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	Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale is a logarithmic scale used by astronomers to rate the potential hazard of impact of a near-earth object.
		A similar but less complex scale is the Torino scale, which is used for simpler descriptions in the non-scientific media.
		Before Apophis, asteroid (29075) 1950 DA held the record for Palermo scale values, with a value of 0.17 for a possible collision in the year 2880.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Palermo_Technical_Impact_Hazard_Scale (393 words)

	palermo
		Palermo (population 680,000) is the principal city and administrative seat of the autonomous region of Sicily, Italy.
		As the seat of the Spanish viceroy, Palermo grew in population from 30,000 in the mid-15th century to 135,000 on the eve of the plague of 1656.
		Palermo survived almost the entire fascist period unscathed, but during the Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943 the harbour and the surrounding quarters were bombed heavily by the allied forces and were all but completely destroyed.
	www.fact-library.com /palermo.html (1078 words)

	PALERMO - LoveToKnow Article on PALERMO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The museum of Palermo, the richest in the island, has been transferred from the university to the former monastery of the Filippini; Among the most important are the objects from prehistoric tombs and the architectural fragments from Selinus, including several metopes with reliefs, which are of great importance as illustrating the development of Greek sculpture.
		Palermo is one of the two headquarters (the other being Genoa) of the Navigazione Generale Italiana, the chief Italian steamship company.
		The plain of Palermo is very fertile, and well watered by springs and streams, of the latter of which the Oreto is the chief.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PA/PALERMO.htm (1957 words)

	Scale (measurement) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The scale of a map or enlarged or reduced model indicatesthe ratio between the distances on the map or model and the corresponding distances in reality or the original.
		The Richter Scale, the Mercali Scale, the Rossi-Forel Scale and the Omori are all used to measure the intensity ofearthquakes.
		The Torino scale and the Palermo scale measure the impacthazard level of near-Earth objects such as asteroids.
	www.therfcc.org /scale-measurement--8927.html (249 words)

	Scale (measurement) -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The (additional info and facts about scale of a map) scale of a map or enlarged or reduced (A representative form or pattern) model indicates the ratio between the distances on the map or model and the corresponding distances in reality or the original.
		The (An international scale of wind force from 0 (calm air) to 12 (hurricane)) Beaufort scale is used to measure wind force.
		The (A temperature scale that defines the freezing point of water as 0 degrees and the boiling point of water as 100 degrees) Celsius scale measures the temperature.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/sc/scale_(measurement).htm (315 words)

	Scale (measurement) Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		For example, for a scale model of an object, the ratio of corresponding lengths is a dimensionless scale, e.g.
		In the case of an isometry the scale is 1:1.
		Correspondingly, torques could be represented on the same map by areas in a scale of 1 m² : 12 500 Nm, which is equal to 1 m : 12 500 N. Torques in the plane of the map could be represented by arrows with an independent scale of e.g.
	www.karr.net /search/encyclopedia/Scale_%28measurement%29 (585 words)

	Scale - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Architect's scale - (or draughtsman's scale) is a ruler-like device, which facilitates the production of technical drawings.
		Kinsey scale, sexual orientation (Klein scale is superior but not yet as well known)
		The Fujita scale estimates the intensity of tornadoes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Scale (259 words)

	Encyclopedia: Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Value A logarithmic scale is a scale of measurement that gives the logarithm of a physical quantity instead of the quantity itself.
		Asteroid (99942) 2004 MNâ briefly (on December 27, 2004) held the record for Palermo scale values, with a value of 1.10 for a possible collision in the year 2029.
		Categories: Scales (89959) 2002 NT7 (also written (89959) 2002 NT7) is a near_Earth object (NEO) that became the first object observed by NASAs NEO program to be assigned a positive rating on the Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale for a potential impact date of February 1, 2019.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Palermo-Technical-Impact-Hazard-Scale (872 words)

	Palermo scale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale is a logarithmic scale used by astronomers to rate thepotential hazard of impact of a near-earth object.
		A similar but less complex scale is the Torino scale, which is used for simpler descriptions in the non-scientificmedia.
		However, asteroid 1950 DA holds the record for Palermo scale values, with a valueof 0.17 for a possible collision in the year 2880.
	www.therfcc.org /palermo-scale-209859.html (262 words)

	This Month's Articles
		Fortunately, Palermo’s headquarters for Wetherington Homes and Neal Communities employ the code in more graceful ways, taking an updated "Old Florida" look as the basis for functional low-rise office buildings, substantial and reassuring in their use of good materials and solid construction, pleasing in their human scale.
		Palermo built both the athletic club and the tennis center in Lakewood Ranch Country Club, and they also share the attention to proportion and operational detail that characterize his best work.
		Palermo’s new fanciful efficiency, his secure blending of the practical and imaginative sides of his trade, also enlivens the new medical offices of Dr. Jose Antunes on Fruitville Road.
	www.sarasotamagazine.com /Pages/hotstories/hotstories.asp?1172 (796 words)

