pair-bond pair repulsion.
		In water the four electron pairs are composed of two bonding pairs and two lone pairs.
		A hydrogen bond is bond between an electron pair on a very electronegative atom (F, O or N) and a hydrogen atom.
	www.cbu.edu /~mcondren/c115e300.htm (652 words)

	curvedarrows.html
		The curved arrow on the right indicates that the electron pair of the bromine-bromine bond is shifting to reside solely on the bromine on the right, resulting in rupture of the bond and formation of bromine with four lone pairs and a negative charge.
		The curved arrow on the left indicates the electron pair that was the O-H bond becomes a lone pair on the oxygen of the hydroxide ion.
		A lone pair of the oxygen atom becomes the new O-H bond in the hydronium ion.
	web.chem.ucla.edu /~harding/tutorials/curvedarrows/curvedarrows.html (1233 words)

	co-ordinate (dative covalent) bonding
		A co-ordinate bond (also called a dative covalent bond) is a covalent bond (a shared pair of electrons) in which both electrons come from the same atom.
		A covalent bond is formed by two atoms sharing a pair of electrons.
		Carbon monoxide can be thought of as having two ordinary covalent bonds between the carbon and the oxygen plus a co-ordinate bond using a lone pair on the oxygen atom.
	www.chemguide.co.uk /atoms/bonding/dative.html (1430 words)

	ROCO Resonance: geometry
		Any time a N (equipped with a lone pair) lies next to a pi system, it may be possible to delocalize the N lone pair by converting it into a pi bond pair.
		4 pairs imply a tetrahedral atom with bond angles of ~109o, 3 pairs imply a trigonal atom with bond angles of 120o, and 2 pairs imply a linear atom.
		The counting of electron pairs, and the prediction of bond angles, becomes uncertain when a lone pair is delocalized.
	academic.reed.edu /chemistry/roco/Resonance/geometry.html (1324 words)

	The Way of Water
		The repulsion between two lone pairs in a molecule is greater than the repulsion between a lone pair and a bond pair which in turn is greater than the repulsion between two bond pairs:
		The shape of a molecule depends on the amount of bond pairs and lone pairs present in that molecule.
		The theory states that the shape of a molecule is governed by the amount of electron pairs in the bond.
	www.dit.ie /DIT/science/chemistry/rsccomp/competition01/chemweb5/w_shp.html (257 words)

	Slides18
		An illustration of how the differences between electron pair repulsions leading to the preferred see-saw geometry of a molecule of type AB Further distortions from the ideal VSEPR geometry of a molecule of type AB Illustrating the imbalance when SF 's lone pairs distort bond angles and bond lengths from the ideal VSEPR geomtry.
		Further distortions from the ideal VSEPR geometry of a molecule of type AB Illustrating the imbalance when SF 's lone pairs distort bond angles and bond lengths from the ideal VSEPR geomtry.
		The molecular geometry of structure AB and the distortions from the ideal square pyramidal molecular geometry caused by the lone pair of electrons.
	www.andrew.cmu.edu /course/09-105/S98Slides18.html (396 words)

	curvedarrows_key.html
		The curved arrow starting at the C-Br bond and ending at the bromine atom indicates this electron pair is shifting to become sole property of the bromine, resulting in cleavage of the C-Br bond and formation of a bromide ion.
		The bottom carbon of the double bond has lost a pair of electrons that it used to share, so its charge becomes one unit more positive.
		The chloride ion forms a new bond with the carbon of the methyl group (CH) by sharing a lone pair.
	web.chem.ucla.edu /~harding/tutorials/curvedarrows/curvedarrows_key.html (1628 words)

	The Covalent Bond
		Ionic and covalent bonds differ in the extent to which a pair of electrons is shared by the atoms that form the bond.
		When a sodium atom combines with a chlorine atom to form an ionic bond, each atom still contributes one electron to form a pair of electrons, but this pair of electrons is not shared by the two atoms.
		The covalent bonds within these molecules are at least as strong as an ionic bond, but we don't have to break these covalent bonds to separate one Cl molecule from another.
	chemed.chem.purdue.edu /genchem/topicreview/bp/ch8/valenceframe.html (2269 words)

	Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR)
		Compounds that contain double and triple bonds raise an important point: The geometry around an atom is determined by the number of places in the valence shell of an atom where electrons can be found, not the number of pairs of valence electrons.
		The force of repulsion between a pair of nonbonding electrons and a pair of bonding electrons is somewhat smaller, and the repulsion between pairs of bonding electrons is even smaller.
		When the nonbonding pair of electrons on the sulfur atom in SF is placed in an equatorial position, the molecule can be best described as having a see-saw or teeter-totter shape.
	chemed.chem.purdue.edu /genchem/topicreview/bp/ch8/vsepr.html (2269 words)

