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	Pala Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Pala Empire was a dynasty in control of the Bihar and Bengal regions of South Asia from the 8th to the 12th century.
		The Palas intermarried with Gahadvalas of the Kannauj region.
		It is plausible that the ancestors of the Palas originated from Vanga and later settled in Varendra(North Bengal) or Varendra became the capital of the newly born empire during the reign of Gopala.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pala_Empire (692 words)

	Maurya Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mauryan Empire was perhaps the greatest empire to rule the Indian subcontinent until the arrival of the British.
		The assassination of Brhadrata and the rise of the Sunga empire led to a wave of persecution for Buddhists, and a resurgence of Hinduism.
		Whereas both empires recognized the ruler and his ministers as the basis of social order, the first great emperor of India recognized that he had a dharma (duty) to protect his people; his reign was not supported by brute force alone.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mauryan_empire (5842 words)

	Gupta Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The "Gupta Empire" was one of the largest political and military empires in ancient India.
		Despite the creation of the empire through war, the reign is remembered for its very influential style of Hindu art, literature, culture and science, especially during the reign of Chandra Gupta II.
		The empire disintegrated under the attacks of Toramana and his successor, Mihirakula; the Hunas conquered several provinces of the empire, including Malwa, Gujarat, and Thanesar, broke away under the rule of local dynasties.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gupta_Empire (3044 words)

	BANGLAPEDIA: Pala Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Names of three kings are found in the Pala records- Surapala, mentioned in the Badal pillar inscription in between Devapala and Narayanapala, Vigrahapala, mentioned in the Bhagalpur copperplate of Narayanapala, and Mahendrapala, mentioned in the recently discovered jagjivanpur copperplate as the son and successor of Devapala.
		The weakness of Pala rule was clearly exposed during the reign of Mahipala II, when the revolt of the samantas (varendra rebellion) succeeded in establishing an independent rule of Kaivarta chief Divya in northern Bengal.
		The legacy of religious-social-cultural synthesis that was evolved during the rule of the Palas was a glorious achievement of the period and this trait was an important ingredient in the 'personality' of ancient Bengal.
	banglapedia.net /HT/P_0037.HTM (2674 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Mughal Empire
		The empire was founded by the Timurid leader Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat.
		Although Babur founded the Empire, the dynasty remained unstable (and was even exiled) until the reign of Akbar, who was not only of liberal disposition but also intimately acquainted, since birth, with the mores and traditions of India.
		The Reign of Aurangzeb and the Decline of the Empire
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Mughal_Empire (4265 words)

	History Pala Empire, Pala Dynasty, Pala Dynasty in India 8th 12th century
		The Pala Dynasty was the ruling Dynasty in Bihar and Bengal India, from the 8th to the 12th century.
		Pala fortunes were revived briefly by Rampala 1077-1120, but by the middle of the 12th century the Pala kingdom had succumbed to the rising power of the Senas.
		The Palas, adherents to Mahayana Buddhism, were generous patrons of Buddhist temples and the famous universities of Nalanda and Vikramashila.
	www.lotussculpture.com /pala.htm (309 words)

	History of Bangladesh
		These historians maintain Gangaridai and Prasioi empires were succeeded by the Mauryas (4th to 2nd century B.C.), the Guptas (4th-5th century A.D.), the empire of Sasanka (7th century A.D.), the Pala empire (750-1162 A.D.), and the Senas (1162-1223 A.D.).
		Specially, the Pala empire which lasted for more than four hundred years and reached its zenith in eighth and ninth centuries under the leadership of Dharmapala and Devapala is cited as an example of Bengal's political genius.
		The revisionist historians are of the opinion that the traditional interpretation overstates the role of all-India empires in the political life of the Bangladesh region.
	www.orgs.ttu.edu /saofbangladesh/history.htm (2574 words)

	Informat.io on Mauryan
		Originating from the kingdom of Magadha in the Indo-Gangetic plains of modern Bihar and Bengal and its capital city of Pataliputra (near modern Patna), the Empire was founded in 321 BCE by Chandragupta Maurya, who had overthrown the Nanda Dynasty and began expanding his power across central and western India.
		The Empire was expanded into India's central and southern regions by Emperor Bindusara, but excluded a small portion of unexplored trial and forested regions near Kalinga.
		However, the prospect of battling Magadha in a major war was one of the factors that caused the refusal of his troops to go further east, Alexander returned to Babylon, and redeployed most of his troops west of the Indus.
	www.informat.io /?title=Mauryan (3185 words)