	Read about Scale (measurement) at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Scale (measurement) and learn about Scale ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The scale of a map or enlarged or reduced
		cm (=500 m) as 1 cm on a map, and a model on a scale 1:25 of a building with a height of 30 m has a model height of 1.20 m.
		Palermo scale measure the impact hazard level of near-Earth objects such as asteroids.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Scale_%28measurement%29 (246 words)

	Revised Torino Scale - Bad Astronomy and Universe Today Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Astronomers led by an MIT professor have revised the scale used to assess the threat of asteroids and comets colliding with Earth to better communicate those risks with the public.
		Palermo is a logarithm, likely fractional, not confined to 0 to 10, and is a function of -- along with probability and kinetic energy like Torino -- the time until possible impact.
		At its ugliest estimate, it appears 2004 MN4 was a Torino 4 and a Palermo 1.1.
	ww.badastronomy.com /phpBB/viewtopic.php?t=20982&sid=a00da55baaa1fb19bba9369184cd482a (570 words)

	General dictionary - Torino scale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Torino scale is a classification (similar to the Ritcher scale for earthquakes) to quantify the impact hazard of a certain NEO.
		he Torino scale is a two parameters scale: it utilizes numbers form 0 to 10 to indicate the chance of a collision, while the color is used as a second parameter to give an information about the danger of the event (going from white, non dangerous bodies, to red, catastrophic events).
		Since the Torino scale is a function of the impact energy and probability of the event, the time of the possible impact does not matter (provided it is within 2100).
	spaceguard.rm.iasf.cnr.it /tumblingstone/dictionary/torino.htm (396 words)

	Turns of Phrase: Palermo scale
		That isn’t helpful for the great mass of asteroids, for whom the Torino figure is zero, but for which there may be risk of impact.
		Palermo scale, a more complex and subtle measure, which rates the impact risk of a cosmic body against the average risk of an impact by a body of the same size over a long period of time.
		That gave 2002 NT7 the highest ever score on the Palermo scale, a rating system developed to help astronomers categorise impact risks.
	www.worldwidewords.org /turnsofphrase/tp-pal1.htm (299 words)

	Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale : Palermo scale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A rating of 0 means the hazard is as likely as the background hazard (defined as the average risk posed by objects of the same size or larger over the years until the date of the potential impact).
		The near-Earth object 2002 NT7 was the first near-Earth object detected by NASA's NEO programme to be given a positive rating on the scale of 0.06, indicating a higher than background threat.
		Out of the second came an amusement in greens of many hues, some jutting branch with yellowish foliage.
	www.termsdefined.net /pa/palermo-scale.html (334 words)

	Improved Asteroid Warning Scale
		is reported as a ten-level scale, but it includes both chance of impact and level of devastation.
		With this scale, all asteroids would be assigned a damage potential as well as a chance of impacting.
		KT would be a J9, etc. Given that 2004 MN4 is listed as having a regional impact, by this scale in its current form, it would rate a letter I for size/damage potential, and probably on the order of a 4 for chance of impact, which is a pure guess at this time.
	www.spacewhatnow.com /id15.html (282 words)

	Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The asteroid 2004 MN was subsequently demoted to have a Palermo rating of -1.59.
		Before 2004 MN, asteroid (29075) 1950 DA held the record for Palermo scale values, with a value of 0.17 for a possible collision in the year 2880.
		Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale, See also and External links.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Palermo_scale (394 words)

	Re: 2003 QO104 still 1 on Torino scale
		The Palermo scale takes into account the background probability of impacts as a function of their masses; it uses a fairly simple approximation which is agreed by most to be reasonably valid.
		The point of the Palermo scale is not to get an extremely accurate measure of the probability, instead it's meant to quantify the risk in some way that's easily comparable with others.
		It's important that a Palermo scale figure be comparable with other Palermo scale figures; it's not vitally important that they truly reflect the true relative risk with great precision (though, of course, that'd be nice).
	www.usenet.com /newsgroups/rec.arts.sf.science/msg01879.html (388 words)

	Application of International Space Station Debris Protection Procedures to a Fundamental Problem in Asteroid Defense
		However, the scale is too coarse to easily lend itself to establishing a threshold.
		Palermo scale number as a function of collision probability and asteroid size, assuming a
		It is the neglect of this human element, the “attention span” of the average person, that renders the Torino Scale unsuitable for defense thresholding.
	mywebpages.comcast.net /cookewj/ISS_ad.htm (2294 words)

	Re: 2003 QO104 still 1 on Torino scale
		If you're not familiar with it, a superior quantitative measure of impact risk is given by the Palermo scale (figures of which for the known impact risks are given in the table referenced above).
		The Palermo scale figure is a number which represents the common logarithm of the relative risk of the object impacting, that is to say the probability of impact relative to the background risk of any (heretofore unknown) object that size hitting us.
		Anything over -2 in the Palermo scale (that is, a relative risk of 1/100 and up) is warranted worthy of study.
	www.usenet.com /newsgroups/rec.arts.sf.science/msg01721.html (426 words)

