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Topic: Paleoclimate

	Paleoclimate: World of Earth Science
		Paleoclimate is the variation of the climate in past geologic times, prior to instrumental measurements.
		Paleoclimate is expressed by its parameters—paleotemperature, precipitation in the past, circulation, sea surface temperature (SST), and sea level.
		The general state of the earth's climate is dependent upon the amount of energy the earth receives from the solar radiation, and the amount of energy the earth releases back to space in the form of infrared heat energy.
	science.enotes.com /earth-science/paleoclimate (913 words)

	Paleoclimate - LLO
		The sediment from the cores were analyzed for several paleoclimate proxies, including the stable isotopic and trace element composition of ostracodes.
		The paleoclimate records generated by LLO scientists and their collaborators were instrumental in the development of a drilling program on Lake Malawi that was funded by NSF and the International Continental Drilling Program, and carried out in February – March 2005.
		Another exciting avenue of molecular isotopic paleoclimate research in which we are involved is the reconstruction of continental paleotemperature and hydrology from lake sediment archives.
	www.d.umn.edu /llo/research/paleoclimate.html (2691 words)

	Julia Cole: Decadal Variability in Paleoclimate Records
		Paleoclimate records are essential tools for contextualizing 20th century climate changes.
		The paleoclimate record provides a context in which to place twentieth century climate variability, but it also often presents scenarios that defy explanation or have no modern analogue.
		Coupled with developments in paleoclimate analysis there is a need for a better understanding of the natural variability of the climate system, including the mechanisms and feedbacks that give rise to the observed spatial-temporal patterns.
	www.asp.ucar.edu /colloquium/2000/Lectures/cole.html (2815 words)

	American Scientist Online - Climates Past (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Paleoclimate proxies include tree rings, fossil pollen, paleosols, glacial terminus positions, ocean sediments, ice cores and invertebrates.
		She discusses strengths and problems associated with each concept—for example, how temporal climatic patterns, including evaporation and precipitation, are often influenced by local geography.
		The bulk of this text emphasizes biotic and lithologic paleoclimate indicators associated with marine and terrestrial environments.
	www.americanscientist.org /template/AssetDetail/assetid/15827;jsessionid=aaaaLmjchYKEu2 (621 words)

	NASA GISS: Research in Paleoclimate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Additionally, paleoclimate studies help us to quantify properties of Earth's climate, including the forces that drive climate change and the sensitivity of the Earth's climate to those forcings.
		Paleoclimate simulations are also used to validate the ability of our computer models to accurately represent climates that differ significantly from the present.
		Commonly, GCM simulations are used to corroborate or refute hypotheses first drawn from paleoclimate data or to sort out conflicting data interpretations.
	www.giss.nasa.gov /research/paleo (563 words)

	Groundwater and Paleoclimate - Projects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The research group "groundwater and paleoclimate" is still young and growing.
		Development of consistent methods and models for the interpretation of noble gas data in groundwater, particularly in regard of the "excess air" component.
		Systematic investigation of the "excess air"-phenomenon on laboratory and field scale in view of possible applications as paleoclimate proxy.
	www.iup.uni-heidelberg.de /institut/forschung/groups/aquasys/gp/en/gpprojects.html (183 words)

	ScienceWeek
		Paleoclimate studies have documented ENSO variability for selected intervals in the Holocene, but most records are either too short or insufficiently resolved to investigate variability on millennial scales(1-3).
		Paleoclimate analyses indicate that Arctic surface temperatures were higher during the 20th century than during the preceding few centuries and that polar amplification is a common feature of the past.
		Paleoclimate evidence for Holocene variations in the Arctic Oscillation is mixed.
	scienceweek.com /2003/sw030627.htm (9490 words)

