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Topic: Panarthropoda

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Ecdysozoa

Kinorhyncha

	articulata
		Traditionally, Panarthropoda (Euarthropoda, Onychophora, Tardigrada) are regarded as being closely related to Annelida in a taxon Articulata, but this is not supported by molecular analyses.
		Concurring hypotheses: Panarthropoda are either the sister taxon of Annelida within the Articulata (A) or of Cycloneuralia within Ecdysozoa.
		Proposed relationships under the Ecdysozoa hypothesis: Panarthropoda and Cycloneuralia are sister taxa, the closest sister group of Ecdysozoa is Gastrotricha.
	chuma.cas.usf.edu /~garey/articulata.html (622 words)

	Ecdysozoa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A few other groups, such as the gastrotrichs, have been considered possible members but lack the main characters of the group, and are now placed elsewhere.
		The Panarthropoda are distinguished by a segmented body plan, and as such were traditionally believed to have evolved from the Annelida (segmented worms), together comprising the Articulata.
		However, they do not have many other characteristics in common, so it now appears that they developed segmentation separately.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ecdysozoa (307 words)

	Comparative developmental genetics of the ecdysozoa: Tardigrades (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Panarthropoda (Onychophora + Tardigrada + Arthropoda) recieves 71% support.
		Thus multiple datasets, morphological and molecular, recover the Ecdysozoa, and place Tardigrada either basal to Panarthropoda or transitional between Panarthropoda and Cycloneuralia (the other non-arthropodan ecdysozoa).
		ED, are well placed to root and illuminate the phylogenetic analysis of ecdysozoan development.
	nema.cap.ed.ac.uk /tardigrades/Tardigrades_and_Ecdysozoa.html (913 words)

	Nature V413, 157 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Characters in that work that pertained to Annelida or which are invariant in the ingroup for this study (synapomorphies of Panarthropoda) are excluded in the present analysis.
		Their coding for myriapods and hexapods followed Boudreaux (1979), who regarded ecdysis involving transverse rupture between the head and trunk to be diagnostic of Myriapoda.
		Expression of the Hox genes Antp, Ubx, abdA and AbdB has led to the proposal that the crustacean "thorax" or pereion is homologous to the hexapod thorax and abdomen (Averof and Akam, 1995; Deutsch, 1997).
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v413/n6852/extref/413157aa.html (19191 words)

	Comparative Morphology: Do the Ultrastructural Investigations of Loricifera and Tardigrada Support the Clade Ecdysozoa? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In the many recent textbooks Panarthropoda (Arthropoda, Onychophora, Tardigrada) are regarded as a sister-group to Annelida in the taxon Articulata, but this view is not supported by molecular data.
		Comparisons of these molecular data suggest that all taxa with ecdysis (Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera and Panarthropoda) should be included in a monophylum Ecdysozoa.
		In this case, the new morphological data on Loricifera and Tardigrada - based on ultrastructure and new TEM labelling technique - may indicate that the Cycloneuralia could be the sister group to Panarthropoda, and then the monophylum Ecdysozoa really exists, and the clade is not an "artifact" as some authors (including me) have stated.
	shum.huji.ac.il /~por/icz_xviii/abstracts/Kristensen.html (456 words)

	Panarthropoda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Panarthropoda es una taxonomía que combina el Phyla Arthropoda, Tardigrada y Onychophora.
		Eran considerados originalmente ser relacionados de cerca con los anélidos, agrupados juntos como el Articulata, pero más nuevos estudios los colocan entre un grupo llamado el Ecdysozoa.
		English version: Panarthropoda Next: Jude el obscuro Up
	www.yotor.net /wiki/es/pa/Panarthropoda.htm (65 words)

	BIO3324 Lecture: Protozoa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In the molecular interpretation, where there is no direct link between the annelids and arthropods, the velvet worms are seen as protoarthropods and combined with Tardigrada and Arthropoda in the Panarthropoda.
		Although the fossil record doesn't usually contain information about the soft-bodied animals, onychophorans have been identified in the Burgess Shale that captured the tremendous diversity of soft-bodied animals in the Cambrian explosion of animal forms.
		The lobopod legs of an Onychophoran are moved by a
	salinella.bio.uottawa.ca /BIO3323/Lectures/bio3323_lect02_PanArth_Onycophora.htm (692 words)