	A/CC Essay: Pursuit of 2003 CR20
		The Torino Scale is for public consumption, while the Palermo Scale is a more complex scientific tool.
		The month of March began with 2003 CR20's maximum risk assessment going back to Torino Scale 0 in the day's new assessments by NEODyS and JPL, and with their maximum Palermo Scale ratings falling significantly — to the lowest since CR20 was announced.
		A Palermo Scale (PS) rating of 0.0 is equivalent to the random "background risk" of being hit by an asteroid without warning.
	www.hohmanntransfer.com /sas/cr20 (2402 words)

	A/CC Essay: How A/CC broke the 2002 NT7 story
		The 2002 NT7 positive Palermo Scale rating of 22 July was based on only a very few days' observations, and thus was quite preliminary and could be expected to change for the better with more time and observations.
		Furthermore, NT7's Palermo Scale rating on the 23rd was positive for the second day and still climbing at both JPL and NEODyS (peaking, actually, but that wouldn't be known for several days).
		During the time that A/CC was routinely reporting the rising hazard scale ratings for 2002 NT7, especially as the Palermo Scale rating rose to near 0.0, we kept an eye on the IAU home page for the technical review statement that the IAU and NEO community's policy said would be coming.
	www.hohmanntransfer.com /sas/nt7 (3433 words)

	CNN.com - U.N. to fight crime on global scale - December 12, 2000
		PALERMO, Italy -- The United Nations is seeking support for the most ambitious global crime fighting effort ever, with the introduction of a new international treaty in Palermo.
		Sicily is the traditional home of the Italian Mafia and the choice of Palermo as host city is intended as a symbol of the strides local authorities have made in recent years in cracking down on organised crime.
		Most of the conference, to be attended by some 120 justice or interior ministers and 20 heads of state, will take place in Palermo's Palace of Justice, the courthouse which for years symbolised the fight by the Italian judiciary against the Mafia.
	cnn.com /2000/WORLD/europe/12/11/un.crime/index.html (686 words)

	[14.15] NEO Impact Hazard Scales in the Context of Other Hazard Scales (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		For example, a failing of the Torino Scale (TS) mirrors a failure of the Homeland Security Advisory System (HSAS, "terrorism scale"): it doesn't clearly tell ordinary folk what they should do; it says that TS=1 events merit "careful monitoring," a task for astronomers, not the public.
		The recent 2002 NT7 media scare was exacerbated by public use of the Palermo Technical Scale (PTS), which was not intended for such use, rather than the appropriate Torino Scale.
		Astronomers need to empathize with the needs of science journalists and communicators and with the low level of scientific comprehension by the public, who may be genuinely scared by mispresented cosmic hazards.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v34n3/dps2002/360.htm (395 words)

	Units: T
		On the standard 12-tone scale, the minor third is approximated by 3 half steps, corresponding to a frequency ratio of 2
		The scale ranges from 0 (object certain to miss the Earth or too small to cause significant damage) to 10 (object certain to hit the Earth and large enough to cause catastrophic damage and global climate disruption).
		On the standard 12-tone scale, the perfect twelfth is approximated as 19 half steps, corresponding to a frequency ratio of 2
	www.unc.edu /~rowlett/units/dictT.html (6833 words)

	The Space Review: Revising the Torino Scale
		The Palermo Scale is a more useful tool based on mathematical comparisons between the threat posed by the impactor and the background threat from similar-sized objects during the period of time in question, but it also rose to unprecedented levels for 2004 MN4 as new tracking data came in.
		The most complex scale in consistent use today is the Richter scale for measuring earthquakes, which still requires an occasional reminder that the scale is logarithmic: each whole number increase on the scale means a tenfold increase in the strength of the temblor.
		One of the simplifications made in the Torino Scale was the inclusion of both the chance of an impact and the devastation potential of an impact on one axis.
	www.thespacereview.com /article/296/1 (1355 words)

	News Article: Sentry NEO Monitoring System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Thanks to the two scales, the risk of a single object is compared to the so-called background level (which is the average risk from the entire NEO population).
		A Palermo Technical Scale value less than zero and, in most cases, a Torino Scale value of zero, indicates that this risk is below this background level, and that the event can be considered only of academic interest, and not deserving public concern.
		On the Torino Scale, a zero or one represent remote risk, and a 10 means it's time to sell the farm.
	nai.arc.nasa.gov /impact/news_detail.cfm?ID=110 (2276 words)

	news in brief : Nature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Worried that the scale was scaring people, its creators have worked up a revised version, unveiled on 12 April.
		A second scale, the Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale, was developed in 2002 solely for use by astronomers.
		This scale allows researchers to decide which new sightings need to be tracked by telescope (see Nature 418, 468; 2002).
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v434/n7036/full/434948a.html (964 words)

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