	Informat.io on Bengal
		Internecine strife during the reign of Narayanpala (reigned 854-908) and administrative excesses led to the decline of the dynasty.
		The rise of the Chandra dynasty in southern Bengal expedited the decline of the Palas, and the last Pala king, Madanpala, died in 1161.
		Administration by governors appointed by the court of the Mughal Empire court (1575-1717) gave way to four decades of semi-independence under the Nawabs of Murshidabad, who respected the nominal sovereignty of the Mughals in Delhi.
	www.informat.io /?title=Bengal (1560 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The army, exhausted and frightened by the prospect of facing another giant Indian army at the Ganges River, mutinied at the Hyphasis (modern Beas) and refused to march further East.
		The capital of the Mauryan Empire, Pataliputra (modern Patna), was begun as a Magadhan fortress and became the capital sometime after Ajatashatru's reign.
		According to tradition, the Shishunaga dynasty founded the Magadha Empire in 684 BCE, whose capital was Rajagriha, later Pataliputra, near the present day Patna.
	www.gamecheatz.net /games.php?title=Magadha (1379 words)

	John Eskenazi Ltd. on Asianart.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In the 11th century, the Palas were to encounter the ambitious Cholas of south India, who, having defeated them in battle, forced them to offer allegiance in the form of offerings of Ganges water to the Chola royal temples.
		Sarnath Buddhas hold their left hand low but, from the 8th century Pala images begin to show the elbow bent with the hand close to the shoulder, which introduces a natural tension, animating the figure and suggesting the gentle energy of someone caught in discourse.
		The flame border of the prabha is a device which developed in the Pala period and replaces the crenellated form which survived from the 2nd century.
	www.asianart.com /eskenazi/4.html (1512 words)

	The Definitive Guide to British India XXXX (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The British Empire at its zenith in 1919.
		The British Raj (known from 1911 as the Indian Empire) was the period during which most of the Indian subcontinent, or present-day India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Burma, were under the colonial authority of the British Empire (Undivided India).
		Much of the territory under British sway during this time was not directly ruled by the British, but were nominally independent Princely States which were directly under the rule of the Maharajas, Rajas, Thakurs and Nawabs who entered into treaties as sovereigns with the British monarch as their feudal superior.
	www.xxxx.com /s/British_India (4906 words)

	Hunas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bhishama Parava of Mahabharata supposed to have been edited around 5th c AD, in one of its verses, mentions the Hunas with the Parasikas and other Mlechha tribes of the north-west including the Yavanas, Chinas, Kambojas, Darunas, Sukritvahas, Kulatthas etc (MBH 6.9.65-66).
		The Gupta Skandagupta is stated to have repelled a Huna invasion in 455, but they continued to pressure India's northwest frontier (present day Pakistan), and broke through into northern India by the end of the fifth century, hastening the disintegration of the Gupta empire.
		The Alchon ruler Toramana established his rule over Pakistan and northern India, and was succeeded by his son Mihirakula in 520 whose capital was Sakala or modern day Sialkot in the Pakistani Punjab.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hunas (739 words)

	Buddhism and the Trade Routes
		Two of the empires that ruled this region had a particularly strong influence on Buddhist imagery both in India and abroad: the Gupta empire (ca.
		The Gupta empire unified a large portion of northern India, from coast to coast, and the political stability that ensued encouraged a cultural florescence.
		During the Pala period, pilgrims, monks, and students from all over Asia flocked to the prominent religious centers in eastern India, which had greatly expanded since the Gupta period.
	www.asiasocietymuseum.com /buddhist_trade/indian.html (860 words)

	thebharat.com
		The Rashtrakutas were replaced by the later Chalukyas, the Palas by the Sena dynasty and the Prathihara kingdom broke up into smaller kingdoms.
		Early in the twelfth century, they were replaced by the Sena dynasty, which reversed the Palas' traditional support of Buddhism and encouraged Hindu orthodoxy.
		The empire broke up into a number of smaller kingdoms, some of which were ruled by Rajput princes.
	www.thebharat.com /thebharatinfo/history/north.html (445 words)

	Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bangladesh :: MOFA Bangladesh
		These empires were succeeded by the Mauryas (4th to 2nd century B.C.), the Guptas (4th-5th century A.D.), the empire of Sasanka (7th century A.D.), the Pala empire (750-1162 A.D.) and the Senas (1162-1223 A.D.).
		The Pala Empire, which lasted for more than four hundred years and reached its zenith in the eighth and ninth centuries under Dharmapala and Devapala, is cited as an example of Bengal’s political genius.
		The second phase spanned to period 1342 to 1575 and saw the emergence of independent local dynasties such as the Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1342-1414), the dynasty of King Ganesha (1414-1442) and Husain Shahi dynasty (1493-1539).
	www.mofa.gov.bd /early_history.htm (287 words)

