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	Encyclopedia: Dam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Earth dams, also called earthen and earth-fill dams, are constructed as a simple homogeneous embankment of well-compacted earth, sometimes with a watertight concrete or clay core or upstream face, or sometimes with a hydraulic fill to produce a watertight core.
		In a constant-angle dam, also known as a variable radius dam, this subtended angle is kept a constant and the variation in distance between the abutments at various levels is are taken care of by varying the radii.
		The Kariba Dam is a hydroelectric dam in the Kariba Gorge of the Zambezi River basin in Southern Africa (28.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Dam (4792 words)

	Pak Mun dam - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Pak Mun dam is located 5.5 km west of the confluence of the Mun and Mekong rivers in Ubon Ratchathani province, Thailand.
		The immediate impact of the dam was to flood 117 square kilometres of land and displace around 3,000 families.
		In response to concerns about the dam's likely impact on fisheries on the Mun River, a fish ladder was incorporated into the scheme to allow fish into the Mun River to spawn.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pak_Mun_dam (396 words)

	Dam
		Derby Dam Derby Dam is a Truckee-Carson Irrigation District.
		Hume Dam The Hume Dam is a Lake Hume.
		Pak Mun dam The Pak Mun dam is located 5.5 km west of the confluence of the 1994.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/dam.html (1377 words)

	Thailand Case Study: Pak Mun Dam - Executive Summary
		The Pak Mun report is one of 8 case studies undertaken world-wide with a common methodology and approach that sought to inform the Commission on the performance and the development effectiveness of large dams.
		The Pak Mun Dam is built on the Mun River, 5.5km upstream from its confluence with the Mekong, in the province of Ubon Ratchathani, in Northeast Thailand.
		Pak Mun project happened to be the first run-off-river type dam, with no reservoir and thus impacts due to flood and resettlement were not assumed to be as serious as those of other big dam projects in the region.
	www.damsreport.org /kbase/studies/th/th_exec.htm (6357 words)

	Pak Mun Dam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The 136 MW Pak Mun Dam, which was completed in 1994, was built by the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand with US$24 million in financing from the World Bank.
		Pak Mun villagers and the Assembly of the Poor, the largest people’s organization in Thailand, are demanding that the Pak Mun Dam be decommissioned and the river restored.
		In a victory for villagers, the Thai government agreed to open the dam gates in June 2001 while studies were conducted on fisheries, social impacts and the contribution of the dam to Thailand's electricity supply.
	www.searin.org /Th/pmd_en.htm (322 words)

	Pak Mun Dam Case Study
		Pak Mun was selected as one of the case studies on dams located in major river basins in different regions of the world.
		TDRI was assigned to re-examine the premises of the underlying economic case for Pak Mun, and to review the project's justification in the light of material evidence and developments to date bearing on its impact on the environment, in particular on fisheries.
		Pak Mun case study was part of the knowledge base which supported the Commission's conclusions.
	www.info.tdri.or.th /reports/unpublished/dam_pdf/dam_cov.htm (324 words)

	Pak Mun dam -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The immediate impact of the (A barrier constructed to contain the flow of water or to keep out the sea) dam was to flood 117 (Click link for more info and facts about square kilometre) square kilometres of land and displace around 3,000 families.
		Protests have been staged at the dam site and outside Government House in (The capital and largest city and chief port of Thailand; a leading city in southeastern Asia; noted for Buddhist architecture) Bangkok.
		In response to concerns about the dam's likely impact on fisheries on the Mun River, a fish ladder was incorporated into the scheme to allow (Any of various mostly cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates usually having scales and breathing through gills) fish into the Mun River to spawn.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/P/Pa/Pak_Mun_dam.htm (432 words)

