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Topic: Panamanian Spanish

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	Panama - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Panama (Spanish: Panamá, IPA [re'puβlika ðe pana'ma]) is the southernmost country of Central America.
		Ethnically, the majority of the population is mestizo or mixed Spanish, Indian, Chinese, and African descent.
		Spanish is the official and dominant language; English is a common second language spoken by the West Indians and by many in business and the professions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Panamanian (1710 words)

	Panamanian Spanish - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Panamanian Spanish is the Spanish language as spoken in Panama.
		Panamanian dialect also borrowed words from languages of other ethnic groups, like Italians, Greeks, East Indians (including Hindi and Gujarati), and Chinese.
		Crack in Panamanian Spanish is often called "piedra"("stone"/"ice").
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Panamanian_Spanish (4001 words)

	Spanish language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Spanish is one of the official languages of the United Nations and the European Union.
		Spanish ceased to be an official language of the Philippines in 1987, and it is now spoken by less than 0.01% of the population, or 2,658 people (1990 Census), though recently there seems to have been a resurgence in interest in the language among educated youth.
		Spanish is a relatively inflected language, with a two-gender system and about fifty conjugated forms per verb, but small noun declension and limited pronominal declension.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spanish_language (4000 words)

	Panama - HISTORY
		Spanish efforts to retain their monopoly on the rich profits from trade with their colonies provided a challenge to the rising maritime nations of Europe.
		Panamanian public opinion was further inflamed by a United States Department of the Army statement in the summer of 1956 that implied that the 1955 treaty had not in fact envisaged a total equalization of wage rates.
		The widespread feeling among Panamanians that the 1977 treaties were unacceptable, despite their being approved by a two-thirds majority in the October 1977 plebiscite, contributed to growing opposition to the government.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/panama/HISTORY.html (18288 words)

	Background Notes Archive - Western Hemisphere
		Ethnically, the majority of the population is mestizo (mixed Spanish and Indian) or mixed Spanish, Indian, Chinese, and West Indian.
		From the outset, Panamanian identity was based on a sense of "geographic destiny," and Panamanian fortunes fluctuated with the geopolitical importance of the isthmus.
		Pursuant to treaty obligations, the PCC is training Panamanians in all areas of Canal operations prior to the transfer of the Canal in 1999.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/bgnotes/wha/panama9705.html (4681 words)

	AllRefer.com - Panama - The Spanish Colony \| Panamanian Information Resource
		By a decree of 1538, all Spanish territory from Nicaragua to Cape Horn was to be administered from an audiencia in Panama.
		Although well received by the Indians (as was anyone not Spanish), the colonists were poorly prepared for life in the tropics with its attendant diseases.
		Panamanian historians maintain that this attack diverted Spanish trade from the trans-isthmian route.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/panama/panama14.html (2120 words)

	Panamanians
		Before long, Panamanians were demanding a revision of the treaty that, in effect, cut their nation in two.
		Panamanian folklore is perhaps best expressed in the nation 's many festivals, during which folk dramas and dances are performed.
		Panamanian Spanish is spoken very rapidly in a distinctive accent and includes a lot of slang and many distinctive words.
	cms.westport.k12.ct.us /cmslmc/foreignlanguages/centamerica/panamanians.htm (2983 words)

	FREE In-depth report - Introduction - Panama
		Panamanian society in the 1980s continued to reflect Panama's unusual position as a transit zone and the home of the canal, factors that subjected Panama to a variety of outside influences and gave the country an ethnic diversity not commonly associated with Latin America (see Ethnic Groups, ch.
		Panamanian concern over possible United States intervention in Panamanian affairs based on this treaty was sharpened by various unilateral interpretations and conditions that were attached to the treaties by the United States Senate during its ratification proceedings.
		The Panamanian opposition was widespread, but it remained fragmented, lacked a charismatic leader, failed to foster allies within the FDP (a tactic used successfully elsewhere), and never engendered widespread support among labor or the masses.
	www.exploitz.com /Panama-Introduction-cg.php (5919 words)

