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Topic: Palmer Drought Index

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	Drought -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A drought is an extended period where (Binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent) water availability falls below the statistical requirements for a region.
		Drought is not a purely physical phenomenon, but instead is an interplay between natural water availability and human demands for water supply.
		Drought can often be the precipitating factor that causes (A severe shortage of food (as through crop failure) resulting in violent hunger and starvation and death) famine, in particular in countries without extensive economic resources.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/d/dr/drought.htm (465 words)

	Palmer Drought Index - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Palmer Drought Index, sometimes called the Palmer Drought Severity Index, is an often-used measurement of dryness based on recent precipitation and temperature.
		The Palmer Drought Index is based on a supply-and-demand model of soil moisture.
		It uses a 0 as normal, and drought is shown in terms of minus numbers; for example, minus 2 is moderate drought, minus 3 is severe drought, and minus 4 is extreme drought.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Palmer_Drought_Index (217 words)

	NOAA's Palmer Drought Severity Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Palmer Index is most effective in determining long term drought—a matter of several months—and is not as good with short-term forecasts (a matter of weeks).
		The Palmer Index can also reflect excess rain using a corresponding level reflected by plus figures; i.e., 0 is normal, plus 2 is moderate rainfall, etc. At present, north central Iowa is at a plus 5.2 level, and parts of South Dakota are even higher.
		The advantage of the Palmer Index is that it is standardized to local climate, so it can be applied to any part of the country to demonstrate relative drought or rainfall conditions.
	www.drought.noaa.gov /palmer.html (329 words)

	Drought Conditions in Utah
		Throughout much of the United States the Palmer Drought Severity Index (also known as the Palmer Index) is used to assess drought conditions.
		The Palmer Index is primarily a method of comparing recent monthly precipitation with average or "normal" conditions.
		Palmer Index values are scaled from +4 (extremely moist) to -4 (extreme drought) with a value of zero (0) indicating historic average conditions.
	www.water.utah.gov /droughtconditions/palmerdroughtindex (143 words)

	Palmer Drought Severity Index...
		The objective of the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), as this index is now called, was to provide measurements of moisture conditions that were standardized so that comparisons using the index could be made betweenlocations and between months (Palmer 1965).
		The PDSI is a meteorological drought index, and it responds to weather conditions that have been abnormally dry or abnormally wet.
		In near-real time, Palmer’s index is no longer a meteorological index but becomes a hydrological index referred to as the Palmer Hydrological Drought Index (PHDI) because it is based on moisture inflow (precipitation), outflow, and storage, and does not take into account the long-term trend (Karl and Knight, 1985).
	www.cattlerange.com /drought/tcr-drought~palmer.html (371 words)

	Demographics of the Golden-cheeked Warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia) on Fort Hood, Texas
		The objective of the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), as this index is now called, was to provide a measurement of moisture conditions that were “standardized” so that comparisons using the index could be made between locations and between months (Palmer 1965).
		Ideally, the Palmer Index is designed so that a -4.0 in South Carolina has the same meaning in terms of the moisture departure from a climatological normal as a -4.0 in Idaho (Alley 1984).
		The Palmer Index has typically been calculated on a monthly basis, and a long-term archive of the monthly PDSI values for every Climate Division in the United States exists with the National Climatic Data Center from 1895 through the present.
	www.cecer.army.mil /techreports/hay_warb/hay_warb-15.htm (1087 words)

	WFAS : Keetch-Byram Drought Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It is a continuous index, relating to the flammability of organic material in the ground.
		At any point along the scale, the index number indicates the amount of net rainfall that is required to reduce the index to zero, or saturation.
		The computational steps involve reducing the drought index by the net rain amount and increasing the drought index by a drought factor.
	www.fs.fed.us /land/wfas/wfas12.html (325 words)

	Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) Analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The PDSI, or Palmer Drought Severity Index, was developed in 1965 by W. Palmer.
		Palmer's objective was to create an index that would adequately represent the moisture departure for a region and make comparison between regions possible.
		Using historical data, he was able devise an index based on only temperature, precipitation, the available water content of the soil, and Thornthwaite's method for calculating potential evapotranspiration.
	rcf.unl.edu /~dgov/pdsi (112 words)

	What is the Palmer Index? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Palmer Index (more properly called the Palmer Drought Severity Index) was developed by Wayne Palmer of the U.S. Weather Bureau (now the National Weather Service) in the 1960's and uses temperature and rainfall information in a formula to determine dryness.
		The Palmer Index is most effective in determining long term drought—-a matter of several months—-and is not as good with short-term forecasts (a matter of weeks).
		The Palmer Index can also reflect excess rain using a corresponding level reflected by plus figures; i.e., 0 is normal, plus 2 is moderate rainfall, etc.
	interactive2.usgs.gov /faq/list_faq_by_category/get_answer.asp?id=137 (320 words)

