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Topic: Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale

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	Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale is a logarithmic scale used by astronomers to rate the potential hazard of impact of a near-earth object (NEO).
		As of Septemer 2006, the record for Palermo scale values is held by asteroid (29075) 1950 DA, with a value of 0.17 for a possible collision in the year 2880.
		With further observations, the possibility of a 2029 impact was eliminated, but as of October 2006 a cumulative Palermo rating of −2.52 applies, largely due to a possible event in 2036.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Palermo_Technical_Impact_Hazard_Scale (405 words)

	Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale
		The Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale is a logarithmic scale used by astronomers to rate the potential hazard of impact of a near-earth object.
		A rating of 0 means the hazard is as likely as the background hazard (defined as the average risk posed by objects of the same size or larger over the years until the date of the potential impact).
		The near-Earth object 2002 NT7 was the first near-Earth object detected by NASA's NEO programme to be given a positive rating on the scale of 0.06, indicating a higher than background threat.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/pa/Palermo_scale.html (128 words)

	Torino scale
		The Torino Scale is a method for categorizing the impact hazard associated with asteroids and comets.
		The Torino Scale uses a scale from 0 to 10.
		The Torino Scale was created by Professor Richard P. Binzel and named after a conference in Torino, Italy (Turin).
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/to/Torino_scale.html (157 words)

	The Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The scale compares the likelihood of the detected potential impact with the average risk posed by objects of the same size or larger over the years until the date of the potential impact.
		The primary reference for the Palermo Technical Scale is a scientific paper entitled "Quantifying the risk posed by potential Earth impacts" by Chesley et al.
		The Torino Scale is designed to communicate to the public the risk associated with a future Earth approach by an asteroid or comet.
	www2.jpl.nasa.gov /neo/risk/doc/palermo.html (662 words)

	Home Scales
		N scale uses 9 mm gauge track, and a scale of 1:160 worldwide, except for the United Kingdom where a scale of is 1:148 is used because of the problems early on in fitting mechanisms into smaller British trains.
		Unlike other scales and gauges, which were de facto standards at best, within two years N scale defined the gauge, voltage, and polarity of track, as well as the height and type of couplers.
		Scaling (computer network) is a relationship in computer networking between a network's ability to continue to function with limited or no degradation in performance as the # of people on the network increases.
	www.artistbooking.com /trips/82/home-scales.html (1131 words)

	Scale - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Richter scale, the Mercalli scale, the Rossi-Forel scale and the Omori are all used to measure the intensity of earthquakes.
		The Fujita scale estimates the intensity of tornadoes.
		The Torino scale and the Palermo scale measure the impact hazard level of near-Earth objects such as asteroids.
	88.208.194.172 /wiki/index.php/Scale (260 words)

	postal scale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The primary reference for the Palermo Technical Scale is a scientific paper...
		The Fujita Tornado Intensity Scale is used to rate the intensity of a tornado by examining the damage caused by the tornado after it has passed over a...
		Note: the Torino Scale was recently revised according to this recent publication:.
	sbrmi.com /postal-scale/2006/06/kardashev-scale-wikipedia-free.html (272 words)

	2002 GJ8 Impact Risk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The maximum Torino and Palermo Scale values are listed, as well as the number of tabulated potential impacts and their corresponding cumulative Palermo Scale value and cumulative impact probability.
		The kinetic energy at impact, based upon the computed absolute magnitude and impact velocity for the particular case, and computed in accordance with the guidelines stated for the Palermo Technical Scale.
		The hazard rating according to the Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale, based on the tabulated impact date, impact probability and impact energy.
	www2.jpl.nasa.gov /neo/risk/2002gj8.html (592 words)

	scale, mobile, classical, theme, streams, clips, jennifer lopez, texture, keiko, ellington (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Scales with special uses are often named after the person who invented them.
		The Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik chromatic clarinet scale* and the Mercalli bathroom scale are used to measure the intensity of earthquakes.
		And now he did taste them, lying on his back on the grass along the river, floating down quiet little side streams in the moonlight, listening to the night call of birds, or watching the flight of frightened wild things as he pushed the canoe into the quiet depths of the great forest about them.
	www.mobile-ring.info /Scale.html (944 words)

	Hazard Perception
		Focusing on the physical characteristics hazards share, such as magnitude, duration, hazard perception and frequency, the authors consider individual hazard perception and community perceptions of these events hazard perception and explore the effects of different attitudes on behavior hazard perception and response.
		Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale - The Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale is a logarithmic scale used by astronomers to rate the potential hazard of impact of a near-earth object.
		Moral hazard - In law and economics, moral hazard is the name given to the increased risk of problematical (immoral) behavior, and thus a negative outcome ("hazard"), because the person who caused the problem doesn't suffer the full (or any) consequences, or may actually benefit.
	be1.meisart.com /hazardperception.html (980 words)