	Panama - Voyager, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In November 1903, a small number of wealthy Panamanian landowners lead by a covert Separatist Junta presided by Dr. Manuel Amador Guerrero, were encouraged to secede from Colombia with support from the United States.
		Although the original intent of the founding fathers was to bring harmony amongst the two major political parties (Conservatives and Liberals), the Panamanian government went through periods of political instability and corruption and at various times in its history, the mandate of an elected president terminated prematurely.
		Ethnically, the majority of the population is mestizo or mixed Spanish, Indian, Chinese, and West Indian.
	www.voyager.in /Panama (1561 words)

	By Eric Jackson, Why Panama's debate over English should concern folks in the [U.S.]
		Think about the different dialects of Spanish, the variants of Spanglish, the different ways of urban navigation that prevail in the US and Panama, and a person taking an emergency call with directions in a city to which he or she has never been.
		In the course of that debate and the present one, it was estimated that three to five percent of Panamanians speak English.
		Actually, more than 10 percent of Panamanians are West Indians who speak English as a first or second language, and these people were employed in large numbers at the former US military bases and by the former American canal administration.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/47/502.html (1620 words)

	Background Notes Archive - Western Hemisphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The rivalry between civilian elites and the Panamanian military, a recurring theme in Panamanian political life since the 1950s, developed into a grave crisis in the 1980s.
		Estimates of Department of Defense contribution to the Panamanian economy through employing Panamanians, local procurement, and expenditures by personnel range from $170-$350 million.
		The Panamanian people approved the new treaties in a plebiscite held on October 23, 1977.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /erc/bgnotes/wha/panama9803.html (4718 words)

	HLAS 50 Spanish, Portuguese, Creole Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Certain lexicographical contributions in Spanish are valuable because of their high levels of sense discrimination (items bi 89006944, bi 89006863, and bi 89006952).
		In Portuguese, in addition to a high level of meaning discrimination, one contribution is extremely valuable for scientific and technical vocabulary (item bi 89007038), while another is worthwhile for the etymologies of scientific terms (item bi 89007045), and another for the field of informatics (item bi 89007032).
		Historical treatments include an understanding of Mexican Spanish (item bi 89007010), etymologies of words of Bantu origin (item bi 89007019), etymologies of Portuguese terms (item bi 89007045), and an historical treatment of the semantic expansion of "criollo" and "crioulo" (item bi 89006865).
	lcweb2.loc.gov /hlas/hum50lang-powers.html (266 words)

	Panama - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Panama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Spanish settlements were sacked by Francis Drake 1572–95 and Henry Morgan 1668–71; Morgan destroyed the old city of Panama, which dated from 1519.
		One transferred ownership of the canal to Panama (effective from 1990) and the other guaranteed its subsequent neutrality, with the conditions that only Panamanian forces would be stationed in the zone, and that the USA would have the right to use force to keep the canal open if it became obstructed.
		The 1980s saw a deterioration in the state of Panama's economy, with opposition to the austerity measures that the government introduced to try to halt the decline.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Panama (1013 words)

	Background Notes: Panama 3/98
		Modern Panamanian history has been shaped by its trans-isthmian canal, which had been a dream since the beginning of Spanish colonization.
		Panamanians moved quickly to rebuild their civilian constitutional government.
		The Panamanian Government has converted the former Panama Defense Forces (PDF) into a civilian "public force," subordinate to civilian officials and composed of four independent units: the Panamanian National Police, the National Maritime Service (Coast Guard), the National Air Service, and the Institutional Protective Service (VIP Security).
	www.umsl.edu /services/govdocs/backgroundnotes/102.htm (4701 words)

