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	Henri-Joseph Paixhans - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Paixhans guns became the first naval guns to combine explosive shells and a flat trajectory, thereby triggering the demise of wooden ships, and the iron hull revolution in boat building.
		The effect of the guns in an operational context was first demonstrated during the actions at Eckernförde in 1849 during the Danish-Prussian War, and especially at the Battle of Sinop in 1853 during the Russo-Turkish War.
		Paixhans guns were used on the USS Constitution (4 Paixhans guns) in 1842, under the command of Foxhall A. Parker, Sr.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Paixhans (748 words)

	FanFiction.Net : Dictionary & Thesaurus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Gun metal, a bronze, ordinarily composed of nine parts of copper and one of tin, used for cannon, etc. The name is also given to certain strong mixtures of cast iron.
		Gun tackle (Naut.), the blocks and pulleys affixed to the side of a ship, by which a gun carriage is run to and from the gun port.
		Machine gun, a breech-loading gun or a group of such guns, mounted on a carriage or other holder, and having a reservoir containing cartridges which are loaded into the gun or guns and fired in rapid succession.
	www.fanfiction.net /dictionary.php?word=gun (735 words)

	Battleship - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Naval guns with exploding shells, capable of penetrating wooden hulls and setting them on fire, were invented by the French Admiral Henri-Joseph Paixhans, and adopted from 1841 by the navies of France, the United Kingdom, Russia and the United States.
		The first Paixhans guns were produced in 1841 and France, the United Kingdom, Russia and the United States adopted the new naval guns in the 1840s.
		From 1854, the American John A. Dahlgren, took the Paixhans gun, which was designed only for a shell, to develop a gun capable of firing shot and shell, and these were used during the American Civil War (1861-1865).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dreadnought_battleship (7392 words)

	[No title]
		Weight of the gun was about 9,080 pounds and the cast iron was to have a density (specific gravity) not less than 7.230 and tensile strength of at least 33,000 pounds per square inch.
		At Charleston, she was able to fire the 11-inch guns once every 1.74 minutes for about an hour or once every 2.86 minutes for 3 hours, and it was believed that a rate of 1.33 minutes per round could be sustained for a short time.
		Perhaps because of this, half of the 34 original guns had the teat chambers reamed out to parabolic form and the muzzle was turned down to 21 inches, the diameter of the 13-inch gun.
	www.hazegray.org /danfs/civ_ord.txt (5544 words)

	Shell (projectile) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Paixhans guns were the first guns to combine explosive shells and the flat trajectory of cannons.
		The guns were adopted by various navies from the 1840s, thereby triggering the demise of wooden ships, and the iron hull revolution in boat building.
		Guns of that size are uncommon; 155 mm (6 inches) is the largest calibre in common use.
	www.toshare.info /en/Artillery_shell.htm (3509 words)

	Portsmouth Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		These were guns of medium length, with a sharp increase in outside diameter beginning just forward of the trunnions and extending back toward the breech about two-thirds the length from trunnions to base ring.
		Chambering of guns in this way was not new in Paixhans's design; it had been used in carronades for the same purpose: to allow heavy charges to be used by means of the thick walls formed by chambering a large bore gun.
		Later designs of this and larger guns of the same model were known as "Dahlgren guns" and were extensively used in the Federal Navy in the Civil War.
	users.california.com /~paterson/portsmouth/paixhansguns.htm (246 words)

	Armament
		This method produced a gun wherein the inner layers were under considerable contraction, thus being very superior to the unchilled cast guns which so often burst during firing.
		Paixhan guns were invented by Colonel Bomford, of the United States Army.
		For smoothbore guns, the projectile was strapped to a wooden plate (sabot), which stabilized it as it moved down the barrel and prevented it from tumbling through the air.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/systems/ship/steam6.htm (3933 words)

	The Guns of CONSTITUTION
		Unlike the long gun, it was mounted on a slide bed that was pivoted under the muzzle so it could be aimed.
		The gun had been virtually useless, anyway, since the ship's bow structure was not well suited to the accommodation of a chase gun.
		The pair sat on carriages like the long guns, and it was expected that, since they were lighter, they could readily be shifted from side to side as combat required.
	www.polkcounty.org /timonier/speaks/book07.html (1696 words)

