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Topic: Pale of Settlement

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	JewishEncyclopedia.com - PALE OF SETTLEMENT: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Pale was first established in 1791, when the White-Russian Jews, who had passed under Russian rule (1772) at the first partition of Poland, were forbidden to join merchant or artisan gilds in governments other than those of White Russia.
		However, by an imperial decree of 1892 these rights of the veterans and their children were abolished in the case of the city and government of Moscow, except as regards those who were already registered in the artisan gilds there or were members of permanent artisan gilds.
		In general, Jews may leave the Pale for a period of six weeks, with an extension to eight weeks, in connection with legal matters, or in order to take possession of property inherited by them, or for commercial purposes, or to submit bids on contracts for work to be done within the Pale.
	jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=27&letter=P&search=bessarabia (2233 words)

	The Pale of Settlement
		Czar Cathrine II (“The Great”) established the Pale of Settlement in 1791 as a territory for Russian Jews to live.
		Created under pressure to rid Moscow of Jewish business competition and "evil" influence on the Russian masses, the Pale of Settlement included the territory of present-day Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine and Belorussia.
		The pogroms, boycotts and other anti-Semitic depredations Jews faced in the Pale led to mass immigration to the United States (two million between 1881 and 1914) as well as a string of other developments, such as the controversial Haskalah movement, which sought to modernize Jewish culture.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/History/pale.html (244 words)

	Jewish Heritage Online Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		At age 24, he left the Pale and took a job working as a miner in Russia, near the southern city of Yekaterinoslav.
		[1] The Pale of Settlement was the territory within the borders of czarist Russia where Jews were legally permitted to live, from 1791 to 1917.
		According to the census of 1897 nearly five million Jews or 94% of the total Jewish population of Russia lived in the the Pale; this constituted 11.6% of the general population of the region.
	www.jhom.com /personalities/ansky/index.htm (1283 words)

	[No title]
		{The most comprehensive scholarly study of Jewish surnames in the Pale of Settlement}.
		Jews were required to take surnames at various times: Austrian Empire (1787), Russian Pale (1804, not enforced until 1835/1845), Russian Poland (1821), France (1808), various German states: Frankfurt (1807), Baden (1809), Westphalia (1812), Prussia (1812), Bavaria (1813), Wuerttemberg (1828), Posen (1833), Saxony (1834).
		There were 15 gubernias in the Pale of Settlement, plus 10 gubernias in the Polish provinces (Kingdom of Poland).
	ftp.rootsweb.com /pub/roots-l/faq/faq.jewish (8052 words)

	Adherents.com
		At present the main centres are in Israel and in the United States, where a number of hasidic dynasties ahave re-established themselves.
		"Many Jews (in Britain the overwhelming mass) are still at least nominally Orthodox, and not a few are Ultra-Orthodox and maintain a way of life hardly, if at all, removed from that of the Russian Pale of Settlement in the nineteenth century.
		in 1948 helped found a Hasidic settlement, Kfar Habad, in Israel...
	www.adherents.com /Na/Na_303.html (3733 words)

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