	Paleolimnology of Iceland and Baffin Island (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Paleoclimate data are essential for validating predictive climate models, and for determining whether current and future warming should be attributed to anthropogenic causes.
		Marine sediment cores and ice cores provide a wealth of paleoclimate information, but these records are limited in their geographic coverage.
		Lake sediments are valuable paleoclimate archives because lakes are geographically widespread and their sediments are datable by radiocarbon, are often deposited continuously, and may yield records of up to annual resolution.
	ucsub.colorado.edu /~axford/research.html (484 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project
		The Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project is a project, somewhat along the lines of AMIP or CMIP, to coordinate and encourage the systematic study of atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) and to assess their ability to simulate large climate changes such as those that occurred in the distant past.
		Project goals include identifying common responses of AGCMs to imposed paleoclimate "boundary conditions," understanding the differences in model responses, comparing model results with paleoclimate data, and providing AGCM results for use in helping in the analysis and interpretation of paleoclimate data.
		PMIP is initially focussing on the mid-Holocene (6,000 years Before Present) and the Last Glacial Maximum (21,000 yr BP) because climatic conditions were remarkably different at those times and because relatively large amounts of paleoclimate data exist for these periods.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/PMIP (381 words)

	Paleoclimate and Flooding History in the Southern San Joaquin Valley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		We propose to collect a series of cores from these lakes and use established geophysical, geochemical, and lithologic techniques to unravel the regional paleoclimate and the history of flooding in the area.
		Furthermore, a time-dependent look at flooding frequencies, particularly in the context of a paleoclimate record, would aid in the prediction of flood frequency in light of predicted global warming.
		Finally, research on both regional paleoclimate and the temporal and spatial distribution of flooding would provide essential information toward the understanding of deposition on the Kern River Alluvial Fan.
	www.csubak.edu /Geology/nsf_research_project.htm (1767 words)

	Paleoclimate; Ice core and Lake Sediment Records (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		It is notable that during both the Eemian and Holocene periods the maximum departure from current temperatures seem to be in the polar regions.
		Evidence for warming of the planet in the last five centuries can be found in the geothermal observations from boreholes on several continents.
		From these various proxy data, it should be apparent that a wealth of paleoclimate data are available to extend our record of the earth's surface temperature much farther back in time than the beginning of recorded temperatures.
	www.iitap.iastate.edu /gccourse/history/paleoclimate/paleo_lecture.html (1208 words)

	Mirago : Science: Earth Sciences: Paleogeography and Paleoclimatology
		Himalayan Interdisciplinary Paleoclimate Project - Research into the paleoclimatology of the Himalayan mountains, focused on understanding changes in the Indian and Plateau monsoons over the past 2000 years, 20,000 years, and beyond.
		Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project - Coordinates and encourages the systematic study of atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) and to assess their ability to simulate large changes of climate such as those that occurred in the distant past.
		The Paleogeographic Atlas Project - Global paleogeography and paleoclimates, with emphasis on the Permian and Jurassic.
	www.mirago.co.uk /scripts/dir.aspx?cat=Top%2fScience%2fEarth_Sciences%2fPaleogeography_and_Paleoclimatology (524 words)

	Tectonics of the Triassic Period
		The paleoclimate was influenced largely by tectonic events that never existed before or since.
		The presence of coal-rich sequences in the high northern and southern latitudes, as well as the presence of large amphibians there, indicates that the paleoclimate was wetter in those areas.
		Living species of some Mesozoic ferns (including the families Osmundacae and Dipteridacae) now live in wet, shady areas under forest canopies, so it is likely that the paleoclimate their Triassic ancestors inhabitted were also damp and shaded.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /mesozoic/triassic/triassictect.html (716 words)

	[No title]
		The Paleoclimate Data Record Newsletter for NOAA's Program in Paleoclimatology National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, 325 Broadway, E/GC, Boulder, CO 80303 USA Volume 1, Number 1, 1990 We are pleased to announce that the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has established a program in Paleoclimatology.
		The Paleoclimate Advisory Panel (which met in June 1989 and in April 1990) produced recommendations for the future of the NOAA Paleoclimatology Program.
		During the early phases of the NGDC Paleoclimate Program, emphasis was placed on acquiring readily available data sets from the paleoclimate community.
	www1.ncdc.noaa.gov /pub/data/paleo/newsletters/news1_1_1990.txt (1091 words)