	Covalent Bond
		Covalent bonds are formed as a result of the sharing of one or more pairs of bonding electrons.
		The dash is symbolic of the bonding pair.
		For example the single bond between a Hydrogen and a Chlorine as in H-Cl will have the bonding pair closer to the higher electronegative atom (Chlorine).
	members.aol.com /profchm/covalent.html (421 words)

	The Covalent Bond
		Ionic and covalent bonds differ in the extent to which a pair of electrons is shared by the atoms that form the bond.
		The term covalent bond is used to describe the bonds in compounds that result from the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons.
		When a sodium atom combines with a chlorine atom to form an ionic bond, each atom still contributes one electron to form a pair of electrons, but this pair of electrons is not shared by the two atoms.
	chemed.chem.purdue.edu /genchem/topicreview/bp/ch8/valenceframe.html (2269 words)

	SparkNotes: Covalent Bonds: The Covalent Bond
		A bonding pair of electrons is distinguished from a non-bonding pair by using a line between the two atoms to represent a bond, as in the figure below.
		A covalent bond represents a shared electron pair between nuclei.
		The Stability of covalent bonds is due to the build-up of electron density between the nuclei.
	www.sparknotes.com /chemistry/bonding/covalent/section1.html (2063 words)

	Untitled Document
		For another resonanc structure, take away one of the lone pairs on the sulfur and form a triple bond betweent the S and the C, and take away the pi bond between the C and the N and convert it into a lone pair on the N. Square brackets and minus sign as before.
		For resonance structure, take a lone pair from the N atom, and form a triple N-carbon bond, and take away the pi bone between the C and O and palce it on the O as a lone pair.
		PH P is the central atom, the H atoms are connected to it via single bonds forming a trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry becuase there is also a lone pair on the phosphorus atom.
	www.chemistry.ohio-state.edu /~dar/101/quiz_prep/q4.html.org (477 words)

	Chemical Mechanisms
		A bonding electron pair is lost from the H (becomes +1) and is transferred to the C. The central O keeps its share of the bond, so total bonds at the 'leapfrogged' O atom stay the same.
		Meanwhile the C has lost its share of the bonding pair, and unless this is replaced by incoming electrons, it becomes C+ with three bonds and an empty orbital.
		A lone pair from oxygen becomes shared with C to form a bond.
	www.chembio.uoguelph.ca /educmat/chm258/e-arrows.shtml (836 words)

	curvedarrows_key.html
		The lone pair on the nitrogen atom of ammonia (NH attacks the hydrogen of acetic acid (CH H) to form a new N-H bond.
		The electron pair that was the C-Cl bond becomes a lone pair on the departing chloride ion.
		One lone pair of hydroxide ion (HO) has attacked the hydrogen of the hydronium ion, resulting in a new O-H bond in the second water molecule.
	web.chem.ucla.edu /~harding/tutorials/curvedarrows/curvedarrows_key.html (1628 words)

	Covalent Bond
		The dash is symbolic of the bonding pair.
		Covalent bonds are formed as a result of the sharing of one or more pairs of bonding electrons.
		The Hydrogen end will be partially positive since the bonding pair is farther from the Hydrogen.
	members.aol.com /profchm/covalent.html (1628 words)

	Covalent Bond
		Covalent bonds are formed as a result of the sharing of one or more pairs of bonding electrons.
		The dash is symbolic of the bonding pair.
		For example the single bond between a Hydrogen and a Chlorine as in H-Cl will have the bonding pair closer to the higher electronegative atom (Chlorine).
	members.aol.com /profchm/covalent.html (421 words)

	Covalent Bond
		Covalent bonds are formed as a result of the sharing of one or more pairs of bonding electrons.
		The dash is symbolic of the bonding pair.
		For example the single bond between a Hydrogen and a Chlorine as in H-Cl will have the bonding pair closer to the higher electronegative atom (Chlorine).
	members.aol.com /profchm/covalent.html (421 words)

	Covalent Bonding
		A chemical bond formed by sharing a pair of electrons is called a covalent bond
		Each chlorine atom shared the bonding pair of electrons and achieves the electron configuration of the noble gas argon.
		In Lewis structures the bonding pair of electrons is usually displayed as a line, and the unshared electrons as dots:
	wine1.sb.fsu.edu /chm1045/notes/Bonding/Covalent/Bond04.htm (383 words)

