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Topic: Pancake ice

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Sea ice

	Ice - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The ice caps of the polar regions are of significance for the global climate and particularly the water cycle.
		Pancake ice is a formation of ice generally created in areas with less calm conditions.
		Ice scrapers are tools designed to break the ice free and clear the windows, though removing the ice can be a long, labor-intensive, and stressful process — especially when a driver ends up running late for work as a result.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ice (2314 words)

	Sea ice - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sea ice may be contrasted with icebergs, which are chunks of ice shelves or glaciers that calve into the ocean.
		Pancake ice is sea ice that has been compressed by the action of waves on frazil ice.
		On first year ice, which has a smooth upper surface at the end of winter (except where ridged), the pools are initially very shallow, forming in minor depressions in the ice surface, or simply being retained within surviving snow pack as a layer of slush.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sea_ice (2132 words)

	How does Arctic sea ice form and decay - Wadhams
		In quiet conditions the first sea ice to form on the surface is a skim of separate crystals which initially are in the form of tiny discs, floating flat on the surface and of diameter less than 2-3 mm.
		This becomes known as pancake ice because collisions between the cakes pump frazil ice suspension onto the edges of the cakes, then the water drains away to leave a raised rim of ice which gives each cake the appearance of a pancake.
		At greater distances inside the ice edge, where the wave field is calmed, the pancakes may begin to freeze together in groups and eventually coalesce to form first large floes, then finally a continuous sheet of first-year ice known as consolidated pancake ice.
	www.arctic.noaa.gov /essay_wadhams.html (2911 words)

	Pancake ice - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pancake ice is a form of ice that is formed on water covered to some degree in slush.
		During its process of development it is known as frazil ice.
		Definition of pancake ice from the Canadian Ice Service - the site has pictures that can be reproduced freely with credit
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pancake_ice (82 words)

	types
		Frazil ice crystals nucleate on impurities in the water or on snow grains that have fallen onto the ocean surface.
		Ice strength is greater than in the case of frazil or slush, but the cakes are still fairly unconsolidated.
		Ice growth occurs in three time dependent phases that can be identified by ice microstructural properties, although these characteristics are not accounted for in the currently used nomenclature system.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /~eicken/he_teach/GEOS615icenom/form/types.html (1306 words)

	River Ice
		Ice Floats - Life on earth would be very different if ice sank - for example, the oceans, lakes, and even rivers would be frozen solid except for a thin surface layer of warmer water that melted during the summer.
		Under the ice the river continues to flow and where the flow is turbulent slightly warmer water may be thrust up against the underside of the surface ice.
		This ice is referred to as "rotten ice" and even though it may still be many inches thick is not solid enough to walk on safely.
	www.denniskalma.com /ice.html (936 words)

	Pancake Ice in a Wave Field
		Pancake ice forms through a combination of thermodynamic growth and mechanical thickening, caused by rafting of floes that is driven by wave motion.
		The simulation results show the rate of increase of the ice impact force on the barrier and the rate of thickening of the rafted region in front of the barrier as a function of wave amplitude.
		Frankenstein, S., M.A. Hopkins, and H.H. Shen (2002) Simulation of Pancake Ice Dynamics in a Wave Field, Proceedings of the 16th IAHR Ice Symposium, December 2-6, 2002, Dunedin.
	www.crrel.usace.army.mil /sid/hopkins_files/Seaice/pancake.htm (347 words)

	Untitled Document
		The fast ice not necessarily has to be connected to land but is always stationary when once formed and consists of clear ice (forming as water freezing on its under side) and an opaque layer of frozen wet snow on the surface of the ice.
		It is formed of broken, land fast ice from coastal areas or from ice frozen together at sea in calm conditions.
		Ice under pressure is deformed against land, against land-fast ice or slower drifting ice.
	www.smhi.se /oceanografi/iceservice/ice_fysik.htm (857 words)

