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Topic: Panaetius

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	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The part Panaetius took in philological and historical studies is characteristic of the man. We know much of the results of these studies; of his philosophy technically we know very little.
		Panaetius was competent to pass judgment upon the critical " divination " of an Aristarchus (who was perhaps himself also a Stoic), and took an.interest in the restoration of Old Attic forms to the text of Plato.
		5, 1, riacv irtpotc rwv OtXoa64iwv is an allusion to Panaetius.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=63307 (12092 words)

	Stoics - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Scaevola, following Panaetius, explained that the prudence of statesmen had established this public institution in the service of order midway between the errors of popular superstition and the barren truths of enlightened philosophy.
		Panaetius was competent to pass judgment upon the critical " divination " of an Aristarchus (who was perhaps himself also a Stoic), and took an interest in the restoration of Old % Attic forms to the text of Plato.
		Panaetius had referred two faculties (those of speech and of reproduction) to animal impulse and to the vegetative " nature " (01,o-cs) respectively.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Stoics (12017 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 107 (v. 3) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Panaetius, under the pretence of a review, found an opportunity for making an attack upon the oligarchs when they were unarmed: a considerable number were in this way cut to pieces.
		The name Panaetius occurs in the list of those who were accused by Andromachus of having been concerned in the mutilation of the Hermes- busts at Athens.
		Panaetius appears to have spent the latter part of his life in Athens, after the death of Antipater, as head of the stoic school (Cic.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/2441.html (741 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 108 (v. 3) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Neither the year when Panaetius was born, nor the age attained by him, is stated ; all' we know is, that he composed the books on Moral Obligations thirty years before his death (Cic.
		He was probably led to that statement by the erroneous assumption of an ignorant sophist, that Panaetius had been the instructor of the elder Scipio Africanus (Gell.
		Generally speaking, Panaetius, following Aristotle, Xeno-crates, Theophrastus, Dicaearchus, and especially Plato, had softened down the harsh severity of the older Stoics, and, without giving up their fundamental definitions, had modified them so as to be capable of being applied to the conduct of life, and clothed them in the garb of eloquence (Cic.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/2442.html (1020 words)

	t² on philosophy - Stoic Authors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Panaetius of Rhodes (c.185-109 BC) became 129 BC the leader of the Stoic school in Athens.
		Panaetius thought it was to much to ask for denial of all social goods.
		The curtail of the Stoic doctrine that Panaetius practiced drew the Stoic school closer to the Sceptical school, which already under Carneades had influenced the Academy in Athens.
	www.episteme.no /tt/private/Phil/middle_stoic.html (599 words)

	Posidonius - Crystalinks
		In Stoic physics, Posidonius advocated a theory of cosmic "sympathy", the organic interrelation of all appearances in the world, from the sky to the earth, as part of a rational design uniting humanity and all things in the universe, even those that were temporally and spatially separate.
		Although his teacher Panaetius had doubted divination, Posidonius used the theory of cosmic sympathy to support his belief in divination - whether through astrology or prophetic dreams - as a kind of scientific prediction.
		Posidonius met Pompey when he was Rhodes's ambassador in Rome and Pompey visited him in Rhodes twice, once in 66 BCE during his campaign against the pirates and again in 62 BCE during his eastern campaigns, and asked Posidonius to write his biography.
	www.crystalinks.com /posidonis.html (1970 words)

	Panaetius II
		Then, too, briefs for the defence are most likely to bring glory and popularity to the pleader, and all the more so, if ever it falls to him to lend his aid to one who seems to be oppressed and persecuted by the influence of someone in power.
		For, although it was by Nature's guidance that men were drawn together into cornmunities, it was in the hope of safeguarding their possessions that they sought the protection of cities.
		The emphasis on guarding property as the motive for creating the state contrasts with the indubitable Panaetian account of the social instinct natural to the human being at 1.12, where protection of property is unmentioned, or the description of the benefits through the building of cities and founding of laws.
	www.wku.edu /~jan.garrett/stoa/panaeti2.htm (9107 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2002.08.40
		Since Cicero in the De Officiis refers to Panaetius in clearer terms than those in which he often names his Greek sources elsewhere, it was assumed that he had in reality largely transcribed the work of Panaetius peri tou kathekontos, adding only a certain (probably minimal) literary superstructure.
		Once the belief in Cicero's dependence on Panaetius became established, Cicero himself tended to fade from the picture and his words were quoted as though they were direct evidence for Panaetius himself.
		But Panaetius, at least according to the dialogue of the De Republica (1.34), was 'peritissimus rerum civilium'; and in any case ethics and politics could not be so sharply distinguished in the ancient world (witness Aristotle).
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2002/2002-08-40.html (1767 words)