	Battleship - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Before the experimental adoption of the screw in warships in the 1840s, the only available steam technology was that of the paddle wheels, which, due to their positioning on the side of the hull and the large machinery they required, were not compatible with the broadside cannon layout of the battleships.
		With advances in gun laying and aiming, engagement ranges had increased from 1000 yards (900 m)or less to 6000 yards (5500 m) or more over the previous few years, in part as a consequence of the devastating, but short-ranged firepower of the recently invented torpedo.
		A battleship's big guns might have a range of thirty statute miles (48 km), but the aircraft carrier had aircraft with ranges of several hundred miles (kilometres), and radar was making those attacks ever more effective.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Battleship (6611 words)

	Busk's Navies of the World - 1859 - The French (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Guns were developed in cooperation with the army, but the navy had control of it's own procurement.
		Guns were cast by private industry and finished by the military with Ruelle as the main naval gun works.
		From 1855, the regulation armament of a 90 gun ship was: 4 80-pr shell guns, 18 36-pr & 10 30-pr long guns on the gun deck; 6 80-pr shell guns & 28 30-pr short guns on the main deck; and 2 50-pr long guns and 22 30-pr shell guns on the upper deck.
	thomo.coldie.net /hole_html/france_1859.html (3352 words)

	Gilkerson and Martin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		When the ship reappeared, wooden planking completely enclosed her bowhead rails, the white gun streak extended all the way around the cutwater, and the carvings on the cutwater were no longer highlighted.
		The gun batteries were essentially unchanged, although some of the 1808 24-pounders carried through the late war had been replaced with slightly different 1816 models.
		Below the gun deck ports were installed windows, as the entire area was given over to study rooms for the fourth-class midshipmen.
	www.nwc.navy.mil /press/Review/1997/summer/s&dsu97.htm (3039 words)

	Royal House of Bourbon of the Two Sicilies - History
		After establishing two new cavalry regiments equipped with one lance and two guns, in the ‘40s he updated the firearms and at the same time the Navy executive equipped the Corp of Navy Gunners with a new weapon.
		That same years, a new cavalry regiment was established, the mounted Hunters regiment, equipped with a new 38' percussion rifle, guns and a slightly bent sabre.
		80, 117 and 60 howitzers, carronades, coast and navy guns were made of melted iron, the other guns were of bronze in an alloy of copper and tin (100 to 11).
	www.realcasadiborbone.it /uk/archiviostorico/armi_02.htm (295 words)

	Busk's Navies of the World - 1859 - Southern Europe :: Thomo's Hole :: Home of Thomo the Lost (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Guns were cast in iron at Trubia and in bronze at Seville.
		These displaced 3500 tons, were 86m long and were armed with 34 36-pr guns on the gun deck, 34 24-prs on the main deck and 16 18-prs on the upper deck.
		The four frigates were probably the Esperanza of 42 guns, the Cortes and Isabel II of 40 guns and the Perla of 34 guns.
	thomo.coldie.net /modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=71&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0&POSTNUKESID=c09b31ada653b3a01abb588575a456a8 (1552 words)

	WARSHIP: SEA POWER: WORD LOG
		In sailing battleships, the battery might be composed of two to three decks of guns on either side of the vessel.
		Cannon or artillery guns that are loaded from the breech (or the back) rather than from the muzzle (or the front).
		Most early cannons and guns were loaded by stuffing the shot, gunpowder, and a cushioning cloth of some kind down the barrel from the front.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/warship/wordlog_sea.html (914 words)

