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Topic: Pakicetus

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Ambulocetus

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	Cetaceans
		Some retained substantial hind limbs that would have been visible outside the animal's body; in the earliest archaeocetes, these limbs and the pelvis were attached to the vertebrae by a sacral joint, but in later ones the limbs and pelvis were not attached to the rest of the skeleton.
		Pakicetus (right) is a Middle Eocene archaeocete from the Kuldana Formation of Pakistan; it is currently the earliest known well-preserved cetacean, and the archaeocete features are clearly visible in this replica skull from UCMP's collections.
		Pakicetus is so far known only from its skull, but recent finds in Pakistan have produced other whale species that show very primitive characters in both the skull and the rest of the skeleton.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /mammal/cetacea/cetacean.html (1271 words)

	Whale - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		The fossil record of whales spans over 50 million years to ancestors such as Pakicetus that lived around the mouths of rivers in what is now Pakistan.
		Pakicetus was a four-legged, land animal that measured about 2.5 m (about 8 ft) in length.
		Its legs were smaller than those of Pakicetus and its hind feet were turned into webbed paddles.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761565254___20/Whale.html (386 words)

	Philip D. Gingerich
		Pakicetus has a distinctive skull and lower jaw, but is not demonstrably different from early protocetids postcranially.
		Pakicetus, known only from the skull and lower jaw, was then the oldest known archaeocete (Gingerich et al., 1983— this distinction now belongs to Himalayacetus; see Bajpai and Gingerich, 1999).
		The Pakicetus cover was painted by Karen Klitz of the University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology (now at U. Berkeley), and the Rodhocetus cover was drawn by John Klausmeyer of the University of Michigan Exhibit Museum.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~gingeric/PDGwhales/Whales.htm (3057 words)

	[No title]
		Pakicetus lacked both of these features, indicating that it was unable to dive deeply and that it could not hear well underwater.
		The earliest known cetacean, Pakicetus, demonstrates a mixture of traits which are unique to the terrestrial Mesonychids as well as marine whales, and indicates that the cetaceans are descended from the Mesonychid carnivores.
		Of Pakicetus, Gish says, "One should be immediately suspicious of the term 'whale' being given to such a creature, whatever it is, since whales are totally incapable of living or breeding on land." (Gish, ICR Impact, September 1993).
	www.huecotanks.com /debunk/ambulo.htm (2697 words)

	NCSE Resource (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		When it came to hearing, Pakicetus was more terrestrial than aquatic, but the shape of its skull was definitely cetacean, and its teeth were between the ancestral and modern states.
		Additionally, the joint between the malleus (hammer) and incus of most mammals is oriented at an angle between the middle and the front of the animal (rostromedially), while in modern whales and in ungulates, it is oriented at an angle between the side and the front (rostrolaterally).
		In Pakicetus, the first fossil cetacean, the joint is oriented rostrally (intermediate in position between the ancestral and derived conditions).
	www.ncseweb.org /resources/rncse_content/vol20/94_origin_of_whales_and_the_power_12_30_1899.asp (6366 words)

	Pakistan: home of ancient whales -DAWN Science; April 16, 2005
		A wolf-sized early whale, known as Pakicetus, represented by upper and lower teeth, was found in Chorlaki, Kohat District, NWFP, by a team of the Geological Survey of Pakistan and University of Michigan in 1979.
		At both places, the Pakicetus lived with land mammals, such as rodents, tillodonts, artiodactyls, perissodactyls and proboscideans, suggesting that the early cetaceans lived on land.
		Of the four cetaceans found in Kala Chitta Hills, Pakicetus was the oldest and was found in a continental deposit, while the rest came from marine deposits.
	www.dawn.com /weekly/science/archive/050416/science1.htm (2635 words)

