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Topic: Panama disease

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Banana

Fusarium oxysporum

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	\| "Green Havoc": Panama Disease, Environmental Change, and Labor Process in the Central American Banana Industry \| The ...
		Wardlaw and McGuire, "Panama Disease of Bananas," 33.
		Wardlaw and McGuire, "Panama Disease of Bananas," 18, 66.
		Wardlaw and McGuire, "Panama Disease of Bananas," 46, 66.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ahr/106.1/ah000049.html (13755 words)

	Panama Disease: A Classic and Destructive Disease of Banana
		Panama disease, also known as Fusarium wilt of banana (Musa spp.), is one of the most notorious of all plant diseases (9,11).
		Panama disease is now found in all banana-producing regions except islands in the South Pacific, the Mediterranean, Melanesia, and Somalia (Fig.
		143-159 In: Diseases of Banana, Abaca and Enset.
	www.plantmanagementnetwork.org /pub/php/management/bananapanama (2423 words)

	Panama disease - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Panama disease, also known as Fusarium wilt, is a banana plant disease caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum.
		Recently, a new strain called 'tropical race four Panama disease' has begun to attack Cavendish banana plants in south Asia.
		Plant breeders and geneticists are trying to develop new cultivars that are resistant to this new strain of Panama disease.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Panama_disease (249 words)

	Vasular wilt diseases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Vascular wilt diseases are caused by pathogenic fungi or bacteria that enter the water-conducting xylem vessels of a plant, then proliferate within the vessels, causing water blockage.
		Panama disease of bananas ranks as one of the most important diseases in agricultural history.
		Panama disease is a classic vascular wilt disease, in which a fungus, Fusarium oxysporum, gains entry to the water-conducting xylem vessels, then produces spores that are carried upwards in the water stream.The upwards spread is blocked temporarily when the spores lodge on the perforated vessel end walls that occur at intervals up the plant.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/microbes/panama.htm (1075 words)

	Responses - Panama disease control (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Panama disease is a serious disease of bananas caused by the Fusarium wilt fungus, which spreads with soil and water movement, and also with infected planting material.
		In areas that are infected with panama disease, it is important to avoid sharing machinery and equipment.
		Panama disease is kept in check by constant vigilance of inspectors and strict industry controls.
	www2.dpi.qld.gov.au /health/4189.html (421 words)

	Controlling diseases in banana cultivation -DAWN - Business; December 25, 2006
		Panama disease is now found in all banana-producing regions except Islands in the South Pacific, the Mediterranean, Melanesia, and Somalia.
		The disease infestation may also be observed in patches in Pakistani areas of Badin, Hyderabad, Hala, Sanghar, Nawashah and other banana growing districts of Sindh, especially from April to August.
		Pseudo stem and corm-cut crosswise is of brown to purple colour with a reddish tinge extended throughout the pseudo stem and the fruit stalk.
	www.dawn.com /2006/12/25/ebr4.htm (1207 words)

	"The Panama Canal : A Brief History", paper by Tyler Jones
		Panama planned a revolution, and Roosevelt sent a battleship, the Nashville to protect "American lives in Panama", which meant that no other country was going to land on the isthmus (invasion by land was impossible because of the impenetrable Panamanian jungle).
		The most troublesome diseases were the mosquito-carried malaria and yellow fever - the same diseases that had kept Napoleon Bonaparte from putting down the uprising in Hati in 1801 - but almost all diseases known to man were endemic.
		Killer diseases, high costs, seemingly impossible excavations, all faced the engineers at the Canal Zone, but one by one they were overcome until the Panama Canal alone stood out from among the rubble and invited people of the world to come and cruise her waters - a new pathway for the ever-expanding, ever-changing human race.
	www.june29.com /Tyler/nonfiction/pan2.html (3387 words)

	Panama Disease, Bananas - Australia (Northern) (Wed 6/9/99 9:37 PM) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		(Sarah Hawke) "The soil-borne disease is one of the major threats to the industry.
		[Panama disease of banana is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.
		The Australian Broadcasting Corporation reported that officials in the New South Wales Department of Agriculture have found an outbreak of Panama disease near Coff's Harbor, NSW which indicates that the disease is no longer confined to the Northern Territory.
	laurel.nal.usda.gov:8080 /agnic/pmp/1999/pdb0609.html (306 words)

	Banana Growing in the Florida Home Landscape
		Panama disease is a fungal disease that attacks the banana roots and colonizes the conducting tissue of the pseudostem, causing the plant to collapse.
		The plant is medium-sized and susceptible to Sigatoka and Panama disease.
		Panama disease is of worldwide importance and is caused by the soil borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /MG040 (5813 words)