	Taking people's beliefs seriously
		The Bush speech is published in Spanish translation in our Spanish opinion section, and my reasons for its inclusion there go to the role that I perceive for The Panama News.
		But most of this newspaper’s readership is to a greater or lesser extent bilingual, and those who use English as a second language but are more comfortable in Spanish will not have had an opportunity to catch the entire State of the Union Address in Spanish.
		This website’s Spanish pages almost never contain the same things that are in the English sections, and also rarely include articles that can be found in the Panamanian corporate mainstream.
	www.thepanamanews.com /pn/v_12/issue_03/frontpage.html (1133 words)

	Dialectical Differences in Latin American Spanish \| Antimoon Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		I initially learned textbook Latin American Spanish (with a heavy Mexican influence, with the obvious proximity to Mexico and my contact with native Spanish speakers who I practiced with) but my Spanish is now highly Argentinized as a result of the semester I spent abroad in Buenos Aires last year.
		Spanish, I would say even more salient than vocabulary is the Italian intonation of Arg.
		Altho varying Spanish dialects use almost identical standard orthography, it's clear that even a cursory look at a dialect's phonology and some lexical characteristics shows that as time goes on, Spanish dialects are not surprisingly diverging, altho still usually mutually intelligible.
	www.antimoon.com /forum/posts/6973.htm (980 words)

	Panama Food ~ Cooking Classes & Typical Food In Panama
		Tamales: Different from what is found in Mexico, the Panamanian tamale is covered in banana leaf and boiled.
		There are many variations as to other ingrediants that can be added to this Panamanian staple.
		Spanish Abroad, Inc., 5112 N. 40th Street, Suite 203 Phoenix, AZ 85018 USA
	www.spanishabroad.com /panama/panamacity/pc_food.htm (616 words)

	Online International Fiduciary, S.A. - Panamanian Corporations with Nominee Services (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Spanish and English are equally used in business circles.
		Panamanian law does not require any details of any change in shareholders to be lodged after incorporation.
		Provided no business is carried on within Panama there is no requirement to file returns with the Panamanian authorities nor to lodge any financial or other information unless the company is being wound up.
	www.reputablefirm.com /off4.html (522 words)

	The Falklands War (1982) / La Guerra de Las Malvinas (1982) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Argentine versions state that various Spanish and Portuguese seamen, were first to see the islands.
		The most documented case is that of Esteban Gómez on the ship San Antonio of the famous Spanish expedition headed by Magellan, who discovers the isles while returning to Spain in 1522.
		Shortly thereafter, the Spanish revisited with a much superior force ``convincing'' the British garrison to leave on 14th July 1770.
	www.yendor.com /vanished/falklands-war.html (3069 words)

	Los Santos: The Heart Of Panamanian Carnival ~ by Matthew Atlee
		The capital of Los Santos is the small town of Las Tablas, a very traditional Spanish town with a central plaza that is surrounded by a church and government buildings; in the small plaza people talk as hot breezes from the nearby countryside blow through large shade trees.
		When night came, we fell asleep on the floor of the house and I remembering waking up early in the morning and seeing a man with a stick, obviously not from Panama, poking my friend who was asleep on the porch in front of the house.
		Los Santos is probably the most Spanish of Panamanian provinces; the indigenous population though still clearly visible in the faces of people, died out earlier here than in other parts of Panama.
	www.escapeartist.com /efam/55/carnival_panama.html (2108 words)

	Hitchhiker's Diary: Further Adventures with Dumas, Panamanian Expressions \| A42 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		While Dumas was moving our stuff from point a to point b, we were discussing some of the idiomatic expressions which have developed in Panamanian Spanish since the US had been here so long.
		Since Spanish speakers don't like to say consonant clusters at the ends of words, and all of the subtle English vowel sounds get rounded off to the nearest one in the Spanish five, "come around" got turned into camarón.
		The J (jota) in Spanish is a strong guttural aspirate resembling the English H sound, and again the final D dropped off.
	www.a42.com /node/view/174 (1124 words)