	Great Guns
		The introduction of the gun port in 1501 meant heavier guns could be carried to sea, and in 1513, gunfire sank a ship for the first time.
		The former vessel, also known as the Great Harry, was rebuilt in 1540 as a ship of 1,000 tons with a double tier of gun ports, while the latter vessel became the first three-decker on record carrying 102 guns.
		For the first time, exploding shells could be fired from guns on a horizontal trajectory so that wooden ships were more likely to be sunk by an enemy vessel.
	www.nps.gov /vick/visctr/sitebltn/grtguns.htm (266 words)

	article_schneller_dahlgren_dec03
		First, “place 11-inch guns in all the turrets until the heavier ordnance were fully prepared.” Second, “Construct proper targets to ascertain what size and kind of projectile is needed to pierce, injure, or destroy plates of the thickness in use or likely to be used”—in short, to conduct tests of ordnance against armor.
		Dahlgren knew that before the Navy had adopted his gun, the established proof procedure to determine the soundness of a gun’s metal involved firing it with charges greater than would be used in service.
		Meanwhile, the 11- and 15-inch guns proved themselves to be adequate answers to the armor question as it arose in naval combat during the Civil War.
	www.ijnhonline.org /volume2_number3_Dec03/article_schneller_dahlgren_dec03.htm (10950 words)

	OurNavy_I_I
		The second is that though certain developments in the character and construction of ships and of weapons had been foreshadowed before the war, and had even been partially realized, it was while the struggle was actually in progress that changes took place in these respects which amounted to a revolution in naval warfare.
		The application of armor to the sides of vessels was accompanied, or rather induced, by improvements in ordnance, especially by the introduction of rifled guns in Europe and of the heavy cast-iron smooth-bores of Dahlgren in America.
		Besides the Parrott guns, a few light cast-iron Dahlgren rifles were made; and in the Western flotilla, when it was transferred to the navy, there were several army rifled 42-pounders, which were so dangerous as to be nearly useless.
	www.usnlp.org /OurNavy/section_I_chapter_I.html (6754 words)

	Fleet in being oddd.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		But the period was one of intensive experimentation with new technology; steam power for ships appeared in the 1810s, improved metallurgy and machining technique produced larger and deadlier guns, and the development of explosive shells, capable of demolishing a wooden ship at a single blow, in turn required the addition of iron armor.
		On this evidence, a major part of the blame may be laid on lax handling of the cordite propellant for the shells of the main guns.
		In practice, the cordite could not be supplied to the guns rapidly enough through the hoists and hatches; in order to bring up the propellant for the next broadside before the time when it had to be loaded, many safety doors which should have been kept shut to safeguard against flash fires were open.
	fleet.in.being.en.oddd.org (13124 words)

	Shell (projectile) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Germans were using an APCR round, the Pzgr 40 "arrowhead" shot, for their 5 cm Pak 38 tank guns in 1942 and it was also developed for their 75 and 88 mm tank guns.
		As the Hartkernmunition it was used for German aircraft mounted anti-tank guns.
		The Germans deployed their 28/20 mm PzB 41, their initial taper barrelled design, as a light anti-tank weapon early in the war, but although HE projectiles were designed and put into service, the limiting of the shell design to the muzzle bore reduced their mass to only 85 grammes and hence effectiveness.
	en.wikilib.com /wiki/Shell_(projectile) (3505 words)

	Artillery: The Heyday of the Muzzel-Loader - Mel Fisher Maritime Heritage Society and Museum in Key West, Florida ...
		Certain fashions in the external design of guns came and went during the century, but the general trend was towards an increasing simplicity in style and form.
		Where before, guns were cast according to the individual whim of the gunfounder (as long as it conformed to the needs of the buyer), increasingly guns were cast according to set design patterns, leading to a greater uniformity of gun design.
		Technically, the composition of copper and tin used in the guns was bronze, not brass, although brass or zinc were also sometimes added to the mix of metals.
	www.melfisher.org /cannonsurvey/muzzleloader.htm (1634 words)

	Articles - Artillery shell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A shell is a projectile, which, as opposed to a bullet, is not solid but contains an explosive or other filling, though modern usage includes large projectiles without a filling which are properly termed shot.
		Shells of 105, 120, and 155 mm diameter are common for NATO forces´ artillery and tank guns.
		The Germans deployed their 28/20mm PzB 41, their initial taper barrelled design, as a light anti-tank weapon early in the war, but although HE projectiles were designed and put into service, the limiting of the shell design to the muzzle bore reduced their mass to only 85 grammes and hence effectiveness.
	www.nowize.com /articles/Artillery_shell (3290 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		At the mouth of the river the Mexicans have a ten gun battery, and we know of a brig of war and two guns boats being anchored inside.
		In the meanwhile the Mississippi had closed up and was exploding her Paixhans about the heads of the Mexicans in a way that must have made some of them see more stars than the Lord had ever made.
		One shot from her dismounted a heavy gun of theirs from a stockade, this they soon remedied, but thus far all their shot had fallen short.
	www.history.vt.edu /MxAmWar/MxAmArticles/NR/Nilesd1846NovDecArt69.htm (625 words)