	The Weather Factory - Ice and Icebergs
		Unlike the calm surface of a lake, where ice forms in a gradually thickening sheet, the ocean surface is frequently stirred by waves.
		As they are stirred through the sea surface, the crystals give the water a greasy appearance, hence the name "grease ice." Another form that sea ice takes as it grows is shuga, composed of small chunks of ice that undulate on the surface of the water in a sheet.
		Eventually, the pancake ice freezes into floes, larger sheets of sea ice floating on the water's surface.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/savageseas/weather-side-ice.html (720 words)

	SEA ICE DEFINITIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Ice floe - Blanketed by snow, pancake ice cements into floes, which buckle as they ram against one another and slide around.
		Pancake ice - Ice spins around in waves and thickens into free floating ice disks, some reaching 8 ft. in diameter.
		Shuga ice or Grease Ice - Early ice that forms as the temperature falls and small ice crystals clump together into congealed greasy-ice slicks.
	www.musc.edu /cando/ice/kidsatde.html (159 words)

	Sea ice - Enpsychlopedia
		Pack ice is floating consolidated sea ice that's either detached from land and freely floating, or has been blocked by land-attached ice while drifting past.
		In calm water, the first sea ice to form on the surface is a skim of separate crystals which initially are in the form of tiny discs, floating flat on the surface and of diameter less than 2-3 mm.
		Reliable measurements of sea ice edge begin with the satellite era in the late 1970s using Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) on Seasat (1978) and Nimbus 7 (1978) satellites.
	enpsychlopedia.com /psypsych/Sea_ice (2158 words)

	Sea ice - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Frazil ice formation may also be started by snowfall, rather than supercooling.
		Arctic sea ice extent for 2002-05 as compared to 1979-2000.
		Everything you ever wanted to know about sea ice but were afraid to ask
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pack_ice (2132 words)

	TEA: Activity- -- Tea_activity_porter_seaice
		Sea ice is the thin, floating crust of ice that forms from sea water each winter as the air temperatures drop and the surface of the ocean cools.
		Sea ice is the haven for communities of microscopic organisms that, when released with the spring melt, help create one of the richest feeding grounds in the ocean for the likes of krill, penguins, seals and the far-traveling whales.
		The weight of snow on the sea ice frequently overcomes the buoyancy of the ice, causing the sea ice to flood with a thin layer of seawater.
	tea.armadaproject.org /activity/tea_activity_porter_seaice.html (822 words)

	Clarkson University - News - Clarkson University Professor Presents Findings On Sea Ice At Two International Conferences
		Shen’s research theories and supporting experimentation on pancake ice size and the rafting thickness were presented at the 20th International Symposium on Okhotsk Sea and Sea Ice in Mombetsu-City, Hokkaido, Japan, and at the Gordon Conference on Polar Marine Science in Ventura, California.
		With the presence of ice, global climate is affected because the water drastically reduces interaction with the atmosphere.
		Lab simulation of the formation of pancake ice involves working in -20 C or -4 F, similar to a cold February night in the artic sea, in a swimming pool sized pond.
	www.clarkson.edu /news/print.php?id=1284 (830 words)

	OMB Sea Ice Analysis Page -
		Sea ice influences the Earth's climate in many ways: its high albedo affects the planet's heat budget; its thermal insulation controls heat and mass fluxes between the atmosphere and the polar oceans, and its role in destabilising the water column through brine rejection may drive deep convection.
		The area of the planet's surface involved is enormous: the sea ice extent in the Antarctic alone varies from a minimum of 4 million sq km at the end of summer to a maximum of nearly 20 million sq km in winter (see NASA image left).
		To compound the concerns of mariners regarding pack ice and icebergs, the accumulation of ice on vessel superstructures due to spray freezing on contact (and to a lesser extent due to ice fog and freezing rain) is an added hazard in higher latitudes.
	www.oceansatlas.org /cds_static/en/omb_sea_ice_analysis_page__en_12949_14062.html?status=ND0xMjk0OSY2PWVuJjMzPSomMzc9a29z (470 words)