	PALEOCLIMATE WORKING GROUP Report 2
		The purpose of this meeting was to gather scientists interested in using the CSM and its component models for paleoclimate research.
		Letters of invitation for the Paleoclimate Working Group session were sent by e-mail to over 40 individuals at universities and laboratories working in either modeling or data studies of past climates.
		As a corollary to AMIP, the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project was developed in 1991 to coordinate a systematic study comparing simulations by atmospheric general circulation models of the large changes of climate that occurred in the distant past.
	www.ccsm.ucar.edu /working_groups/Paleo/report2.html (1138 words)

	Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project is a project, somewhat along the lines of AMIP or CMIP, to coordinate and encourage the systematic study of atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) and to assess their ability to simulate large climate changes such as those that occurred in the distant past.
		Project goals include identifying common responses of AGCMs to imposed paleoclimate "boundary conditions," understanding the differences in model responses, comparing model results with paleoclimate data, and providing AGCM results for use in helping in the analysis and interpretation of paleoclimate data.
		PMIP is initially focussing on the mid-Holocene (6,000 years before present) and the Last Glacial Maximum (21,000 yr BP) because climatic conditions were remarkably different at those times, and because relatively large amounts of paleoclimate data exist for these periods.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Paleoclimate_Modelling_Intercomparison_Project (248 words)

	NOAA Ocean Explorer: North Atlantic Stepping Stones 2005
		However, in the early 1990's we were treated to a paleoclimate surprise.
		Understanding this 'sub-Milankovitch' climate variability, and its absence in the Holocene, is a major thrust in modern paleoclimate research.
		Another aspect of our paleoclimate research on this expedition involves the study of populations in space and time.
	oceanexplorer.noaa.gov /explorations/05stepstones/background/paleoclimate/paleoclimate.html (1207 words)

	paleoclimate
		The word is derived from the Greek root "paleo-," which means "ancient," and the term "climate." Paleoclimate is climate that existed before humans began collecting instrumental measurements of weather (e.g., temperature from a thermometer, precipitation from a rain gauge, sea level pressure from a barometer, wind speed and direction from an anemometer).
		It is the simultaneity of these properties recorded in the ice that makes ice cores such a powerful tool in paleoclimate research.
		An accurate chronology is essential for interpreting ice core paleoclimate data.
	www.espere.net /Unitedkingdom/theme/ukpaleouk.html (1060 words)

	Utilizing paleoclimate data to constrain system response to carbon dioxide increases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Paleoclimate data provide important and necessary constraints on the interpretation of climate model predictions.
		Agreement between model climate "hindcasts" and paleoclimate data is a necessary precursor towards gaining confidence in model predictions of future climate warming.
		The primary problem currently being addressed in this area is an ostensible first order disagreement between tropical SSTs predicted by models and tropical SSTs inferred from various proxy data for time periods globally warmer than the present.
	nigec.ucdavis.edu /publications/ar/annual97/southcentral/project89.html (2120 words)

	Program Elements
		The international research community will focus on establishing and understanding the temporal and spatial range of natural climate variability during the period prior to significant anthropogenic impact, and initiate the use of the paleorecord for improving the predictive ability of climate and environmental system models.
		The USGCRP will have established a global network long-term paleoclimate records from corals, tree rings, ice cores, and other sources (some of which are up to 1,000 years long), and will develop statistical methodologies to link these disparate sources of climate data.
		The USGCRP will have evaluated the hypothesis that the Arctic is one of the most sensitive regions for climate and environmental change, has undergone large changes over the last 1000 years, and, in magnitude and extent, is currently undergoing an unprecedented warming.
	www.gcrio.org /ocp00/OCP2000p10c.html (785 words)

