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Topic: Panama Canal Treaty

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Panama canal

1880

	Central America: Panama Canal
		Under the Panama Canal Treaty, Panama was given an increasing amount of responsibility for the operation and management of the Canal until the termination of the treaty at noon on December 31, 1999, Panama time.
		The treaty also specifies that the flag of the Republic of Panama shall be given a place of honor in the canal area--including those areas occupied by the United States--for the duration of the treaty.
		Other issues addressed in the treaty are the principle of nonintervention by the United States or its citizens in Panamanian affairs, and the possible future need for a sea-level canal or another lane of locks in the existing canal, which would be negotiated between the two parties and built by the United States.
	www.cotf.edu /earthinfo/camerica/panama/PCtopic3.html (1192 words)

	Panama Canal Treaty of 1977
		Employees of the Panama Canal Commission, their dependents and designated contractors of the Panama Canal Commission, who are nationals of the United States of America, shall respect the laws of the Republic of Panama and shall abstain from any activity incompatible with the spirit of this Treaty.
		The Republic of Panama shall, to the maximum extent feasible, ensure that the terms and conditions of employment applicable to personnel employed in the activities for which it assumed responsibility are not less favorable than those in effect immediately prior to the entry into force of this Treaty.
		Upon termination of this Treaty, the Republic of Panama shall assume total responsibility for the management, operation, and maintenance of the Panama Canal, which shall be turned over in operating condition and free of liens and debts, except as the two Parties may otherwise agree.
	www.state.gov /p/wha/rlnks/11936.htm (7977 words)

	Online NewsHour: The Panama Canal -- NewsHour Coverage
		Debate over the future of the Panama Canal treaty continued, as President Jimmy Carter attempted to sway the two-thirds vote necessary for Senate ratification.
		"Panama is a very weak, unstable country, and i don't think it could protect the canal," Thurmond said.
		Welborn Dolvin, the Defense Department's Deputy Negotiator in Panama, said he thought the military threat was minimal.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/latin_america/panamacanal/newshour_coverage1.html (180 words)

	In Retrospect - Military Role in Treaty Implementation
		Seven years after initial implementation of the Panama Canal Treaty on October 1, 1979, planning for the U.S. military withdrawal from Panama by the end of 1999 began in 1986 by the U.S. Southern Command (SouthCom) in coordination with other Department of Defense agencies.
		Furthermore, one of the principal documents associated with the Treaty (the Agreement in Implementation of Article IV of the Panama Canal Treaty of 1977) provided specific dates for transferring specified military properties only through 1984 -- the first five years of the 20-year transition period.
		A preliminary Treaty Implementation Plan was developed as an initial blueprint for an orderly phased withdrawal of U.S. forces from Panama by the end of this century and phased schedule for transferring the U.S. military bases, installations, and other facilities and properties to the Government of Panama.
	william_ormsbee.tripod.com /Pages/military_p49.html (414 words)

	Panama Canal Treaty of 1903
		No part of the work on said Canal or the Panama railroad or on any auxiliary works relating thereto and authorized by the terms of this treaty shall be prevented, delayed or impeded by or pending such proceedings to ascertain such damages.
		The Canal, when constructed, and the entrances thereto shall be neutral in perpetuity, and shall be opened upon the terms provided for by Section I of Article three of and in conformity with all the stipulations of the treaty entered into by the Governments of the United States and Great Britain on November 18, 1901.
		If the Republic of Panama shall hereafter enter as a constituent into any other Government or into any union or confederation of states, so as to merge her sovereignty or independence in such Government, union or confederation, the rights of the United States under this convention shall not be in any respect lessened or impaired.
	social.chass.ncsu.edu /slatta/hi216/documents/pancantreaty.htm (529 words)

	The Avalon Project : Convention for the Construction of a Ship Canal (Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty), November 18, 1903
		The Republic of Panama grants to the United States in perpetuity a monopoly for the construction, maintenance and operation of any system of communication by means of canal or railroad across its territory between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific ocean.
		The Government of the Republic of Panama shall have the right to establish in such ports and in the towns of Panama and Colon such houses and guards as it may deem necessary to collect duties on importations destined to other portions of Panama and to prevent contraband trade.
		The Canal, when constructed, and the entrances thereto shall be neutral in perpetuity, and shall be opened upon the terms provided for by Section I of Article three of, and in conformity with all the stipulations of, the treaty entered into by the Governments of the United States and Great Britain on November 18,1901.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/panama/pan001.htm (986 words)