	TEA: Giesting- -- 2.24.1999
		Sea ice is the name given to all the ice that freezes from the sea water.
		It is called pancake ice because the edges are rounded as the waves jostle the pieces against one another.
		Most of the pack ice that we are seeing was part of the solid layer of sea ice that covered this area last winter.
	tea.armadaproject.org /giesting/2.24.1999.html (998 words)

	Wave rafting and the equilibrium pancake ice cover thickness
		Pancake ice, the circular floes formed during ice growth in a wave field, forms in many polar and subpolar seas.
		The equilibrium thickness from the theory is proportional to the square of the wave amplitude and the square of the floe diameter and is inversely proportional to the cube of the wavelength.
		This theory relates the final ice cover thickness to the wave characteristics and the size and surface properties of the pancake ice floes.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2004/2003JC002192.shtml (422 words)

	Snow, Ice & Permafrost: Sea Ice 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The objective of this research is to document the summer salinity and temperature variability and to identify the processes responsible for the growth of pack ice floes and fast ice.
		Ice cores were obtained from the pack ice of the Ross, Amundsen and Bellingshausen seas, and the fast ice of McMurdo Sound in austral summers 1991-92 and 1992-93 during cruises aboard the U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker USCGC Polar Sea.
		The stable isotopic composition of pack ice floes shows that seawater flooding of the surface of floes and subsequent formation of snow ice is common.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /snowice/seaice3.html (200 words)

	Pancake Ice Formation Process (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		We use laboratory facility to study the formation of pancake ice in the field.
		These pancakes cover most of the circumpolar marginal ice zones in the Antarctic region, with an estimated area of sixteen million square kilometers.
		In the picture on left, ice vectors are shown in red and wind vectors shown in green.
	people.clarkson.edu /~hhshen/projects.htm (434 words)

	Field Guide to Aquatic Phenomena: Winter Phenomena
		Frazil ice is the beginning of slush, pancake, anchor, and other ice forms.
		Ice first weakens in shallow areas; often a band of open water develops along shorelines before the ice weakens over the deeper, middle part of the lake.
		Ice also opens up around rocks and plant stems, because they absorb the sun's heat and warm the surrounding water.
	www.umaine.edu /WaterResearch/FieldGuide/winter.htm (553 words)

	ESOP2 winter cruise, leg II,
		Turn southward in an attempt to recover the ice buoy, continue the sampling along the ice pack, which was initiated in the first leg and third aim is to obtain a good hydrographic description of the outflow through the Jan Mayen Channel and collect samples for SF6 in that area.
		Because of severe ice conditions it was not possible to visit the planned areas and the focus was turned to the northern part of the Greenland Sea and the south eastern border of the ice.
		Relatively dense concentrations of newfrozen pancake ice was observed as far north as 76° 30'N, and drifting ice and pancake ice seems to fill the Nord Bukta north to 76° N. Slightly disformed (older) pancake ice was found along the south eastern border of the ice.
	www.ices.dk /ocean/project/esop/reports/mosby/rp0597_2.htm (2772 words)

	All About Sea Ice: Characteristics: Ice Formation
		Frazil ice cannot form in the relatively still waters under sea ice, so only congelation ice developing under the ice sheet can contribute to the continued growth of a congelation ice sheet.
		A signature feature of pancake ice is raised edges or ridges on the perimeter, caused by the pancakes bumping into each other from the ocean waves.
		If the ice is thick enough, ridging occurs, where the sea ice bends or fractures and piles on top of itself, forming lines of ridges on the surface.
	nsidc.org /seaice/characteristics/formation.html (453 words)

	CRREL Research Summary - Pancake Ice Cover Formation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		To determine how the evolution of pancake ice, a formation of uniform circular ice floes, is affected by different environmental conditions.
		Ice drift speed was calculated as a function of wave amplitude and ice collisional dynamics.
		Ice build-up in front of a non-reflecting vertical barrier was simulated.
	www.crrel.usace.army.mil /research/projects/Antarctic/PIC.htm (178 words)

