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Topic: Pamir languages

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Gothic language

	The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire
		Alongside the minor Pamir languages several dialects of the Tadzhik and Kirgiz languages are spoken.
		The Munji language, which belongs to the Pamir Group, is spoken in the Afghan Badakhshan, and the Sarikoli language in the Uighur Autonomous Region in Chinese Xinjiang.
		In 1967 the Department of Pamir Languages was established in the Dushanbe Institute for Language and Literature.
	www.eki.ee /books/redbook/pamir_peoples.shtml (1870 words)

	World congress on language policies
		This language is used in Badakhshan as the language of education, press, media, and culture.
		Traditionally, the Tajik (Persian) language was the language of religion for the region.
		At present, the Tajik of Badakhshan is influenced by literary Tajik, the national language of Republic Tajikistan and the language of education, literature, and the media.
	www.linguapax.org /congres/taller/taller2/Dodykhudoeva.html (3571 words)

	Pamir languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Pamir languages are a subgroup of the Iranian languages, spoken in the Pamir Mountains, primarily along the Panj River and its tributaries in the southern Gorno-Badakhshan region of Tajikistan around the administrative center Khorog (37°29′N 71°33′E), and the neighboring Badakhshan province and is in Pamir Area Afghanistan.
		The Shughni, Sarikoli, and Yazgulyam languages belong to the Shugni-Yazgulami sub-branch.
		The Vanji language was spoken in the Vanj river valley the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in Tajikistan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pamir_languages (431 words)

	Pamir Mountains Summary
		The Pamir region is centered in the Tajikistani region of Gorno-Badakhshan.
		There are many glaciers in the Pamir Mountains, including the 45-mile-long (72 km) Fedchenko Glacier, the longest in the former USSR and the longest glacier outside the Polar region.
		The Pamir Highway, the world’s second highest, runs from Dushanbe in Tajikistan to Osh in Kyrgyzstan through the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region and is the isolated region’s main supply route.
	www.bookrags.com /Pamir_Mountains (795 words)

	Yazgulami Language - (CAIS)
		The Yazgulami language belongs to the northern group of the Pamir languages which form a part of the Eastern-Iranian languages group of the Indo-European family of languages.
		In addition to the Yazgulami language, the other Shughni-Roshani languages -- the Shughni, the Roshani, the Bartangi, the Oroshori and the Khufi languages from the West-Pamirs and the Sarikoli language from China -- belong to the group.
		In the Soviet period, its importance increased: it is the language of schools.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Languages/yazgulami.htm (574 words)

	Iranian Branch of the Indo-European Family
		The languages are called Iranian because the largest members of the branch have been spoken on the Iranian plateau since ancient times.
		Modern Iranian languages may have descended from Middle Iranian languages that were spoken between 300 BC and 950 AD.
		For example, Balochi behaves like a Nominative language in the present tense but more like an Ergative-Absolutive language in the past tense, in that the subject of a transitive verb is marked with the oblique case instead of the nominative.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/february/IranianBranch.html (587 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The IE languages (which, confusingly, sometimes were also called ''Aryan'') included, in ancient times, the vast group of tongues from Old Icelandic to Tocharian (in Xinjiang, China), from Old Prussian (Baltic) to Old Greek and Hittite, and from Old Irish and Latin to Vedic Sanskrit.
		While the intrusive traits of Indo-Aryan language, poetics, large parts of IA religion, ritual and some aspects of IA material culture are transparent, the obvious continuity of local cultures in South Asia, as seen in archaeology, is another matter.
		The older languages of an area, even when they are no longer spoken, continue to influence the younger languages as substrates, not in the least in their sound system; new, dominant classes influence the language of the conquered as superstrates in many ways.
	www1.shore.net /~india/ejvs/ejvs0703/ejvs0703a.txt (8703 words)

	Pamir languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		As for consonants, Pamir languages lack laryngeals and faryngeals.
		Only several Pamir languages decline their nouns; some of them have definite article which can be declined, or have postfixes and prepositions to mark the case and the number.
		Even now Pamir languages do not have writing, nor literature, and even the exact number of them is under discussion.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /tree/iran/pamir.html (233 words)