	Radio Australia - Asia Pacific - Programs - THAILAND: Environmental anger over the Pak Mun dam opening (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		DULLARD: The Mun River is the biggest tributary in north-east Thailand and the Pak Mun dam, close to the Laos border, is a 17-metre high, 60-square kilometre reservoir with a power generating capacity of 136 megawatts.
		Pak Mun is one of the most controversial dams built in Asia with World Bank money, but it is not the only target in the sight of groups like International Rivers Network.
		WONG: The decommissioning of the Pak Mun dam would send a really strong message to say, look projects that are not planned well, where local people are excluded from the decision-making process, where people don't have control over their local research, these projects have to stop.
	www.abc.net.au /ra/asiapac/programs/s584373.htm (795 words)

	History of Giant Mekong Catfish
		The capture of a giant catfish in the Moon river early this year, the first after the dam was built in June 1994, might hint at linkage between the dam's impact on the fish's migratory route and spawning grounds, said Mr Hogan.
		Dam opponents believe the dam is responsible for a decline in the Moon's fish population because it blocks the fish from swimming upstream to spawn.
		Pak Mun villagers reported that wild Mekong Giant Catfish had been caught in the Mun River before the construction of Pak Mun dam.
	www.geocities.com /zoomfishing/History.html (1477 words)

	DAM-L LS: Pak Mun Dam Gates to Open (fwd)
		EGAT claims that opening the dam gates would result in an economic loss of about 600 million baht ($15 million), and that Thailand cannot afford to forego the power that would be generated by the dam.
		The World Commission on Dams, however, found that reservoir fisheries at Pak Mun had been a failure, and that the actual fish catch in the reservoir and upstream is 60-80 percent less than in the pre-dam era, resulting in an economic loss to villagers of about US$1.4 million per year.
		Pak Mun was one of several decisions made by the Cabinet concerning dam projects in Thailand.
	www.sandelman.ottawa.on.ca /lists/html/dam-l/2001/msg00137.html (942 words)

	INFORSE - Sustainable Energy News
		Pak Mun Dam was selected as one of the cases to be studied.
		The Mun is the most important river in Thailand’s northeastern region, with a catchment area of 117,000 square kilometres (3 times the size of the Netherlands).
		This run-of-the-river dam had been expected to have less impact on the environment and on the local community because it does not need a big reservoir like most large dams.
	www.inforse.dk /s_e_news_art.php3?id=158 (645 words)

	Mekong - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The two most controversial current issues are the building of dams and the blasting of rapids.
		A number of dams have already been built on the river's tributaries, notably the Pak Mun dam in Thailand.
		Dams are also planned by the Cambodian and Lao governments.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mekong_River (1346 words)

	Asia Times: Protests burst over Thai dams
		Another 200 villagers at the Rasai Dam are in danger of being swallowed by the swelling waters of its reservoir as they also demand the opening of the floodgates to allow fish migrations.
		A recent study by the World Commission on Dams shows that actual fish stocks in the reservoir are 60-80 percent less than in the pre-dam era, including a dramatic decrease in the number of fish species.
		The Pak Mun Dam is not performing well economically and contributes only marginal amounts of power to the grid,'' reads a letter to the Thai Embassy handed over by the activists.
	www.atimes.com /se-asia/BF16Ae01.html (749 words)

	knot.magazine : print (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Most of those who were on the dam that night prefer not to discuss the details of what happened, but a few will show the places where perhaps their arm broke or their skull fractured.
		Emboldened by the parliament's sudden weakness, Pak Mun villagers made what they call their "last stand"-they physically moved their villages to the land owned by the Energy Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) around the dam for what has become nearly a year-long demonstration.
		Phee Wanida, who has lived with the Pak Mun villagers for nearly ten years as an NGO worker, still tries to convince the villagers that the best strategy is to continue the protest and gain attention from an international audience.
	www.knotmag.com /?print=90 (1783 words)