	Panama Canal Treaty
		Although opponents of the Treaty returning the Canal to Panama by 2000 criticized Carter’s efforts on the basis of "We Built it, We Paid for it, It's Ours," the Treaties narrowly passed the Senate in April 1978.
		Although U.S. relations with Panama were cordial in the early 1980s, by the mid-1980s, with the country under the leadership of General Manuel Antonio Noriega, relations again deteriorated.
		Michael Hogan, The Panama Canal in American Politics—Domestic Advocacy and the Evolution of Policy (Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press, 1986).
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ho/time/dr/17454.htm (277 words)

	LHI - Another Panama Canal Treaty
		Marine is a candidate for President of Panama, a former employee of the Panama Canal Commission, with Panamanian and U.S. dual citizenship.
		Panama is free today, because of the sacrifice of Americans.
		Within walking distance to the Panama Canal, there are Colombian guerrillas who are on the State Department’s list of terrorists, and have this year blown up Colombia’s oil pipeline 21 times.
	www.serve.com /Lincolnheritage2/articles/address/2004toNow/nationalsecurity/LHI-AnotherPanamaCanalTreaty.htm (741 words)

	The Florida Catholic Conference \| Panama Canal Treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		We believe that these Treaties should be a subject of interest and study for all American citizens.
		Sometimes, presentations concerning the Treaties center on the rights of the United States as if there were nothing else to consider; or, on the contrary, on the rights of Panama as if there were nothing else to consider.
		Adequate time is provided in the proposed Treaties for a gradual transfer of control and for the development of all technical skills necessary for the efficient operation of the canal.
	www.flacathconf.org /Publications/BishopsStatements/Bpst1972/B5c3d211.htm (483 words)

	This Day in History
		By the turn of the century, sole possession of the proposed canal became a military and economic imperative to the United States, which had acquired an overseas empire at the end of the Spanish-American War and sought the ability to move warships and commerce quickly between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
		On November 6, the United States recognized the Republic of Panama, and on November 18 the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty was signed with Panama, granting the United States exclusive and permanent possession of the Panama Canal Zone.
		This treaty was used as rationale for the 1989 U.S. invasion of Panama, which the saw the overthrow of Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega, who had threatened to prematurely seize control of the canal after being indicted in the United States on drug charges.
	www.historychannel.com /tdih/tdih.jsp?month=10272961&day=10272972&cat=10272946 (1051 words)

	Welcome to the Panama Canal - PanCanal.com
		Captain Wei Jiafu, President and CEO of China Ocean Shipping Company (COSCO), recently endorsed the potential Panama Canal expansion, citing that a more modern, competitive, 21st century Canal will benefit the global economy and world trade.
		The Panama Canal Authority (ACP) announced today second quarter (Q2) operational metrics for fiscal year 2006.
		These live cameras show operations at the Miraflores and Gatun Locks, as well as other points of interest in the Canal like the recently Centennial Bridge.
	www.pancanal.com /eng/index.html (174 words)

	Panama Canal changes
		The Balboa Yacht Club is a mooring field at the side of the Pacific approaches to the canal; the Panama Canal Yacht Club is in the Caribbean entrance to the canal; and Pedro Miguel Boat Club is in the canal.
		The Panama Canal Yacht Club is struggling under the burden of an almost $7000 per month "rent" payment to the concessionaire of the port area of Cristobal.
		Over the years the yachting community of Panama has requested the implementation of a yachting advisory council to the Panama Canal, similar to the one established for commercial shipping interests; to date the requests have been ignored by the canal.
	www.sailmag.com /news/PanamaCanalChanges (1246 words)

	Panama Canal Zone - Treaty Provisions
		The Treaty terms allow time for the Company-Government to construct or establish such replacement facilities within the Canal Zone as railroad terminal facilities, quarters, and a high school.
		One of the most valuable properties of the Canal company to be transferred at an early date under the schedule agreed upon is the Panama Railroad Yard in Panama City, which has served the Pacific side of the Isthmus since the railroad was completed 102 years ago.
		The transfer of the Panama Railroad terminal facilities from Panama City is expected to be accomplished by the end of next May.
	www.serve.com /CZBrats/Articles/treatpro.htm (804 words)