	Panama Map Guide
		As the Spanish regional power increased, Panama became the launching point for invasions into South America, and most of the treasure mined (stolen) by the conquistadors in Bolivia and Peru was sent back to Panama for transport to Spain.
		Understandable unhappiness by Panama on its major asset being controlled by a foreign land, an agreement was signed in 1977, calling for the complete transfer of the Canal from the US to Panama by the end of 1999.
		In the mid-1980s General Manuel Noriega took control of Panama, and during his messy 5-year dictatorship, democracy disappeared, the economy was severely damaged, drug trafficking from South America increased, and the population lived in fear of further repression.
	www.panama-travel-bureau.com /panama-maps.html (379 words)

	Bananas; an endangered fruit
		London - Fungal disease could finish off the banana within 10 years, with dire consequences for half a billion people in Africa and Asia for whom it is a staple, according to a French research scientist writing in the New Scientist journal Thursday.
		Panama disease is making a comeback in a new form which has attacked the Cavendish.
		Almost all existing edible varieties are susceptible to the two fungal diseases, and a hybrid produced by laboriously searching for genetic accidents among thousands of sterile edible fruit turned out to taste more like an apple than a banana.
	www.news24.com /News24/Technology/0,6119,2-13_1307923,00.html (592 words)

	Banana Research - FABI: University of Pretoria
		Fusarium wilt of banana (Panama disease) was discovered by Dr Joseph Bancroft in Australia in 1874.
		The pathogen responsible for the disease, the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.
		No control strategy was found to be effective in combating the disease, and most success was achieved by preventative measures such as the isolation of infected plants and the planting of tissue culture plants in disease-free fields.
	www.up.ac.za /academic/fabi/banana/diseases.html (635 words)

	Banana Plantations in Central America
		During the 1930’s, Panama disease, a root fungus, severely damaged crops along the Caribbean Coast and forced plantations in this region to be abandoned.
		The prevalence of Panama disease and rapid depletion of soil nutrients required production to be migratory, with new land cleared as yields declined.
		Disease, storms, wars, and market fluctuations are all factors which have resulted in a decline and abandonment of production.
	members.tripod.com /foro_emaus/BanPlantsCA.htm (4663 words)

	Plant pathologists unpeel rumors of banana extinction
		"Diseases are, and will remain, major constraints to both export and subsistence production of banana, and there is no doubt that Black Sigatoka and Panama disease constitute the most important threats," said Randy C. Ploetz, Professor at the University of Florida's Tropical Research and Education Center.
		It is a serious foliar disease, but does not kill plants and is well controlled in export plantations with fungicides.
		In contrast, Panama disease is soil-borne and fatal.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-02/aps-ppu021403.php (345 words)

	bocas del toro panama bocas del toro
		During the 1800's, when Panama was still very much a part of Colombia, the area lured planters from the United States and Germany, who quickly developed the regions first banana plantations.
		The cool ocean breezes, which all but eliminated disease carrying mosquitoes, in conjunction with the distance separating the point from Bocas town, where most of the diseases were concentrated, made Nancy Cay an ideal location.
		The French, during their unsuccessful attempt at constructing The Panama Canal during the later part of the 19th century, lost nearly 25% of the labor force to disease.
	www.worldheadquarters.com /panama/destinations/bocas/hospital_point/index.html (1053 words)

	Landline - 3/11/01: Scientists research banana disease . Australian Broadcasting Corp
		There have been a series of outbreaks of the soil-borne fungus Fusarium Wilt or panama disease in the Territory over the past five years, which have threatened the viability of the fledgling industry.
		Panama disease has no known cure or treatment.
		Panama disease as we already know is caused by a specific form of the soil-borne fungus Fusarium Oxysporem.
	www.abc.net.au /landline/stories/s404689.htm (1170 words)

	Taipei Times - archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Huang said the real threat to bananas is Panama disease, but since 1975 Taiwan has developed several species resistant to it.
		Panama disease exists in other banana-growing countries but has not spread to all plantations.
		It is resistant to Panama Disease and its output is 40 percent higher than other species," he said.
	www.taipeitimes.com /News/biz/archives/2003/01/22/191979/print (344 words)

	Panama City - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Panama City (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Settled by the English in 1765, Panama City initially developed as a fishing village.
		The bayfront resort of Panama City Beach and the US Mine Defense Laboratory lie nearby, and the air tactical school at Tyndall Air Force Base is situated to the southeast.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Panama+City (191 words)

	South China Banana Plantations Ravaged by Panama Disease -- china.org.cn
		The disease is encroaching on Guangdong's banana plantations by an annual increase of 20 percent.
		Located at the mouth of the Pearl River, the disease is easily transmitted through the banana trees in Guangzhou by underground water," he said.
		Panama disease, also called Banana Wilt, is a devastating disease caused by a soil-inhabiting fungus species.
	www.china.org.cn /english/news/203128.htm (437 words)