	Palmer Drought Severity Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Using the PDSI as an "operational" index is problematic because it may not be known until a later date what spell the PDSI actually is in (Heddinghaus and Sabol).
		There is a certain amount of information that is sacrificed by this method, but these maps are generally used to give the public a generalized view of drought conditions across the country, in which case the spatial resolution of the information is not a high priority.
		Because of this tendency to change the index values, the PDSI should not be used as a representation of current conditions, because at a later time, the values of the index may change.
	nadss.unl.edu /PDSIReport/pdsi/problems.html (836 words)

	Current Conditions
		The Drought Impact Reporter is an interactive tool developed by the NDMC to collect, quantify, and map reported drought impacts for the United States.
		Although the Palmer is the main drought index used by the U.S. government, it is slow to detect fast-emerging droughts, and does not reflect snowpack, an important component of water supply in the western United States.
		Drought Impacts in the U.S. Drought Impacts in the U.S. is a complement to the Drought Monitor, focusing state-by-state on drought impacts and responses.
	www.drought.unl.edu /dm/current.html (647 words)

	UCCW - Hydrology
		It is used as a standard of comparison by government for defining drought intensity throughout the United States.
		...The Palmer [Drought] Index is an index of relative moisture deficiency under a wide range of climatic conditions.
		It is a water balance accounting procedure that results in a positive or negative anomaly estimate weighted by the climatic conditions in time and space.
	www.utahweather.org /hydrology.html (345 words)

	EO Study: Dry Times in North America -- Palmer Drought Severity Index
		Called the Palmer Drought Severity Index, it uses temperature and rainfall information in a formula to determine dryness.
		The Palmer Index is most effective in determining long-term drought (a matter of several months) and is not as effective with short-term forecasts (a matter of weeks).
		The index uses a 0 as normal, and drought is shown in terms of negative numbers; for example, -2 is moderate drought, -3 is severe drought, and -4 is extreme drought.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Study/NAmerDrought/NAmer_drought_1a.html (135 words)

	US Drought Monitor
		The drought indicators that are synthesized into the Drought Monitor map are on this website, under Forecasts and Current Conditions.
		This summary map is based on a multi-index drought classification scheme.
		As a result, dryness and drought was reduced by one-category in the southern third of the High Plains, the western Red River Valley, and parts of the central Plains.
	www.drought.unl.edu /dm/monitor.html (1265 words)

	Drought Triggering by Palmer Dour Severity Index. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		One month PDSI is between -1.0 and -1.9 but period of less than -1.0 does not exceed 3 months.
		After severe to extreme drought criteria has been met, PDSI improves to greater than -2.0 for 2 consecutive months.
		After criteria for moderate or worse drought has been met, PDSI improves to greater than -1.5 for 2 consecutive months.
	weather.nmsu.edu /DROUGHT/Palmerindex.htm (160 words)

	Temperature Anomaly Effects on Palmer Drought Severity Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Palmer Drought Severity Index: limitations and applica- tions.
		A sensitivity analysis of the Palmer Hydrologic Drought Index.
		The sensitivity of the Palmer Drought Severity Index and Palmer's Z-Index to their calibration coefficients including potential evapotranspiration.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/2001/tempanom/ref.htm (227 words)

	Montana Drought Info
		is a water balance index that considers water supply (precipitation), demand (evapotranspiration) and loss (runoff).
		is a probability index that considers only precipitation.
		is a drought index for fire potential assessment representing the net effect of evapotranspiration and precipitation in producing cumulative moisture deficiency in deep duff and upper soil layers.
	nris.state.mt.us /Drought (144 words)

	WFAS : Palmer Drought Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Drought Severity Index (Palmer 1965) was developed to measure the departure of the moisture supply at specific locations.
		The index is based on the supply-and-demand concept of the water balance equation, taking into account precipitation and temperature data, as well as the local Available Water Content (AWC) of the soil.
		The objective of the Palmer Drought Index was to provide measurements of moisture conditions that were standardized so that comparisons using the index could be made between locations and between months.
	www.fs.fed.us /land/wfas/wfas13.html (92 words)

	Temperature Anomaly Effects on Palmer Drought Severity Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Abstract: The purpose of this study is to improve our understanding of temperature and precipitation effects on the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI).
		The temperature effect on PDSI complicates the usage of the index in interpreting precipitation anomalies and its application in inferring precipitation variations, particularly from reconstructed PDSI.
		Effects of temperature anomalies on the Palmer Drought Severity Index in the central United States.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/habitat/tempanom/tempanom.htm (430 words)