	Roman Stoicism (Chapter 16: Stoicism in Roman History and Literature) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		This influence was in almost all cases the influence of Greek upon Roman, and the friendship between the Stoic Panaetius and Scipio Aemilianus was the type of all subsequent discipleship.
		Panaetius, Posidonius, and Hecato all addressed treatises to him; and he is a leading speaker in Cicero’s Republic.
		A pupil and devoted admirer of Panaetius, a trained philosopher, and a sound lawyer, he brought his career at Rome to an abrupt end by his firm resistance to the publicana, as already recounted.
	www.geocities.com /stoicvoice/journal/1003/ea1003b1.htm (6770 words)

	TBK - SOCIAL LIFE AT ROME IN THE AGE OF CICERO Part 8
		Stoicism was brought to Rome by Panaetius of Rhodes, the intimate friend of Scipio, a mild and tactful Greek whose Rhodian birth gave him perhaps some advantage in associating with the old allies of his state.
		From Panaetius they were to learn a philosophical creed which might direct and save them in the future, which might serve as ballast in public and private life, just when the ship was beginning to drift in moral helplessness.
		Up to the time of Panaetius and the Scipionic circle the Roman idea and study of law had been of a crabbed practical character, wanting in breadth of treatment, destitute of any philosophical conception of the moral principles which lie behind all law and government.
	www.truthbeknown.com /social_life_at_rome_in_the_age_of_cicero_08.html (2477 words)

	cicero (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		When, after a civil war involving Julius Caesar and Pompey, in which he backed the losing side, republican government and institutions were suspended, he retired from active politics, and devoted his energy to philosophical study and writing.
		On Duties is written in the form of a letter to Cicero's son, containing a mixture of moral and political advice, which Cicero represents as being drawn from the work of Panaetius, a Greek philosopher of the Stoic school.
		None of Panaetius own work has survived, so our only evidence for his views stems from what Cicero has to say about them.
	www.bilkent.edu.tr /~berges/cicero.htm (435 words)

	Stoicism
		Panaetius organized a Stoic school in Rome before returning to Athens, and Poseidonius was largely responsible for an emphasis on the religious features of the doctrine.
		Poseidonius, who had been a disciple of Panaetius in Athens, taught Cicero at his school at Rhodes and later went to Rome and remained there for a time with Cicero.
		Because his master, Panaetius, was chiefly concerned with concepts of duty and obligation, it was his studies that served as a model for the
	cyberspacei.com /jesusi/inlight/philosophy/western/Stoicism.htm (4145 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 97.7.8
		Consider the justification of war in book I. Many have detected a tension between the line Cicero takes on this initially (1.35, 36; war justified by self-defense) and a distinction he draws later between wars fought for glory and empire and those fought for the survival of the state (1.38).
		But it is by no means clear that Panaetius would have accepted this attempted harmonization of his theory with Roman practice....
		This seems to undercut D.'s rigorously literal interpretation of 3.121 which claims that the work stands in for a visit Cicero was not able to make to his son in Athens (especially as the supposed occasion for the work is not mentioned until the end of the text).
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/1997/97.07.08.html (3776 words)

	Posidonius - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		A native of Apamea in Syria and a pupil of Panaetius, he spent after his teacher's death many years in travel and scientific researches in Spain (particularly at Gades), Africa, Italy, Gaul, Liguria, Sicily and on the eastern shores of the Adriatic.
		When he settled as a teacher at Rhodes (hence his surname "the Rhodian") his fame attracted numerous scholars; next to Panaetius he did most, by writings and personal intercourse, to spread Stoicism in the Roman world, and he became well known to many leading men, such as Marius, Rutilius Rufus, Pompey and Cicero.
		In common with other Stoics of the middle period, he displayed eclectic tendencies, following the older Stoics, Panaetius, Plato and Aristotle.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Posidonius (485 words)

	Philosophical Background of the Hellenistic Age
		This unrealistic demand on human nature was characteristic of the extreme idealism of early Stoicism, which aimed at creating a limited utopian community of perfect wise men who alone could achieve these high ideals.
		The Greek Stoic philosopher Panaetius (c.185-109 B.C.), however, made Stoicism a less exclusive philosophy embracing the whole human race by rejecting the doctrine of apatheia without diminishing the importance of self-control and by emphasizing the equality and brotherhood of all men on the basis that every man's soul is derived from the divine rational fire.
		On a visit to Rome Panaetius became friendly with Publius Scipio Aemilianus, the conqueror of Carthage, who was at the head of a group of prominent philhellenic Romans known today as the Scipionic Circle.
	ablemedia.com /ctcweb/netshots/hellphil.htm (1585 words)

	[No title]
		When he settled as a teacher at Rhodes (hence his surname " the Rhodian ") his fame attracted numerous scholars; next to Panaetius he did most, by writings and personal intercourse, to spread Stoicism in the Roman world, and he became well known to many leading men, such as Marius, Rutilius Rufus, Pompey and Cicero.
		The titles and subjects of more than twenty of them are known.
		His admiration for Plato led him to write a commentary on the Timaeus; in another way it is shown by important modifications which he made in psychological doctrine.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=53947 (487 words)