	RealClimate » Paleoclimate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The article manages to give the impression that the implications of deep-time paleoclimate haven't previously been taken into account in thinking about the mechanisms of climate change, whereas in fact this has been a central preoccupation of the field for decades.
		What is new is that paleoclimate finally gets a chapter of its own (but one that, understandably, concentrates more on the well-documented Pleistocene than on deep time).
		The worst fault of the article, though, is that it leaves the reader with the impression that there is something in the deep time Phanerozoic climate record that fundamentally challenges the physics linking planetary temperature to CO This is utterly false, and deeply misleading.
	www.realclimate.org /index.php?cat=2 (5793 words)

	AWI: Paleoclimate Dynamics - statistical data analysis
		The combined use of paleoclimate reconstructions and model-simulated climate data will be undertaken, bringing together expertise and data from the paleoclimate and the climate modeling communities.
		The climate simulations enable a separation of the externally-forced climate signal from internal variability (to the extent that the signal is distinguishable from the noise), something that cannot be achieved using paleo data alone.
		The model signals will be used to interpret the paleoclimate reconstructions, in terms of the causes of the observed variations.
	www.awi-bremerhaven.de /Modelling/Paleo/statistics.html (433 words)

	Paleoclimate and Flooding History in the Southern San Joaquin Valley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		We propose to collect a series of cores from these lakes and use established geophysical, geochemical, and lithologic techniques to unravel the regional paleoclimate and the history of flooding in the area.
		Furthermore, a time-dependent look at flooding frequencies, particularly in the context of a paleoclimate record, would aid in the prediction of flood frequency in light of predicted global warming.
		Finally, research on both regional paleoclimate and the temporal and spatial distribution of flooding would provide essential information toward the understanding of deposition on the Kern River Alluvial Fan.
	www.csub.edu /geology/nsf_research_project.htm (1767 words)

	Life, Land, and Atmosphere
		Paleoclimate researchers study reflections of prehistoric climate in the proxy climate record of fossils, ice bubbles, and other materials and reconstruct Earth’s prehistoric orbit, ocean circulation, and land masses.
		NCAR researchers are examining how the paleoclimate affected vegetation and, in turn, how vegetation affected climate.
		In a trial run, they have simulated conditions in North Africa 6,000 years ago, when the now-arid region was comparatively fertile because of intense monsoons.
	www.ucar.edu /research/earthsystem/land.shtml (713 words)

	Paleoclimate; Ice Core and Lake Sediment Records
		It is notable that during both the Eemian and Holocene periods the maximum departure from current temperatures seem to be in the polar regions.
		Evidence for warming of the planet in the last five centuries can be found in the geothermal observations from boreholes on several continents.
		From these various proxy data, it should be apparent that a wealth of paleoclimate data are available to extend our record of the earth's surface temperature much farther back in time than the beginning of recorded temperatures.
	www.meteor.iastate.edu /gccourse/history/paleoclimate/paleo_lecture_new.html (1273 words)

	Paleoclimate: Climate Change Through Time
		This section provides access to a spectrum of visualizations and supporting material that can be used effectively to teach students about paleoclimate through geologic time.
		Animated GIF of global land use change between 1700 and 2000 from the Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment and the Dutch National Institute of Public Health and the Environment.
		Java map animations of paleoclimate model runs from NASA and NCAR for a variety of time coverages.
	serc.carleton.edu /NAGTWorkshops/visualization/collections/Climchg.html (372 words)

	Link between tropical warming and greenhouse gases stronger than ever, say scientists
		This latest study is based on such paleoclimate observations; the scientists analyzed the chemical composition of fossil plankton shells from a deep sea core in the equatorial Pacific.
		Modern observations of tropical sea surface temperature indicate a rise of one to two degrees Fahrenheit over the last 50 years, a trend consistent with rising carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to fossil fuel combustion, according to the authors.
		The paleoclimate evidence from this new study supports the attribution of the tropical temperature trend to the ever-increasing greenhouse gas burden in the atmosphere.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-10/uoc--lbt101005.php (491 words)

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