	Welcome to FreshPlaza
		Randy Ploetz, professor of plant pathology at the University of Florida, said the banana is being threatened by Panama disease.
		Panama disease threatens the cavendish, the type of banana most commonly eaten in the United States and Europe.
		Ploetz said it is difficult to see exactly how the disease moved from the Indonesian islands to the Philippines, but it happened in the last five years.
	www.freshplaza.com /2007/0309/2_us_banana.html (331 words)

	Articles: Teachers and Students
		Panama disease lives permanently in the soil, and when it infests the plants, it kills them outright.
		In Kenya, the combined onslaught of weevils, nematodes, Panama disease and fl Sigatoka have cut average banana yields on traditional farms to 14 tons per hectare, less than one-third of the crop's potential under humid tropical conditions, according to biotech researcher Florence Wambugu, founder of A Harvest Biotech Foundation International.
		This technique allows a field of banana plants to be less susceptible to disease, because, not only does each plantlet start out disease-free, but a field of plants grown from several different parent plants is less susceptible to disease than an entire field grown from offshoots of one parent.
	www.whybiotech.com /index.asp?id=4054 (1392 words)

	Panama: Information and facts at a glance
		Panama is located in Central America, bordering with Costa Rica in the West and Colombia in the East.
		Panama's tourist season is during the dry season from around mid-December until May. During the rainy season from May to November, the weather can be hot and steamy in the lowlands when the humidity makes the heat more oppressive than otherwise.
		There are recommended vaccinations for travel to Panama, and in some provinces there is a yellow fever and/or malaria risk, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which posts its recommendations at www.cdc.gov.
	www.enjoypanama.com /panama_information.htm (501 words)

	Panama-Custom - Site Map
		mapas de las regiones de panama segun ley 44
		emerald coast rv park panama city beach fl
		panama city beach florida a place im fond of
	www.goto-panama.com /Panama-Custom (50 words)

	WILT IMAGES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		However, if the plant is diseased (as in this case) the plant will almost always die before the fruit matures, and if the suckers are used as planting material they will spread the disease to other sites.
		Even later stages of disease, but apparently healthy suckers are growing from the corms.
		This tree began to show symptoms of elm disease in the spring, and the disease is now in a progressive stage.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/microbes/wiltimag.htm (261 words)

	Panama observes World AIDS Day
		It was, rather, a public recognition that Panama has the fourth highest rate of HIV infection in Latin America, and that we have some 8,000 AIDS orphans to look after.
		Panama’s gay community had many members at the Walk for Life through the November 30 morning drizzle from the corner of Calle 50 and Via Brasil to Parque Omar, but AIDS is not particularly a “gay disease” here in Panama.
		Of those AIDS cases whose route of transmission is known, 63 percent were from sexual relations among heterosexuals, 30 percent were transmitted by homosexuals or bisexuals, and the other seven percent from mothers to their children.
	www.thepanamanews.com /pn/v_09/issue_23/news_01.html (723 words)

	Welcome to FreshPlaza
		The Panama disease (or banana wilt) has been wreaking havoc in Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia, for more than the past half a decade, and could devastate banana plantations in China, if it goes unchecked.
		In fact, many international experts fear the disease could wipe out bananas from the face of the Earth in the next couple of decades.
		The disease can be combated by flooding the plantation for six months, or, if it's not too serious, by planting a cover crop.
	www.freshplaza.com /2007/0319/2_cn_deadlydisease.html (526 words)

	History House: Panama I: Things to do in Panama when you Have Yellow Fever
		As disease and exhaustion took their toll on the workers, the disposal of unidentifiable bodies was a boon to those with proper connections.
		The Panama Railroad Company itself sold the corpses abroad, and the income generated was sufficient to maintain the Company's own hospital.
		It was yet to be understood that mosquitoes were the chief carriers of yellow fever and malaria; the most able medical men of the period attributed such plagues to "miasmas", which were the gaseous emanations put forth by putrefying jungle vegetation.
	www.historyhouse.com /in_history/panama_1 (2683 words)

	Panama: More Than Just A Canal, IRED
		The kidnapers' warlord promised to free the hostages but in anyway this is a warning for the foreigners to better plan their trips inside the country, which otherwise has one of the lowest crime rates in the world.
		In Panama bananas is the single most important agrarian culture, but fortunately the agriculture represents only 7% of the national economy (76% is the service sector; 17% is the industry).
		In the recent years Panama has increasingly become a destination for many baby-boomers, wishing to escape the high taxes and the expensive real estate in the United States.
	www.ired.com /news/mkt/panama.htm (1108 words)

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