	Climate Prediction Center - Monitoring & Data: Drought Monitoring
		The Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and Crop Moisture Index (CMI) are indices of the relative dryness or wetness effecting water sensitive economies.
		Palmer Drought Severity and Crop Moisture Weekly Indices Tables for last 3 Weeks
		Experimental Drought Indicator Blends - The CPC also produces two experimental drought blend maps, featuring a long-term drought blend of indices designed to better depict hydrological drought and a short-term blend to depict agricultural drought.
	www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov /products/monitoring_and_data/drought.shtml (240 words)

	Climate Prediction Center's Seasonal Percentage Probability Projections of the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) for ...
		PDSI percentages are computed for 7 drought categories ranging from dry to wet.
		The probability in percent for a given category is the number of times the projected PDSI fell in a given drought category divided by the number of years since 1931 times 100.
		The 7 categories include extreme or severe drought, moderate drought, mild drought, near normal or incipient conditions, moist spell, unusual moist spell, and very or extreme moist spell.
	gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov /records/GCMD_CAC_PPD.html (273 words)

	General Info -- Drought in Georgia
		The Palmer Dr ought Severity Index was developed in 1965 to "measure the departure of the moisture supply."
		The time factor means an unusually 'wet' month in the middle of a drought won't significantly affect the Index numbers.
		The Index allows climatologists to standardize their moisture condition reports for accurate comparisons between areas and over time.
	interests.caes.uga.edu /drought/General.htm (144 words)

	NOAA Drought Information Center
		It is a roundup of the various NOAA Web sites and information on drought and climate conditions.
		Drought Calculator — NOAA calculates amount of rainfall needed to end droughts around the country.
		Palmer Drought Severity Index — (graphic updated weekly)
	www.drought.noaa.gov (275 words)

	Texas Water Development Board
		What Drought is and How it is Measured.
		Drought Indices - (At National Drought Mitigation Center) How the indices measure the degree of droughts
		Contacts at TWDB for assistance in drought impacted areas.
	www.twdb.state.tx.us /data/drought/drought_toc.asp (443 words)

	Climate Prediction Center - Drought Monitoring: Palmer Drought Indices
		Climate Prediction Center - Drought Monitoring: Palmer Drought Indices
		Note: Palmer Drought Outlooks (formerly called Palmer Drought Projections) are now accessible via the "Outlook Maps and Graphs" page.
		Also, the weekly Palmer Drought Index and Crop Moisture tables have now been changed to include the names of the divisions in each state.
	www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov /products/analysis_monitoring/cdus/palmer_drought (87 words)

	CWA - Palmer Drought Index - April 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Palmer Drought Index - California's Duck Breeding Areas are Wet
		Spring rains and snowfall throughout the month of April in California made worries of an impending drought disappear almost overnight.
		Following below-average rainfall through winter and early spring, concerns were high that California was entering into a full blown drought.
	www.calwaterfowl.org /Currentevents34.htm (420 words)

	Palmer Drought Severity Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Dai, A., K. Trenberth, and T. Qian, 2004: A global data set of Palmer Drought Severity Index for 1870-2002: Relationship with soil moisture and effects of surface warming.
		These data consist of the monthly PDSI over global land areas from 1870 to 2003 derived using monthly surface air temperature (from Jones and Moberg 2003 and updates) and precipitation (from Dai et al.
		Jones, P.D., and A. Moberg, 2003: Hemispheric and large-scale surface air temperature variations: An extensive revision and an update to 2001.
	www.cgd.ucar.edu /cas/catalog/climind/pdsi.html (292 words)

	Drought Severity Index
		Going into drought: short-term dryness slowing planting, growth of crops or pastures; fire risk above average.
		Coming out of drought: some lingering water deficits; pastures or crops not fully recovered.
		Indices used primarily during the snow season and in the West include the River Basin Snow Water Content, River Basin Average Precipitation, and the Surface Water Supply Index (SWSI).
	www.unc.edu /~rowlett/units/scales/drought.html (250 words)

	JAWRA bibliography for topical keyword Palmer Drought Severity Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Spatial Comparability of the Palmer Drought Severity Index
		An Early Warning System for Drought Management Using the Palmer Drought Index
		Comparing the Palmer Drought Index and the Standardized Precipitation Index
	www.awra.org /jawra/keywords/keypalmerdroughtseverityindex.html (66 words)

	Drought Conditions
		Drought statements were issued recently by the following NWS Forecast Offices:
		Provides indications of drought trends over a 3-month period
		Site is a collaborative effort among Federal and non-Federal agencies to provide a centralized source of drought information
	www.nws.noaa.gov /oh/hic/current/drought (122 words)

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