	Marine Mammals I: The Cetaceans
		Until recently, the earliest known whale is Pakicetus, a small cetacean from the early Eocene Period of Pakistan, known from its skull.
		The ears of Pakicetus were not well adapted for functioning underwater, and the discovery of other land-living animals in the same deposits as Pakicetus indicate that it was probably amphibious, and spent much of its time on land.
		Pakicetus probably resembled modern seals, with four paddle-shaped limbs that allowed it move on land awkwardly, but allowing it to be more at home in rivers and estuaries.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/paleontology/39220 (462 words)

	Darwinism Refuted.com
		Subtle clues in combination-the arrangement of cusps on the molar teeth, a folding in a bone of the middle ear, and the positioning of the ear bones within the skull-are absent in other land mammals but a signature of later Eocene whales.
		The second fossil creature after Pakicetus in the scenario on whale origins is Ambulocetus natans.
		Although he is an evolutionist, the famous Russian whale expert G. Mchedlidze, too, does not support the description of Pakicetus, Ambulocetus natans, and similar four-legged creatures as "possible ancestors of the whale," and describes them instead as a completely isolated group.
	www.darwinismrefuted.com /natural_history_2_15.html (1260 words)

	The Cetacean Connection
		Mesonychids were often shore dwelling animals that hunted both on land and in the shallows, and it is not hard to imagine a shore dwelling creature becoming more specialized and eventually 'returning' to the ocean (similar to modern seals and walruses).
		Intermediate forms such as Ambulocetus and Pakicetus have been found, and these animals closely resemble Mesonychids with their fully functioning legs and similar tooth morphology, but with striking differences.
		Ambulocetus is similar in design to Pakicetus, with the addition of flippered feet, and most likely moved better in the water than on land like a modern otter or seal.
	www.bluelion.org /mesowhales.htm (613 words)

	Glossary
		Some archaeocetes include Pakicetus, Ambulocetus, Basilosaurus, Remingtonocetus, Dorudon, and other early whales, some of which had hind limbs.
		Pakicetus: Pakicetus is an early fossil whale with a pointed snout found in Pakistan.
		Pakicetus had nostrils located at the front of its head and no blowhole.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~arice1/whale_planet/Glossary.htm (1144 words)

	Whale Glossary: P
		Pakicetus is an early fossil whale with a pointed snout; it was found in Pakistan.
		Pakicetus had pointed teeth like Mesonychid and a pinched brain case like Ambulocetus, had a water-adapted inner ear but still had four limbs (probably paddle-shaped) and may have spent part of its life on land.
		Pakicetus had nostrils located at the front of head, and no blowhole.
	www.zoomschool.com /subjects/whales/glossary/indexp.shtml (1270 words)

	Pakicetus inachus - An Eocene Whale - InfoHub
		Pakicetus inachus - An Eocene Whale - InfoHub
		Pakicetus inachus was one of the early whales of the Eocene period (54-38 million years ago).
		Pakicetus and its Eocene cousins were small; many were about the size of a wolf.
	www.infohub.com /forums/showthread.php?mode=hybrid&t=6829 (282 words)

	- Overselling of Whale Evolution -
		In the standard scheme, Pakicetus inachus is dated to the late Ypresian, but several experts acknowledge that it may date to the early Lutetian.
		Moreover, the date of Ambulocetus, which was found in the same formation as Pakicetus but 120 meters higher, would have to be adjusted upward the same amount as Pakicetus.
		Pakicetus inachus is known from only the back portion of a skull, jaw parts, and a few teeth.
	www.trueorigin.org /whales.asp (3394 words)

	A Whale Fantasy from National Geographic
		Pakicetus inachus: A Quadrupedal Forced to be the 'Ancestor of the Whale'
		In fact, Carroll, an authority on vertebrate paleontology, describes the Mesonychid family, of which Pakicetus should be a member, as "exhibiting an odd combination of characters."(3) Such prominent evolutionists as Gould accept that 'mosaic creatures' of this type cannot be considered as transitional forms.
		After Pakicetus in the family tree comes Ambulocetus, which evolutionists call a 'walking-swimming whale' but which was actually a land mammal.
	www.creationapologetics.org /refuting/whalefantasy.html (4720 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Archive Search
		In a find that matches the discovery of archaeopteryx - one of the great missing links of evolution - researchers in Pakistan have unearthed many of the bones of the 50m-year-old Pakicetus attocki, a land-dwelling, estuary-wading, meat-eating ancestor of the whale.
		There were also tantalising fragments of an animal they named Pakicetus.
		The other, Pakicetus, was as big as a wolf.
	www.guardian.co.uk /Archive/Article/0,4273,4260757,00.html (526 words)