	Philosophers of Truth
		The second period (200-50 BC) embraced the general promulgation of the philosophy and its introduction to the Romans.
		Chrysippus was succeeded by Zeno of Tarsus and Diogenes of Babylonia; then followed Antipater of Tarsus, who taught Panaetius of Rhodes).
		Panaetius introduced Stoicism to Rome; among Panaetius's pupils was Posidonius of Apamea in Syria, who was the teacher of the orator Marcus Tullius Cicero.
	www.candleinthedark.com /zenofcitium.html (561 words)

	Offices by Cicero
		Panaetius, then, who, without all controversy, has written most accurately on the subject of duties, and whom in this work, with a little alteration, I have hitherto followed, lays down, as was said, three general heads, which men use in consulting or deliberating concerning their duty.
		In the first it is questioned, whether the action they are going about be honest or dishonest; in the second, whether it be profitable or unprofitable; in the third, how a good man ought to determine the case, if that which seems honest should come into competition with that which seems profitable.
		And I cannot but be surprised at the same Posidonius, that having an occasion, in some of his writings, to discourse on this argument, he should do no more than briefly touch on it; especially seeing he himself has observed, that in all philosophy there is no one subject more necessary and important.
	www.4literature.net /Cicero/Offices/36.html (402 words)

	[No title]
		Panaetius (180-110 B. C.) of Rhodos was a very close friend of the Roman Emperor Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Aemilianus minor (185-129 B. Also, he had practised considerable influence on Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 - 43 B. It was Panaetius who had introduced Stoicism to the urbs aeterna, to Rome.
		The main representatives of Middle Stoicism, Panaetius and Posidonius, had assimilated basic Platonic, Aristotelian philosophic elements, and could therefore elevate Middle and Late Stoicism as an acceptable, superstructural weltanschauung, as a respectful religious ideology, known as Roman Catholicism, for the Roman noblesse.
		In this sense, Panaetius still reflected weak, hylozoistic, materialist elements; that is, he still was approximating Epicureanism.
	www.homestead.com /pandemonium3/files/praxistheory00016.html (7733 words)

	Polyaenus: Stratagems - Book 5 (b)
		Panaetius was appointed general of Leontini, in a war against Megara concerning the boundaries of their respective territories.
		The first use he made of his authority was to stir up the camp servants and the infantry against the merchants and the cavalry, because the latter had every advantage in war, while they themselves struggled under every hardship that attended it.
		A sling has a longer range than a bow; as was proved when Pyraechmes, who was armed with a sling, was victorious in single combat against Aeschines, who was armed with a bow.
	www.attalus.org /translate/polyaenus5B.html (5327 words)

	The Ecole Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Panaetius of Rhodes (c 185- 109 BCE) transformed classical
		He denied the Stoic principle of conflagration, the idea that periods of history ended with a fire that consumed everything, and doubted the validity of divine rationality, which put the Stoic belief of predetermined fate in question.
		Panaetius, unlike the traditional Stoics, thought that the pursuit and appreciation of wealth and material pleasures were important aspects of attaining virtue.
	www2.evansville.edu /ecoleweb/glossary/panaetius.html (144 words)

	Stoicism - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Among the acknowledged leaders of the Stoics in the following period was Panaetius of Rhodes, who in the 2d cent.
		He and his pupil Posidonius sought to lessen the attacks of critics by mingling with the Stoic doctrines some of Plato's psychological views.
		Cicero, a pupil of Posidonius, was indebted to a work of Panaetius for the basis of his own treatise De officiis.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-stoicism.html (620 words)

	Amazon.com: Panaetius: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Stoicism, after Chrysippus, was considerably modified by two important men, Panaetius and Posidonius.
		Panaetius introduced a considerable element of Platonism, and...
		Tenos, commanded by a Greek whose name is deservedly commemorated, Panaetius son of Sosimenes,...
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=Panaetius&tag=philosophyresour&index=books&link_code=qs&page=1 (559 words)

	Panaetius I
		Panaetius thinks, a threefold one: first, people question whether the contemplated act is morally right or morally wrong; and in such deliberation their minds are often led to widely divergent conclusions.
		For since the reproductive instinct is by Nature's gift the common possession of all living creatures, the first bond of union is that between husband and wife; the next, that between parents and children; then we find one home, with everything in common.
		For, since all moral rectitude springs from four sources (one of which is prudence; the second, social instinct; the third, courage; the fourth, temperance, it is often necessary, in deciding a question of duty that these virtues be weighed against one another.
	www.wku.edu /~jan.garrett/stoa/panaeti1.htm (14378 words)

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