	Today in History: September 7
		Jimmy Carter and Panamanian Chief of Government Omar Torrijos signed the Panama Canal Treaty and Neutrality Treaty on September 7, 1977.
		We spent four hundred million dollars, the canal is nearly finished, and New York is still in the same place.
		View The Story of the Panama Canal, a seven-part film documenting the work of building the canal and showing the waterway in operation.
	memory.loc.gov /ammem/today/sep07.html (363 words)

	The Financial and Commercial Impact of the Panama Canal Treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Panama's national police units are known for their lack of professional competence and certainly no match for a determined adversary.
		Panama's international banking center, the Colon Free Zone, the largest of its kind in the Americas, the Panama Canal, the country's merchant marine, also the largest in the world, and strict bank secrecy laws have allowed drug traffickers to use the country as a money laundering haven.
		Panama is a small country, and one would say that part of its idiosyncrasy is a mindframe in which money is thicker than blood.
	commdocs.house.gov /committees/bank/hba61331.000/hba61331_0.HTM (18311 words)

	The Financial and Commercial Impact of the Panama Canal Treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		During the Carter treaty hearings, I stated: ''The defense and use of the Panama Canal is wrapped inextricably with the overall global strategy and prosperity of the United States and the security of the Free World.
		So you have, in effect, a treaty with two different pieces of paper, and the convention that they have had on treaties over the years indicates that those two pieces of paper have to be identical or the treaty is null and void.
		The Ballederes treaty states that the Panama Canal Zone, which was bought more or less fee-simple, 10 miles on each side of the Canal, is the property of the United States in perpetuity, and the Supreme Court reviewed that and agreed in 1970.
	commdocs.house.gov /committees/bank/hba61331.000/hba61331_1.HTM (17200 words)

	The Strange Tale of Bob Dole 33° and the Panama Canal Treaty
		Under the provisions of the Panama Canal treaty of 1977, the Carter administration agreed to return to the government of Panama all U.S. property in Panama, including the only private property: The Sojourner's Lodge, A.F. & A.M., located at Cristobal.
		About a week before the crucial Senate vote on the Canal Treaty, Senator Dole announced that he planned to introduce an amendment to the Treaty specifically excluding the Lodge property, and to force a vote on the amendment before the vote on the Treaty.
		Panic-stricken and fearing that the Treaty might be defeated as a result, the administration re-entered negotiations with Panama.
	www.freemasonrywatch.org /bobdole.html (511 words)

	The Panama Canal Treaties: How Treaties are Ratified
		It is February 1978 and Senate Majority Leader Robert Byrd announces that the Senate Foreign Relations Committee has voted to recommend the Panama Canal Treaties for approval by the complete Senate.
		At the end of the discussion, summarize the activity by having the class list the advantages and disadvantages of the Panama Canal Treaties (10 minutes).
		Have students write mini-reports on the history of the Panama Canal.
	www.jimmycarterlibrary.org /education/panama/index.phtml (599 words)

	Online NewsHour -- The Panama Canal
		The U.S. and Panama unofficially transfer ownership of the Panama Canal.
		A look at the economy and government of Panama in the years after Manuel Noriega.
		Three experts discuss the Panama Canal Treaty and its possible effects on the U.S. Support the kind of journalism done by the NewsHour...
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/latin_america/panamacanal (68 words)

	President Jimmy Carter Signed the Panama Canal Treaty
		Building the canal through the jungles of Panama in 1913
		The U.S. created a 51-mile shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through a distant neighbor's "backyard" and called it the Panama Canal.
		On September 7, 1977, President Jimmy Carter signed the Panama Canal Treaty and Neutrality Treaty promising to give control of the canal to the Panamanians by the year 2000.
	www.americaslibrary.gov /jb/modern/jb_modern_pancanal_1.html (121 words)

	In Retrospect - Military Role in Treaty Implementation
		A history of the United States military's role in the implementation of the Panama Canal treaties.
		The U.S. military's role in implementation of the Panama Canal Treaty entailed a long process (entirely new in 1977-1979); a process not fully understood or appreciated by the general public, both in Panama and the United States.
		Panama's Interoceanic Region Authority (ARI by its Spanish acronym) -- including discussion of ARI's plans and projects for several of the military property transfers
	members.tripod.com /william_ormsbee/Pages/military_p1.html (229 words)

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