	The Evolution of Whales (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		These include the fossils like Sinonyx, Andrewsarchus, and Pakicetus, which is generally considered to be ancestral to whales.
		Pakicetus and Diacodexis represent the very base of theirs clades, Cetacea and Artiodactyla -sisters in the composite clade, Cetartiodactyla.
		Pakicetus lead to another Mesonychid, Ambulocetus, "the walking whale", which is believed to be the beginning of Cetacea, because (apart from the length of the legs) its skeleton already looks like that of a whale.
	home.comcast.net /~aronra/CetaceanEvolution.html (574 words)

	Olduvai George » 2006 » November » 22
		Along the shoreline of the shallow Tethys Sea, on the south coast of the landmass of Eurasia, mammals are turning their interest to an abundant realm long denied them.
		In nature, no available resource is ever ignored for long, and a coyote-sized animal named Pakicetus is taking the first tentative steps into the warm waters of streams and deltas in its (uppermost middle) Eocene world.
		Pakicetus certainly could swim, but not strongly, and perhaps foraged as a wader, or moved along the streambed like a modern hippo, feeding on crustaceans and other aquatic animals using its long vibrissae- covered snout to feel its way through the shallows.
	olduvaigeorge.com /2006/11/22 (724 words)

	Whale evolution?
		Pakicetus inachus is yet another candidate as an intermediate between whales and land mammals in the eyes of some evolutionists.
		This could be because Pakicetus is known only from some cheek teeth and fragments of the skull and lower jaw, so we have no way of knowing whether its locomotion was transitional.
		But the evolutionary bias is still clear, describing Pakicetus as a ‘terrestrial cetacean’; and saying, ‘The first whales were fully terrestrial, and were even efficient runners.’ But the term ‘whale’ becomes meaningless if it can describe land mammals, and it provides no insight into how true marine whales supposedly evolved.
	www.answersingenesis.org /home/area/re1/chapter5.asp (2616 words)

	Stephen Caesar's Articles
		Later, excavations in Pakistan turned up foot bones of Pakicetus and another alleged ancestor of today's whales, Ichthyolestes, and the mesonychid theory was finally dropped, despite what had appeared to be overwhelming fossil evidence in its favor.
		The reason was that all members of the artiodactyl family have a unique feature in their anklebones known as a "double-pulleyed astragalus." The anklebones of both Pakicetus and Ichthyolestes were found to have this unique feature, identifying them as members of the artiodactyl family, not as mesonychids (Wong 2002: 78-79).
		Second, evolutionists are now falling into the same trap that they fell into with their mesonychid theory: just because two extinct creatures, Pakicetus and Ichthyolestes, were highly similar to whales, it does not necessarily mean that they are the evolutionary ancestors of whales, but merely that they are related to them.
	www.creationism.org /caesar/WhaleEvol.htm (561 words)

	The Evolution of Whales, Adapted from National Geographic, November 2001
		Pakicetus is a Middle Eocene archaeocete from the Kuldana Formation of Pakistan; it is currently the earliest known well-preserved cetacean.
		Until 2001, Pakicetus was known only from its skull, but recent finds in Pakistan have produced specimens that show very primitive characters in both the skull and the rest of the skeleton.
		Pakicetus lacks the fat pad extending to the middle ear which modern Cetacea have.
	www.edwardtbabinski.us /whales/evolution_of_whales (10771 words)