	The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The Wakhi language belongs to the southern group of the Pamir languages, in the Iranian group of the Indo-European family of languages, where the different Ishkashmi and Wakhi languages are included.
		The Wakhi language, rich in archaisms, differs considerably from the Pamir languages, and generally from the southeastern group of Iranian languages, having certain common characteristics with the Indian languages.
		The language for schooling is, without exception, Tadzhik, which places Wakhi in a passive role and accelerates the disintegration of the language.
	www.ismaili.net /mirrors/pamir_001/wakhs.shtml (909 words)

	Pamirs - the roof of the world
		The Pamir mountains of Tajikistan are, without doubt, the least visited mountain range in the world, yet one which offers some of the most magnificent landscapes, picturesque rural scenes, exhilarating trekking and genuine hospitality to be found anywhere on the planet.
		Foreign exploration was focused largely on areas to the north, west and east of the Pamirs and it wasn't until Anglo-Russian military rivalries forced the pace in the mid-nineteenth century that the Pamirs became the focus.
		In 1842, Lieutenant Woods of the British India Navy explored the Pyanj and Pamir rivers as far as the latter's source in Zorkul (the true source is actually the glaciers at the head of the Kara-Jilgasu River in the mountains to the south of Zorkul.
	www.pamirs.org /trekking.htm (6571 words)

	Central Institute of Indian Languages
		Pamir is a mountainous range at the heat of Central Asia where two other great Himalayan and Tibetan mountainous ranges intersect and together constitutes one of the largest mountainous regions on earth.
		The Pamiri languages are attributed to the Eastern Iranian group of the Indo European languages and have been of tremendous interest for the scholars of ethno-linguistics for over a century, especially in Russia and Tajikistan.
		The intensification of process of globalisation and the identification of language acquisition with the economic prosperity fostered the position of Tajik, Russian and subsequently English language in the region and exerted further pressure on the vitality of the Pamiri languages and their revitalisation.
	www.ciil.org /Main/Announcement/Abstracts/Abstacts/25.htm (373 words)

	EJVS 7-3.htm
		Language has, just as history, its own 'archaeology'; the various subsequent historical 'layers' of a particular language can be uncovered when painstakingly using well-developed linguistic procedures.
		Autochthonists further neglect that language replacement, such as visible during the Vedic period, depends on a range of various socio-linguistic factors and not simply on the presence of nomads, increasing population density, etc. Rather, the situation differs from case to case, and the important factors for any particular replacement must be demonstrated.
		For example, the famous Satem innovations all are limited to the IE languages in the east of the IE settlement area, with the exception of the (western-type) Centum language Tocharian, which actually is the easternmost IE language, in China (Xinjiang; to which add the Bangani substrate).
	www.people.fas.harvard.edu /~witzel/EJVS-7-3.htm (17476 words)

	Pamir Law
		Pamir Law Group is an international style law firm and business consulting firm based in Asia with offices in Taipei, Shanghai and Beijing.
		The firm is composed of experienced China, Taiwan, UK and U.S. transactional legal and consulting professionals who have been partners, members and associates of leading global international law and accountancy firms.
		The firm name "Pamir" is indicative of our role as a bridge/facilitator as that mountain range is located in central Asia and is the crossroads through which all the Silk Roads run.
	www.pamirlaw.com /en (355 words)

	UNESCO - Education - International Mother Language Day 2002
		Of the 23 local languages in Taiwan, 14 are yielding to the pressures of Chinese.
		Discrimination against these languages lessened in the 1970s, but the "backlash of conservatism and the strengthening of the 'English-only' policies in the 1980s has exacerbated the ongoing extinction of Amerindian languages," the Atlas says.
		Sometimes languages that have actually died out have been "raised from the dead," such as Cornish, in England, which became extinct in 1777 but has been revived in recent years, with nearly 1,000 people now speaking it as a second language.
	www.unesco.org /education/imld_2002/press.shtml (1294 words)