	Panama - Wikitravel
		True to its Caribbean orientation, Panamanian Spanish sounds much closer to Cuban or Puerto Rican than Tico or Nicaraguan Spanish.
		Visitors may be very confused by the Panamanian sense of humor, which finds great hilarity in all forms of slapstick, and often doesn't get irony at all.
		If Panamanian food has to be summed up in one word, that word would be culantro, which is a local plant that tastes like cilantro, except that it has a much stronger flavor.
	wikitravel.org /en/Panama (4467 words)

	Panama News Books, From Barbados to Panama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		From Barbados to Panama is Melva Lowe de Goodin's bilingual play about a Panamanian schoolgirl discovering her family's West Indian roots.
		Manuelita is a student in a contemporary secondary school where proper Spanish is spoken.
		Those scenes in Manuelita's home and classroom are written in Panamanian Spanish, which has its unique characteristics among the many dialects spoken across the vast regions that once comprised the Spanish Empire.
	www.thepanamanews.com /pn/site/pages/lowe.html (389 words)

	www.myspace.com/respectpanama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		As Spanish reggae has gotten popular over the last decade, Panamanian reggae artists have increasingly felt that their contributions are being overlooked and their music copied by Puerto Rican musicians.
		Panamanian Spanish reggae artists get angry with Puerto Ricans, whom they accuse of trying to copy the Panamanian sound.
		Even though Panamanians are not being given credit for inventing Spanish reggae, Panamanians know that they invented Spanish reggae and that they have the Caribbean roots and language to prove it.
	www.myspace.com /index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewProfile&friendID=6257918 (1250 words)

	English - Spanish Translations and English to Spanish Translations
		We have assembled teams of Spanish translators from around the world, with an array of skills and specialties.
		No matter the type of content of your English - Spanish translations, we have teams of professional English - Spanish translators with relevant knowledge and experience in the field.
		With English to Spanish translations in particular, a deep understanding of the Spanish language and culture is necessary for the translation to be successful.
	www.trustedtranslations.com /english_spanish_translations.asp (354 words)

	IGRA : Partners and Associates
		Counselor of the Panama Embassy in Washington, D.C., 1957; Alternate Delegate to the OAS; Plenipotentiary Minister, Washington, D.C., 1957; Delegate of Panama to the Interamerican Council of Jurists, Santiago de Chile, 1959; Vice-Minister and Minister a.i.
		Member of the Panama Bar Association, of the Maritime Law Association of Panama and its Secretary thereof (1990-1992), of the Panamanian Association of Industrial Property Law and of the Movement of Attorneys Profession and Law.
		Member: Panama Bar Association; Panamanian Association of Industrial Property Law; Interamerican Association of Industrial Property (ASIPI) and Vice-President to the Friends of the Saint Joseph of Malambo Orphanage.
	www.pananet.com /igra/lawyers.html (1694 words)

	Spanish classes in Panama City, learn with the experts
		Spanish classes in Panama City, learn with the experts
		Spanish language classes for business, tourists, expats living in Panama and pensionados (early retirement in Panama)
		You need Spanish, you need to come to Panama City and you need to be studying with Spanish Panama.
	www.spanishpanama.com (454 words)

	Etos - English to Spanish Translation Services
		A native translator with over 20 years of experience, who delivers either Standard (Neutral) Spanish translations or localized to Mexican Spanish.
		A team of qualified translators living and collaborating in the twenty Countries where Spanish is the official language.
		Your page can be set up in columns and rows, you can display your table cells with or without a border, and you can even have a color or image patterned background.
	www.etos-services.com (296 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		We're using some data from Henrietta Cedergren's 1973 study of final /s/ deletion in Panamanian Spanish (via Greg Guy and Scott Kiesling).
		Cedergren had noticed that speakers in Panama City, like in many dialects of Spanish, variably deleted the /s/ at the end of words.
		She undertook a study to find out if there was a change in progress: if final /s/ was systematically dropping out of Panamanian Spanish.
	www.stanford.edu /class/linguist235/data/cedergren-data.html (206 words)

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