	A new Eocene archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from India and the time of origin of whales -- Bajpai and Gingerich 95 ...
		Pakicetus and contemporary archaeocetes have long been the oldest whales known as fossils (1-3).
		The Kuldana-Kalakot faunal zone that yields Pakicetus in Kashmir and Pakistan (box with arrow) overlies beds with Assilina exponens and Assilina spira of shallow benthic zones SB13-14 here (9, 12) and beds with Orbitolites complanatus of shallow benthic zone SB12 elsewhere (12, 13), indicating that they are early middle Eocene in age.
		Pakicetus and Himalayacetus are interpreted here as amphibious, spending time on land but ingesting both fresh and marine waters while feeding in rivers, estuaries, and shallow marine Tethys.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/95/26/15464 (3047 words)

	Whale Tale Two
		Since Pakicetus has arbitrarily been called a whale, and since it is related to the artiodactyls, therefore all whales evolved from artiodactyls.
		Subtle clues in combination--the arrangement of cusps on the molar teeth, a folding in a bone of the middle ear, and the positioning of the ear bones within the skull--are absent in other land mammals but a signature of later Eocene whales.
		We think that the most logical interpretation of the Pakicetus fossils are that they represent land-dwelling mammals that didn’t even have teeth or ears in common with modern whales.
	www.ridgecrest.ca.us /~do_while/sage/v6i2f.htm (2666 words)

	Pakicetid at AllExperts
		Because their fossils are found near the bodies of water, they are presumed to have spent part of their life in water.
		Pakicetus was the first discovered in 1983 by Philip Gingerich, Neil Wells, Donald Russell, and S. Ibrahim Shah, and all three species are known from a few sites in Pakistan, hence the name of the first genera and the family as a whole.
		The region is believed to have been coastal to the Tethys Sea when the pakicetids lived, some 52 million years ago.
	en.allexperts.com /e/p/pa/pakicetid.htm (300 words)

	Whale Evolution Claim, Pakicetus
		When the original fossil find of Pakicetus was discovered, only portions of the skull were found.
		For progressive creationists, who believe each species is a unique creation, all of these intermediate species, including Pakicetus, and be thought of as individual creations, without evolving into the next in the series.
		In a final box at the end, the authors claim that Pakicetus ears are also irreconcilable with whale ears.
	www.answersincreation.org /rebuttal/magazines/Creation/2005/article_v27_i2_pakicetus.htm (654 words)

	Articles / Impact / When is a Whale a Whale? - Institute of Creation Research
		The fossil remains associated with Pakicetus are dominated by land mammals.
		It is highly significant that the auditory mechanism of Pakicetus was that of a land mammal, rather than that of a whale, since there is no evidence that it could hear directly under water, nor is there any evidence of vascularization of the middle ear to maintain pressure during diving.
		Thewissen and his coworkers in their paper mention an age of 52 million years for the age of Pakicetus, which they refer to as the "oldest cetacean." Ambulocetus, bearing large forelimbs and hooved hind limbs, was found in strata nearly 400 feet higher than Pakicetus.
	www.icr.org /articles/print/379 (1476 words)

	Better traces of whale pedigree discovered - research suggests Pakicetus was land and sea mammal - Brief Article ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Many paleontologists believe that Pakicetus, a carnivorous mammal that flourished 50 million years ago, helped bridge the evolutionary gap between whales and their land-dwelling ancestors.
		Newly recovered jaw and middle-ear bones strongly indicate that Pakicetus was not well adapted for underwater hearing, says paleontologist Hans Thewissen of Duke University School of Medicine in Durham, N.C. Thewissen discussed the new Pakicetus fossils and their implications at last week's meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in Toronto, Canada.
		They show that Pakicetus had very narrow channels in the back of its jaw, making it quite unable to accommodate the large fat pads characteristic of cetaceans, explains Thewissen.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n19_v142/ai_12866429?lstpn=article_results&lstpc=search&lstpr=external&lstprs=other&lstwid=1&lstwn=search_results&lstwp=body_middle (546 words)

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