	Boca Chica Beach - Montezuma's Revenge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A broken rudder had disabled the warship in early 1842, and she was in the process of making repairs when a lookout spotted the Texian steamer "Invincible" sailing towards where the disabled ship lie near the pass at Brazos Santiago.
		The gun of choice for the Mexican Navy, the Paixhans used a hollow shell that burst upon impact scattering shrapnel in a deadly "shotgun blast." Very effective when used against troops on an exposed deck, but not sufficient to cause any real harm to enemy shipping.
		The Invincible made two passes, guns blazing and within a short time the Mexican craft was in flames.
	www.spi360.com /local_montezumas_revenge.htm (703 words)

	727. Arms. Mawson, C.O. Sylvester. 1922. Roget’s International Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases
		gun, piece; artillery, ordnance; siege -, battering- train; park, battery; cannon, gun of position, heavy gun, fieldpiece, field gun, mountain gun, siege gun, seacoast gun; mortar, howitzer, carronade, culverin, basilisk [obs.
		]; falconet, jingal, swivel, swivel gun, pedrero or pederero, bouche à feu [F.
		field gun]; Lewis gun; auto-rifle, ten-pounder; flame-thrower, Flammenwerfer [Ger.
	www.bartleby.com /110/727.html (526 words)

	MOSQUITO FLEET ATTACKING VERA CRUZ AND CASTLE AT SAN JUAN DE ULLOA - March, 1847
		They were 118 feet long and 22½ feet on beam, drive by side wheels enclosed in large paddle boxes.
		The Spitfire had one 8-inch Paixhans steel gun and two 32-pounder carronades; the Vixen, three 32-pound carronades.
		These were the best of the small steamers operating in the Gulf, but they handled poorly in rough seas and were subject to engine troubles.
	www.aztecclub.com /art/vcruz03.htm (385 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The castle of Vera Cruz is no more what it was when the French carried it, than you are now to what your were when a nursling in your mother's arms.
		Then there were no guns above the caliber of 24-pounds, and but few of them most miserably served.
		The officer commanding the castle lately sent official word 'that if the commodore would bring his fleet up, he might fire until there was not a shot left in the locker, and he would promise him not to return a gun until he was done firing.'"
	www.history.vt.edu /MxAmWar/MxAmArticles/LT/Times1847JanJulyArt29.htm (230 words)

	c. Machines and Industrial Techniques. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Made possible more precise machine tools for planing, gear cutting, and milling.
		Small arms included the Colt revolver (1835), the Dreyse needle-gun (1841), the Minié bullet (1849), the Winchester repeating rifle (1860), the Gatling machine gun (1861), the French chassepot (1866), and the Maxim gun (1884).
		The self-propelled torpedo was invented by Robert Whitehead (1823–1905) in 1864; smokeless powder appeared in 1884.
	www.bartleby.com /67/985.html (557 words)

	Naval (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The percussion cap reduced the rate of misfire to fewer than one in two hundred rounds and was not affected by wind and damp.
		Henri Paixhans developed a horizontal-firing naval shell gun which, in a test, was able to break up an old naval hulk
		Its range was only about half that of the Minie rifle but it could fire seven shots per minute compared to the Minie rifle's two and it could be loaded from a prone position.
	www.mtsu.edu /~cwtech/techwar/timeline.html (1113 words)

	Financial Library - Battleship (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Large capital warship displacing tens of thousands of tons, heavily armoured and armed with big guns.
		Battleships are now obsolescent, replaced by smaller vessels with guided missiles.
		Galleys had had guns, mainly of small caliber, but these ships could carry heavier guns, and by placing them higher and firing them through holes cut in the sides of the ships, a much more powerful warship type was developed.
	www.financiallibrary.com /battleship.htm (7393 words)

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