	Drawing Lewis Structures
		Connect each contiguous pair of atoms with one of the VSE pairs; each Bond Pair is shown as a line.
		Push a lone pair on any of the three O into bonding position, creating one C-O double bond.
		The C-C bond pair is split between the two C atoms.
	www.chem.lsu.edu /htdocs/people/sfwatkins/MERLOT/drawlewis/dls.html (1604 words)

	VSEPR, SEESAW MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
		Seesaw Molecular Geometry, AX In AX More electronegative atoms in the axial positions, (bond will be a bit longer), lone pairs and double bonds in the equatorial position with distorted bond angles
		The central atom has a d-orbital, dativ covalent bonds become double bonds, lone pair and double bonds equatorial
		OIO bond angle 100°, the larger volume of the lone pair will push the bonds closer
	www.up.ac.za /academic/chem/mol_geom/seesaw.htm (1604 words)

	co-ordinate (dative covalent) bonding
		A co-ordinate bond (also called a dative covalent bond) is a covalent bond (a shared pair of electrons) in which both electrons come from the same atom.
		The bonding between the two molecules is co-ordinate, using lone pairs on the chlorine atoms.
		Carbon monoxide can be thought of as having two ordinary covalent bonds between the carbon and the oxygen plus a co-ordinate bond using a lone pair on the oxygen atom.
	www.chemguide.co.uk /atoms/bonding/dative.html (1430 words)

	41688.980924&ELEMENT_SET=DECL
		The coordinate covalent bond is formed when the mordant dye has an atom with a pair of unshared electrons and donates one of these electrons to an acceptor species (metal mordant), which has a free electronic orbital.
		One way to accomplish this attachment of the developed color signal to the cellulosic web is to use coordinate covalent bond formation between one component of a reactant pair that forms a colored dye, which is attached or fixed to the cellulosic fiber substrate and a second isolated component of the reactant pair.
		Unlike the formation of a covalent bond in which both atoms contribute one electron to forming the bond, in the present invention the donor atom contributes both of the electrons needed to form the bond.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=98/41688.980924&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (2713 words)

	Grignard Synthesis
		A carbon nucleophile would need to have an unshared pair or a bonding pair in which the polarity of the bond was such that the carbon was a strongly negative end of the dipole.
		In the bottom reaction, the depiction of this bond is taken to an ionic extreme in which the electron pair is shown as entirely belonging to the carbon, which emphasizes the carbon's nucleophilic character.
		Making carbon-carbon bonds is the central concern in organic synthesis, so it is important to find other compounds in which a carbon atom serves as a nucleophile.
	chemistry2.csudh.edu /rpendarvis/grignard.html (1716 words)

	chemical1
		An atom, bond, or lone pair that is perpendicular to equatorial atoms, bonds, and lone pairs in a trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry.
		An inductive effect is the polarization of a chemical bond caused by the polarization of an adjacent bond.
		The inert pair effect explains why common ions of Pb are Pb4+ and Pb2+, and not just Pb4+ as we might expect from the octet rule.
	lacyg.box.sk /glos/chemical1 (19452 words)

	Anionic vinyl polymerization
		Now this carbon atom already has eight electrons in its outer shell which it shares with the atoms to which it is bonded, so one pair of these electrons, specifically a pair in the carbon-carbon double bond, will leave the carbon atom, and settle on the other carbon atom of the carbon-carbon double bond.
		A pair of electrons from the butyl anion will be donated to one of the double bond carbon atoms of the monomer.
		Anionic vinyl polymerization is a method of making polymers from small molecules containing carbon-carbon double bonds.
	www.pslc.ws /macrog/anionic.htm (582 words)

	Single Bond
		: a bond in which a single pair of electrons is shared between a pair of atoms.
	www.chem.purdue.edu /gchelp/gloss/singlebond.html (582 words)

	Chemical Bonds
		Covalent bonds in which the sharing of the electron pair is unequal, with the electrons spending more time around the more nonmetallic atom, are called polar covalent bonds.
		Covalent chemical bonds involve the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms, in contrast to the transfer of electrons in ionic bonds.
		Hydrogen bonding differs from other uses of the word "bond" since it is a force of attraction between a hydrogen atom in one molecule and a small atom of high electronegativity in another molecule.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/chemical/bond.html (698 words)

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