	EASTERN IRANIAN LANGUAGES
		EASTERN IRANIAN LANGUAGES, term used to refer to a group of Iranian languages most of which are or were spoken in lands to the east of the present state of Persia.
		Thus Ossetic, an Eastern Iranian language, is spoken in the Caucasus, further west than many Western Iranian languages, while Baluchi (q.v.), a North-Western Iranian language, is spoken chiefly in Pakistan, in the south-eastern corner of the Iranophone area.
		However, the great majority of the Eastern Iranian languages have or had their main centers in areas to the east and north-east of Persia, in what are now Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and China.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v7/v7f6/v7f659.html (1336 words)

	DIALECTOLOGY
		The lesser known dialects or languages are as a rule lumped together with the dating of the emergence of a new nationally or regionally dominant language.
		The remaining eastern languages, each confined to small areas, include: Para@±^ and OÚrmurá^, roughly north and south of Kabul respectively; Yid@g@a, Munj^, Wakò^, and the so-called Pamir languages with their own multiple subdivisions, roughly north and northeast of Kabul; Ya@g@no@b^ in southern Tajikistan, and Ossetic in the central Caucasus.
		Payne, "The Decay of Ergativity in the Pamir Languages," Lingua 51, 1980, pp.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v7/v7f4/v7f430.html (5562 words)

	The Alekseev Manuscript - Chapter VII: Bronze Age in Eurasia
		HOLLIS equates Nuristani with Dardic 28, with Bashgali 29, and with the Kafiri languages 30 (Bashgali, Dardic, and Nuristani are languages of Afghanistan).
		The Tokharian language is synonymous with Yueh Cheh.
		The Livonians, from a small area in Latvia, speak the Livonian language, the Mansi of the Ob Valley in Siberia and the Tavda Valley in Russia speak the Mansi language, the Mari speak the Mari language, and the Mordvins speak the Mordvin language with dialects of Erzya and Moksha.
	www.drummingnet.com /alekseev/ChapterVII.html (12823 words)

	PB Language - The Golden Cup of Friendship
		The inscription from Nagy Saint Miklos is the second largest inscription in the Proto-Bulgarian language with Greek letters.
		The repeated case ending -I is particularly typical for the eastern Iranian and to a certain degree for the Celtic languages.
		It is, however, still to be found in some Iranian languages, where the epilogue TAISI means "in the name of", "in the honour of", "because of".
	members.tripod.com /~Groznijat/pb_lang/pbl_1_3.html (684 words)

	The Tajikistan Update - Ishkashmi, Zebaki, and Yazghulami - Introduction
		The principal tongues of the valleys adjoining the Pamirs, -apart form Turki, which is spoken by the Kirghiz occupying the Pamirs proper at the head-waters of the main Oxus branches and their tributaries, -are the "Ghalchah" (Galca) languages known as Wakhi, Sarikoli, (3) and Shugni (Shaw's "Shighni").
		Here the language is Yüdgha, the only one the Pamir languages-apart from Wakhi, which is spoken by the large Wakhi colony of Northern Hunza territory (Guhyal)-that has crossed the Hindukush to the south.
		To the east of Wakhi and Shughni, Sarikoli is spoken in the Chinese portion of the Pamir territory.
	www.angelfire.com /sd/tajikistanupdate/yzintro.html (2440 words)

	Language families, groups, subgroups of languages.
		Languages spoken in Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad: Biu-Mandara, Masa, Hausa, Bole, Tangale, Angas, Yivom, Fyer, Ron, Bade, Duwai, Boghom, Guruntum, Zaar
		Languages of the Andaman Islands in the gulf of Bengala
		Language spoken in the Hunza valley, in Pakistan.
	www.planetservices.it /english/language-family-groups.htm (715 words)