	[No title]
		Key goals of the Palmer LTER sea ice cruise were to study: (1) processes associated with sea ice formation, (2) linkages between the various stages of sea ice growth and the associated biological, chemical, optical and physical characteristics, and (3) winter abundance and distribution of Adelie penguins in association with sea ice habitat.
		Ice Station #3 was occupied for 3 days in open pack ice that consisted of gray and gray-white sea-ice with mean thickness of 22cm and floe sizes of 20-100m.
		In addition to the six multi-day ice stations, we held stations along the 200 and 600 LTER cardinal lines perpendicular to the coast as well as along a line 100km from the coast but parallel to the WAP as we transited in/out of the sea ice.
	www.icess.ucsb.edu /gopherlter/99jun/overview (1299 words)

	Pancake ice formation in the Weddell Sea
		Pancake and frazil ice were sampled at seven stations at varying distances from the ice edge.
		A novel pancake growth mechanism is introduced to account for these, involving the washing of frazil ice over the pancake top surface and its subsequent freezing.
		Overall ice volume production was similar to congelation ice for the thin pancakes considered (∼20 cm), though subsequent thickening was expected to be faster as the rapid top-layer process continued and the equivalent congelation growth slowed.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2003/2002JC001373.shtml (324 words)

	types (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Thicker ice covers are formed only by ice floe edges colliding with and compacting the edges of other floes.
		The processes of ice formation and decay may be influenced by the proximity of land masses.
		Ice that is attached to the coastline or seafloor.
	seis.natsci.csulb.edu /rmorris/seaice/types.htm (898 words)

	DEEPSEAS Group
		Pancake ice forms as the surface layers of the sea freeze, break up as a result of wave action then bump against each other, making characteristic pancake shaped lumps of ice.
		The team sample individual pancakes using their pancake catcher (shown in the picture on the left) which is a giant sieve that can scoop up individual pancakes from the surface of the sea without any damage or contamination from sea water.
		Once it is onboard the team cut the pancake up into small sections to evaluate the fine scale salinity structure of the pancake, giving important information on their formation.
	www.soc.soton.ac.uk /GDD/DEEPSEAS/aui/27feb.php (151 words)

	Frazil and Pancake Ice
		"Frazil" is the name given to ice crystals that form in very cold water that is moving around too much to let the ice form into a sheet.
		Once the frazil ice (also called "lolly ice" or "slush") has formed on the sea's surface, strong wave action can herd it into globs or shapes.
		"Pancake ice" (picture) is free floating and mainly circular pieces of ice that form when that surface slush accumulates into floating pads.
	www.athropolis.com /arctic-facts/fact-pancake.htm (275 words)

	Mar 03 - Ice work (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Around the circumference of pancake ice is a raised ridge initially 1 or 2 cm higher than the surrounding plane of the pancake.
		The watery nature of the centre of the pancake is due to the greater salinity of mixed separated brine and seawater.
		The ice party are loaded aboard a Geordie and lifted, by crane, onto the ice floe.
	www.antarctica.ac.uk /Living_and_Working/Diaries/RRS_James_Clark_Ross/antarctic2004_2005/14_21 (1202 words)

	[No title]
		The aim was to test the predictions of a recently developed theory of wave dispersion in pancake ice which treats the ice as a viscous layer (Keller, 1998).
		In the image, the structure of the wave spectrum in the MIZ and its change from the open-water spectrum (Wadhams et al., 2002) are consistent with a pancake layer 24 cm thick.
		Intensive in situ measurements of the pancake ice in the MIZ were carried on by FS Polarstern during a period covering the satellite imaging, some 280 km W of the image location.
	earth.esa.int /cgi-bin/confseasar.pl?abstract=110 (255 words)

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