	Indian History
		The empire was divided into provinces, districts, and villages governed by a host of centrally appointed local officials, who replicated the functions of the central administration.
		The Kushana Kingdom was the crucible of trade among the Indian, Persian, Chinese, and Roman empires and controlled a critical part of the legendary Silk Road.
		It was his son, however, Samudragupta (335-376), and later his grandson, Chandragupta II (376-415), who extended the kingdom into an empire over the whole of the north and the western Deccan.
	www.gatewayforindia.com /history.htm (3772 words)

	Bengal in the pAla and varmaNa period
		Because of the coincidence in name, it is conjectured by some that the pAla rAjyapAla's mother was a kAmboja princess, and these kAmboja rulers are just a branch of the pAla dynasty.
		On the other hand, they may be the kambojas from north west India from where the pAlas used to get their horses, the tibetans, or the koca tribe (the related tribe mleca may be the origin of the term mleccha).
		Of course, local rulers with the pAla name continued in many parts of Bengal: with centers north of present Dacca, around gauD.a, in baguD.A and dinAjapura, near brahmaputra river, etc. Thus, we hear of kings like palapAla, yashopAla, indradyumna pAla who were probably merely local rulers.
	members.tripod.com /~tanmoy/bengal/pala.html (2354 words)

	A Concise History of India, Chapter 3
		He began with an empire of 23 provinces, and there were few places in the subcontinent where anyone could challenge his authority.
		However, the empire was now so large that even the greatest ruler would have had problems running it.
		The Vijayanagar Empire was not destroyed at the battle of Talikota, but it was never the same again.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /india/in03.html (9056 words)

	Age of Belief Summary and Evaluation by Sanderson Beck
		A Pala empire in Bengal dominated the east until the Muslims conquered them in the early 13th century.
		The brothers Valentinian and Valens co-ruled the empire; the latter was an Arian and persecuted dissent in the East, executing many suspected conspirators.
		Lothar tried to claim the empire; but his forces were defeated by Charles and Louis, though the treaty of Verdun in 843 gave Lothar Italy and a narrow strip to Frisia that would become Switzerland, Belgium, and Netherlands, separating France from Germany.
	www.san.beck.org /AB24-Summary.html (19394 words)

	The Historical Interaction between the Buddhist and Islamic Cultures before the Mongol Empire - Chapter 11
		Even though Dharmapala had extended his empire to the borders of Gandhara in the west and Bengal in the east, he had never involved the Buddhist monasteries in the political and military vicissitudes of the state.
		Having headed imperial missions to both Pala India and Tang China, he knew how favorably the situation of Buddhism in the former compared with that in latter.
		Moreover, since Selnang’s visit, the Pala emperors were sending tribute payments to the Tibetan court, although this description might well have been a euphemism for sending trade delegations.
	www.berzinarchives.com /e-books/historic_interaction_buddhist_islamic/history_cultures_11.html (4339 words)

	India4u - Home Remedies - Bala
		Harsha governed his empire on the same lines as the Guptas.
		The Pala empire was probably founded in 750 AD.
		Of the three empires, the Rashtrakuta's lasted the longest.
	www.india4u.com /history/Ancient4.htm (555 words)

	Bangla3b
		The empire of Harsha is called the Harsha empire and is considered the last great Indian empire even though later several great empires are formed.
		The Rastrakuta's empire extended from Gujarat to tanjore.
		His empire did not have the great expanse of his predecessors but maintained a dignified extent.
	www.geocities.com /raqta24/bangla3b.htm (1507 words)

	OurBangla.com - E x p l o r e B a n g l a d e s h
		During the time of the Mauryan Empire, Buddhism came to Bengal, and it was from there that Asoka's son, Mahinda, carried the message of the Enlightened One to Sri Lanka.
		After the decline of the Mauryan Empire the eastern portion of Bengal became the kingdom of Samatata; although politically independent, it was a tributary state of the Indian Gupta Empire (A.D. ca.
		The Senas, orthodox and militant Hindus, replaced the Buddhist Palas as rulers of a united Bengal until the Turkish conquest in 1202.
	ourbangla.com /bangladesh/history-ab.html (626 words)

	Art Start - Credits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Buddhism flourished under the Pala Empire during the eighth to twelfth centuries, and this northeastern region of India became the last stronghold of the Buddhist faith in the country of its origin.
		Located in Bihar and Bengal provinces, the Pala region became an important monastic and pilgrimage center.
		The Pala sculpture style is often referred to as an international style, due to the religious and artistic influences that spread from Pala to other parts of Asia.
	www.seattleartmuseum.org /onlineActivities/ArtStories/kids/b2.htm (195 words)

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