	History of Iran: The Ethnic of Sakas (Scythians)
		It is generally accepted that the Pamir languages of the ShughniYazghulami group stem from the language of the Sakas, and thus the word indicates that the dialect of the Homodotes, rather than that of the Amyrgians, is the Saka proto-language of this group.
		Their dialect was that which most probably provided a basis for the development of the later languages of the Shughni-Yazghulami group; it is pertinent that the initial territory of the Komedes takes in almost the entire modern region of these languages.
		As Bernshtam noted, the presence of fortresses in the western Pamirs attests both to the existence of agricultural oases and to an active defense against the nomads of the eastern Pamirs.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/articles/ethnic_of_sakas.php (5020 words)

	Shughni Language - (CAIS)
		The Shughni language, together with the Roshani, Khufi, Bartangi, Oroshori and Sarikoli languages, forms the Shughni-Roshani or northern group of the Pamir languages of the Eastern-Iranian languages group of the Indo-European family of languages.
		Shughni-speakers form the largest grouping within these languages and they are the largest of the Pamir Iranian-speaking minorities, constituting over a half of all Pamir smaller peoples.
		The Shughni language, including the dialects of Bajuvi (Bajui) and Shakhdar, is also spoken outside of the ex-Soviet territories, in the Afghan Badakhshan.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Languages/shughni.htm (209 words)

	Languages Of Afghanistan
		Dari is taught in schools; radio Afghanistan broadcasts are promoting a standardized pronunciation of the literary language which is based on the old dictional tradition of the country, with its archaic phonetic characteristics.
		In the two villages Farsi is the common language, and is rapidly replacing Mogholi.
		One of the two official languages taught in schools and used everywhere around the country.
	www.afghan-network.net /Culture/languages.html (1078 words)

	Languages : Altaic Family
		The language used to be written in Chinese characters.
		The Altaic languages have lots of suffixes that can be glued on one after the other to build up quite complex ideas.
		All languages are influenced by languages they are in contact with.
	www.krysstal.com /langfams_altaic.html (445 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Susulov, N. Stanishev, in Tarim, to the Eastof Pamir.
		In their form those inscriptions remind very much of the East Pamir languages, which is an indicating that the landof origin of the ancient Bulgarians was not Europe, neither was it Mongolia or Turkestan.
		This is to show that for the compilers of this early historical source the Bulgarians were a part of the peoples inhabiting the region between Persia and Turkestan.
	tangra.bitex.com /eng/calendar/1999/1.htm (741 words)

	Hindunet: The Hindu Universe: ORIGINS AND FIRST LAND OF THE BULGARIANS
		In their form those inscriptions remind very much of the East Pamir languages(Vakhan (Vahi), Ishkashim, Mundjan, Sarikoli and Darvaz), which is an indicating that the landof origin of the ancient Bulgarians was not Europe, neither was it Mongolia or Turkestan It was somewhere in PAMIR and HINDUKUSH.
		Not only is the language of the Vedas and that of the Avesta similar, but also the names of their gods like Mitra, Indra, Varun are the same.
		The language of the ancient Afghans was Brahmui which is very similar to the language of the Vedas.
	www.hindunet.com /forum/showflat.php?Number=47349 (3891 words)

	The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire
		The Shughni language, together with the Roshani, Khufi, Bartangi, Oroshori and Sarikoli languages, forms the Shughni-Roshani or northern group of the Pamir languages of the Iranian group of the Indo-European family of languages.
		He commented further that no Pamir language had any real prospect of being used for schooling; none of these languages were destined to find a place on any future linguistic map.
		The collective body of Shughni-speakers is the largest among all Pamir languages.
	www.eki.ee /books/redbook/shughnis.shtml (770 words)

	Pamirs - the roof of the world
		The Southern and Eastern boundaries are determined by the Pamir and Pyanj rivers.
		This is in itself one of the attractions of the region, but a few words of warning may be necessary, since the experience is both physically and mentally challenging.
		A visit to the Pamirs can not be hurried and travellers must be prepared for much driving over difficult roads at high altitudes.
	www.pamirs.org /what_to_see.htm (701 words)

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