	General dictionary - Torino scale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Torino scale is a classification (similar to the Ritcher scale for earthquakes) to quantify the impact hazard of a certain NEO.
		Since the Torino scale is a function of the impact energy and probability of the event, the time of the possible impact does not matter (provided it is within 2100).
		In this new scale the risk posed by one Virtual Impactor is compared to the 'background risk' posed by all NEO between now and the time of possible impact.
	spaceguard.esa.int /tumblingstone/dictionary/torino.htm (396 words)

	Torino Impact Hazard Scale
		A risk-assessment scale, with integer values from 0 to 10, used to describe an approach of a particular asteroid to Earth in terms of the likelihood and consequences of its collision with Earth.
		The Torino Scale has been largely superceded by the Palermo Scale.
		Impacts and the Public: Communicating the Nature of the Impact Hazard.
	www.sizes.com /units/torino_scale.htm (474 words)

	World of Earth Science \| Torino Scale
		The Torino scale is used to portray the threat to Earth of an impact with a particular comet or asteroid.
		The measurement scale is based upon agreement between scholars as a means to categorize potential hazards.
		Because risk assessments are difficult to quantify, another scale, the Palermo Technical Scale, is often used by astronomers to complement the Torino scale.
	science.enotes.com /earth-science/torino-scale/print (654 words)

	Potential Impacts by Scientific Frontline®, an online publication from SFL ORG News Center
		Small objects are not likely to cause significant damage in the event of an impact, although impact damage does depend heavily upon the specific (and usually unknown) physical properties of the object in question.
		There can be several qualitatively unique pathways to impact in a given year, e.g., some with an extra revolutions around the sun, others deflected to impact by an earlier planetary encounter.
		According to this ten-point scale, a rating of zero indicates the event has "no likely consequences." A Torino Scale rating of 1 indicates an event that "merits careful monitoring." Even higher ratings indicate that progressively more concern is warranted.
	www.sflorg.com /impact.html (423 words)

	Astronomers Revise Torino Scale Asteroid Advisory System - Planetary News \| The Planetary Society
		In the original scale NEOs that ranked 2 to 4 -- in the yellow zone -- were described as "meriting concern." The revised scale describes objects with those rankings as "meriting attention by astronomers, and not necessarily the public," informed Binzel.
		The Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale and the Purgatorio Ratio have been used less widely or frequently than the Torino Scale, which has benefited from promotion by asteroid experts at NASA, which provides most of the funding for asteroid search programs.
		The Torino scale really is directed at the public, and it's goal in effect is to become the Richter scale of the asteroid world.
	www.planetary.org /news/2005/0420_Astronomers_Revise_Torino_Scale.html (2553 words)

	2002 NT7 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		As of July 25 2002, the hazard rating on the Palermo scale had been lowered to -0.25.
		However, the discovery of an object with an initial hazard rating above 0.0 is still a significant event in the history of the NEO observation program.
		On August 1 2002, the object was removed from the list of objects that present a threat, at least for the next 100 years.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/2/20/2002_nt7.html (166 words)

	Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale - Education - Information - Educational Resources - Encyclopedia - Music
		It combines two types of data--probability of impact, and estimated kinetic yield--into a single "hazard" value.
		The near-Earth object (89959) 2002 NT was the first near-Earth object detected by NASA's latest NEO programme to be given a positive rating on the scale of 0.06, indicating a higher than background threat.
		However, asteroid (29075) 1950 DA holds the record for Palermo scale values, with a value of 0.17 for a possible collision in the year 2880.
	www.music.us /education/P/Palermo-Technical-Impact-Hazard-Scale.htm (509 words)

	The Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale was developed to enable NEO specialists to categorize and prioritize potential impact risks spanning a wide range of impact dates, energies and probabilities.
		Actual scale values less than -2 reflect events for which there are no likely consequences, while Palermo Scale values between -2 and 0 indicate situations that merit careful monitoring.
		This scale is continuous (both positive and negative values are allowed) and does incorporate the time between the current epoch and the predicted potential impact, as well as the object's predicted impact energy and likelihood of occurrence.
	neo.jpl.nasa.gov.cob-web.org:8888 /risk/doc/palermo.html (657 words)