	Ecdysozoa: the Evidence for a Close Relationship Between Arthropods and Nematodes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Panarthropoda is another widely accepted group of molting animals and includes arthropods, onycophorans and tardigrades.
		The key to Ecdysozoa is to place Cycloneuralia and Panarthropoda together as sister taxa.
		Many molecular studies of metazoan phylogeny utilize sequences from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans because its genome has been completely sequenced.
	shum.cc.huji.ac.il /~por/icz_xviii/abstracts/Garey.html (537 words)

	Information On: Ecdysozoa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The name comes from the Greek words ecdysis (molting) and zoon (animal) after a character common to the group.
		Phyla considered Ecdysozoa are: * Panarthropoda o Arthropods o Tardigrades o Onychophora * Nematoda * Nematomorpha * Cephalorhyncha o Kinorhyncha o Priapulida o Loricifera The non-pararthropoda have sometimes been considered a monophyletic group, occasionally called the Cycloneuralia, but they are more likely paraphyletic.
		Gastrotrichs are seen as a close sister taxon to the Ecdysozoa.
	www.informationslurp.com /Animals/Ecdysozoa.html (175 words)

	thorsten_home
		We have identified and sequenced for the first time hemocyanins from the diplopod and chilopod Myriapoda.
		Hemocyanins are also present in the Onychophora, suggesting that respiratory proteins emerged before the radiation of the Panarthropoda.
		The superfamily of arthropod hemocyanins includes in addition to the proteins for which they are named, the arthropod phenoloxidases, certain crustacean and insect storage proteins (pseudohemocyanins and hexamerins), as well as the highly diverged hexamerin receptors of the insects.
	www.uni-mainz.de /FB/Biologie/Zoologie/abt2/thorsten/thorsten_english.htm (818 words)

	Teaching Animal Molecular Phylogenetics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Nielsen (1995) grouped Arthropoda, Annelida, and Mollusca together in Teloblastica within his Spiralia, as shown in the indented list above.
		He placed the clade Panarthropoda (Arthopoda, Tardigrada, and Onychophora) as the sister group to Annelida.
		Among the earliest and most robust conclusions from 18S rDNA studies is that Arthropoda are in a clade separate from Annelida and Mollusca (Field et al.
	www.mhhe.com /biosci/pae/zoology/animalphylogenetics/section03.mhtml (6091 words)

	Explanations.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Many members of this group regularly shed their cuticle, a process called ecdysis.
		Panarthropoda share molting cuticle (as in other ecdysozoans) and hemocoel as well as other morphological characteristics.
		Molecular data also support a close relationship among the three phyla in this group.
	science.kennesaw.edu /~jdirnber/InvertZoo/Tree/Explanations.html (2206 words)

	Integrative Approaches to Phylogenetic Relationships of Arthropods: Introduction to the Symposium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Furthermore, palaeontological data can be consulted to elucidate the problem.
		The diversity of stem group arthropods known today might make it possible to draw conclusions about the last common ancestor of Panarthropoda and to compare it in the light of the Articulata/Ecdysozoa problem.
		This diversity of approaches illustrates the character of modern systematics: complex systematical problems call for an integration of comparative analyses from different disciplines.
	shum.cc.huji.ac.il /~por/icz_xviii/abstracts/Rhaesa.html (247 words)

	Testing the New Animal Phylogeny: First Use of Combined Large-Subunit and Small-Subunit rRNA Gene Sequences to Classify ...
		Foster P. Hickey, 1999 Compositional bias may affect both DNA-based and protein-based phylogenetic reconstructions J. Mol.
		Garey J. R., 2001 Ecdysozoa: the relationship between Cycloneuralia and Panarthropoda Zool.
		Garey J. Schmidt-Rhaesa, 1998 The essential role of "minor" phyla in molecular studies of animal evolution Am.
	mbe.oupjournals.org /cgi/content/full/19/3/289 (6340 words)

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