	The Manila Times Internet Edition \| SPECIAL REPORT > Protests fail to stop Moon River power project
		On the Pak Mun project itself, work commenced amid strong objections from residents of communities along the river banks and from environmentalists and civil society groups which warned of serious damage to the environment.
		Originally the dam was to be erected at the Kaeng Ta Na Rapids area, located about four kilometers upstream from where Pak Mun meets the Mekong, but studies that showed the magnitude of potential damage to a large number of riverside communities led EGAT to move the project further upstream.
		During the dam construction, 238 households who lived in the construction site at Hua Heo village were affected, according to a recent report by the World Commission on Dams which compiled findings of various experts on the project.
	www.manilatimes.net /others/special/2002/nov/28/20021128spe1.html (1802 words)

	Wofford College Presidential Scholar - Essays (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Pak Mun dam situation has worsened for the villagers who lived along the Mun River’s banks in Ubon Ratchathani Province, which is near the border of Laos and the confluence of the Mekong, the lifeblood of Southeast Asia, and the Mun, the lifeblood of much of southern Isaan.
		For the people of Pak Mun, the dam gates being open for 4 months out of the year was a success in its own right, especially considering that a few years before the Thai government and Egat were refusing to budge on the issue.
		After the dam’s construction about a decade back, the Mun River flooded the wetlands and essentially destroyed the surrounding area, preventing the people from conducting their daily lifestyles of hunting and gathering the local wildlife and fauna.
	www.wofford.edu /presidentialScholar/allynSteele/essayThailand.asp (3249 words)

	A Thai Dam, A Mistake, A Debt
		The dam, which was completed in 1994, decimated the abundant fisheries of the Mun River, thereby destroying the villagersí primary source of livelihood.
		Theyíre demanding that the Pak Mun Dam gates be permanently opened and the Mun River ó largest tributary of the Mekong River ó be restored.
		After a 10-year battle, villagers now maintain they were better off before the dam, and if it were up to them, theyíd remove the dam and return to their old lives.
	www.lightparty.com /Misc/ThaiDam.html (783 words)

	The Manila Times Internet Edition \| SPECIAL REPORT > After everything is added up, Thai dam not worth the cost
		In the case of Pak Mun Dam, it is obvious that the opinions of communities in the affected areas never really figured in the planning process.
		Records show that studies on the feasibility of tapping the Pak Mun for hydroelectric power generation have been conducted by various groups since 1967 when the French consulting firm SOFRELEC was commissioned by Thailand’s National Energy Authority for that purpose.
		On a hill overlooking Pak Mun Dam is a settlement of families that have sustained a protest movement against the EGAT project.
	www.manilatimes.net /others/special/2002/nov/29/20021129spe1.html (3018 words)

	Thai villagers’ study challenges academic research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pak Mun villagers have since been demanding that the government leave the sluice gates permanently open, which would mean the dam would no longer be able to produce the 136 megawatts of electricity it was designed to generate.
		The Pak Mun Dam has been a controversial subject for the Thai government, caught between junking a 24-million US dollar "development" project funded by the World Bank to harness the powers of the Mun River and opposition by affected communities.
		It has decided to shut the sluice gates of the Pak Mun Dam by the end of October, thus ignoring the central message of the villagers' study--that those gates must remain open to ensure they have the much-needed river fish for their livelihood.
	www.cyberdyaryo.com /features/f2002_1030_03.htm (1046 words)

	Villager Research on the Impacts of Opening Pak Mun Dam \| October 2002
		The Pak Mun Dam was built in 1994 by the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand, with financing from the World Bank.
		When the Dam was built, villagers found that 45 fish species indigenous to the Mun and Mekong rivers remain in the Mun River in Pak Mun area.
		The dam destroyed relationships in the fishing communities and diminished the honor and dignity of fishermen.
	www.nadir.org /nadir/initiativ/agp/free/imf/asia/mundam.htm (1038 words)

	World Bank visits Pak Mun dam site - Villagers reject Bank's offer of developments
		But when we discussed the problems that have resulted from the dam, it was clear that we were not part of the same family because they would not listen to us.
		During their visit at Pak Mun, the WB officials seemed very concerned with finding solutions to the problems of Pak Mun villagers.
		So it is clear that the WB program is not solely focused on the problems at Pak Mun, and that they were not honest with the Pak Mun villagers because they concealed this information about helping rural communities in NE Thailand.
	www.threegorgesprobe.org /probeint/mekong/articles/thai0001.html (1026 words)