	SPACE.com -- Asteroid Threat Scale Revised
		Critics have suggested the Torino Scale is too complex and that asteroid risks are too remote, complex and variable to be boiled down to simple numbers and colors, among other concerns.
		For example, in the original scale objects ranked 2 to 4 were described as "meriting concern." The revised scale describes those rocks as meriting attention by astronomers, but not necessarily the public.
		For not, the Torino Scale remains a frontrunner in a pack of little-known hazard gauges designed to let humanity know of the risk of potentially devastating events that all leading experts agree are very unlikely to occur anytime soon.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/050412_torino_scale.html (909 words)

	Tumbling Stone 11 - The Palermo scale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In fact, the first scale was based on a similar method, classifying objects on different areas of the same parameter space (which was defined in much the same way by the impact energy and impact probability, as the picture on the left shows).
		But, differently from the Torino scale, the new tool also deals with the time at which the impact should take place, measuring the danger of a certain event relative to the statistical threat coming from the entire asteroid and comet population averaged over long periods of time.
		This scale has been introduced at an International Conference on Near-Earth objects held in June 1999 in the city of Torino as a revised version of the "Near-Earth Object Hazard Index" created by Professor P.Binzel of the MIT and presented at a United Nations conference in 1995..
	spaceguard.esa.int /tumblingstone/issues/num11/eng/palermo.htm#Torino (1152 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Torino Scale
		The Torino Scale is a method for categorizing the impact hazard associated with near-Earth objects (NEOs) such as asteroids and comets.
		It is intended as a tool for astronomers and the public to assess the seriousness of collision predictions, by combining probability statistics and known kinetic damage potentials into a single threat value.
		Due to exaggerated press coverage of asteroids such as, astronomers started to work on a re-wording of the Torino scale, which was published in 2005.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Torino_scale (1185 words)

	Near-Earth object Info - Bored Net - Boredom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In the United States, NASA has a congressional mandate to catalogue all NEO's that are at least 1 kilometer (0.6 miles) wide.
		Currently, the only known NEO with a Palermo scale value greater than zero is 1950 DA, which is predicted to pass very close to or collide with the Earth (p≤0.003) in the year 2880.
		If this collision were to happen, the energy released by a collision with 1950 DA would cause an Extinction event which would destroy most life on the planet.
	www.borednet.com /e/n/encyclopedia/n/ne/near_earth_object.html (328 words)

	Logarithmic scale (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A logarithmic scale is a scale of measurement that gives the logarithm of a physical quantity instead of the quantity itself.
		Logarithmic scales are either defined for ratios of the underlying quantity, or one has to agree to measure the quantity in fixed units.
		A Logarithmic scale is also a graphic scale on one or both sides of a graph where a number x is printed at a distance c·log(''x'') from the point marked with the number 1.
	logarithmic-scale.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (346 words)

	Torino Scale Summary
		In February 2006, the rating for 2004 VD was upgraded to a current value of 2 due to a possible encounter in the year 2102, making it the second asteroid to ever be given a Torino scale value higher than 1.
		Torino scale 1: 2004 VD Torino scale 1: 99942 Apophis
		Due to exaggerated press coverage of asteroids such as 2003 QQ, astronomers started to work on a re-wording of the Torino scale, which was published in 2005.
	www.bookrags.com /Torino_Scale (1815 words)

	Amazon.com: "impact hazard scale": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The scale, called the Torino Impact Hazard Scale, created by Richard Binzel at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, runs from 0 to 10,...
		In 1999 the Torino impact hazard scale was proposed by R. Binzel and adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the same year.
		THE "TORINO IMPACT HAZARD SCALE" From the 'Torino Impact Hazard Scale" and...
	www.amazon.com /phrase/impact-hazard-scale (603 words)

	Scale - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Scale or Balance (In Urdu:Mizan or ميزان) is a comprehensive treatise on the contents of Islam written by Javed Ahmed Ghamidi, a Pakistani Sunni Islamic scholar.
		Lady Justice, a woman that holds a scale in her hand with a sword and sometimes a blindfold.
		The Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik scale and the Mercalli scale are used to measure the intensity of earthquakes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Scale (363 words)

	L09 Chemofossils
		Near Earth Object Hazard Index, devised in 1995 by Richard P. Binzel, assigns a number, 0 through 10, to a space object according to the probability of its collision with Earth and its kinetic energy (half-mass times the square of its encounter velocity).
		This rates the chance of impact of each asteroid relative to the frequency with which objects of a similar size collide with Earth.
		A Palermo rating of zero means that an impact is no more likely than a similar but as yet unidentified object striking Earth before the asteroid being studied is scheduled to arrive.
	geowords.com /histbooknetscape/l09.htm (1177 words)

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