	Oxfam Horizons: Oxfam Community Aid Abroad's Quarterly Journal
		The Pak Mun was funded by the World Bank and built on the Mun river 5.5 kilometres upstream from its joining to the Mekong.
		The dam has created a welter of problems for local communities: destruction of the river system, depleted fish stocks, flooding that destroyed the homes or land of 2,500 families and the livelihoods of many more.
		Dam Chanty lives in Cambodia, but the dams affecting her community are in Vietnam.
	www.oxfam.org.au /oxfamnews/february_2003/adb.html (1298 words)

	Pak Mun Dam Case Study
		In reality, Pak Mun was conceived and operated primarily as part of EGAT’s power development plan in response to national load forecasts, in spite of its misleading given title as a multipurpose development project.
		However, the village census database dating from the baseline year of 1992 or earlier suggests that there have been dramatic and general improvements in the quality of life and the economic potential in the project area, in absolute as well as in relative terms compared to the rest of the province.
		If the issues of compensations over Pak Mun have remained unresolved in some parts, it is not for lack of effort on the part of EGAT, who cannot be faulted on the implementation and follow-up activities as stipulated in the environmental impact mitigation plan.
	www.eldis.org /static/DOC9376.htm (351 words)

	Nanaplaza.Com: Laos Defends Dam Project
		Critics say the dam will force thousands of people from their homes and threaten wildlife, including fish stocks in the Nam Theun river and endangered Asian elephants on the Nakai Plateau.
		Pak Mun was built on the Mun river, a tributary of the Mekong, in the 1990s but has never performed up to expectations.
		A 2000 study by the World Commission on Dams concluded that, with hindsight, the costs of the dam outweighed the benefits and it was unlikely that a dam would be built under similar circumstances now.
	board.nanaplaza.com /showthreaded.php?Number=352761 (620 words)

	Petition against the WB involvement in the Pak Mun dam 27/1/2003
		During the dam's construction in 1991, many of the rapids that the fish use as both habitat and breeding ground were either exploded or submerged.
		The Pak Mun Dam is responsible, in terms of easily quantifiable costs, for a major drop in household incomes in the Pak Mun area.
		Wolfensen, by admitting that construction of the Pak Mun Dam was a mistake that caused harm to local communities and by issuing a clear statement to this effect you can help all parties move forward to sustainable solutions.
	www.nadir.org /nadir/initiativ/agp/free/dams/moon/0127petition.htm (1104 words)

	News & Features: Senior Commended for Human Rights Work in Thailand
		Built by the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) with funding from the World Bank, the Pak Mun Dam is a 136 mega-watt hydroelectric facility located at the mouth of the Mun River, the largest tributary of the Mekong River.
		Villagers began protesting the proposed construction of the dam in 1989; once construction was completed, they changed their objective to decommissioning the dam, which they say has destroyed their traditional lifestyle of fishing.
		Several studies have documented the dam's devastating environmental impact on the region, and the fact that decommissioning the dam would not affect the stability of the region's electricity distribution.
	www.oberlin.edu /news-info/03nov/CIEEThai.html (1175 words)

	Ecologist, The: DAM-BUSTING - anti-dam protests in Thailand
		ON 6 JULY this year, the Thai government announced that the gates of the Rasi Salai dam would be opened for at least two years for environmental restoration and that investigations would be held to determine who has been affected by the project.
		Villagers affected by the Pak Mun dam have been protesting for the last year and a half to pressure the Thai government and the World Bank to open Pak Mun's floodgates to restore the river's fisheries.
		After the dam occupation, Deputy Prime Minister Banyat Banthadthan appointed a neutral committee to investigate the dam and 15 other problems regarding dam, forest and land issues raised by the Thai peoples' movement Assembly of the Poor.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2465/is_6_30/ai_65653627 (1477 words)

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