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Topic: Panderichthys

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	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		Panderichthys is a 90–130 cm long fish from the Late Devonian period (Frasnian epoch) of Latvia.
		The most notable characteristic of Panderichthys was its spiracle, a vertical tube used to breathe water through the top of its head, while its body was submerged in mud.
		This spiracle is a transitional organ that led, through evolution, to the development of the stirrup bone, one of the three bones (stirrup, hammer, and anvil) in the human middle ear.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Panderichthys (226 words)

	4Forums.com - View Single Post - Summary of evolutionary science
		Unlike all fish but like the tetrapods, the Panderichthys have lost the dorsal and anal fins, leaving 4 fins in the place where legs would be in the Tetrapods.(Ahlberg and Milner, p.508).
		This is not a Panderichthys, but it is a related lobe-finned Devonian fish out of my personal collection.
		But Panderichthys also had external nostrils which were in the same position as those of the early tetrapods.
	www.4forums.com /political/showpost.php?p=6363&postcount=2 (1279 words)

	HotBot Web Search for panderichthys
		The pelvic fin and girdle of Panderichthys and the origin of...
		The pelvic fin and girdle of Panderichthys and the origin of tetrapod locomotion...
		Panderichthys, which was recovered from Frasnian (early Late Devonian) deposits in Latvia, is represented by two species.
	www.hotbot.com /inderelated9index.php?query=panderichthys (252 words)

	OSEL.CZ - Panderichthys lezl po předních a dýchal ušima
		Panderichthys je jedním z nejranějších zástupců linie vedoucí k suchozemským čtyřnožcům.
		Panderichthys ho ještě měl, ovšem redukovaný a zvenku není na lebce vidět.
		Až donedávna se nevědělo, jaké měl Panderichthys zadní končetiny, tedy vlastně břišní ploutve a pánev. Catherine Boisvert ze švédské Uppsala University nedávno popsala fosilii se slušně zachovanou břišní ploutví a částí pánve.
	www.osel.cz /index.php?clanek=1704 (830 words)

	Pharyngula::Panderichthys rhombolepis
		Panderichthys is a widely recognized transitional form in tetrapod evolution (you know, one of those transitional fossils we're so often told don't exist).
		Panderichthys is an interesting animal—it definitely looks more like a fish than a salamander, but its fins are stout and bony, and other characteristics of its skeleton clearly ally it with the tetrapods.
		The pelvic girdle and fin are shaded in orange.
	www.pharyngula.org /index/weblog/comments/panderichthys_rhombolepis (1109 words)

	fossils in news
		The gap was bounded at the top by primitive Devonian tetrapods such as Ichthyostega and Acanthostega from Greenland, and at the bottom by Panderichthys, a tetrapod-like predatory fish from the latest Middle Devonian of Latvia (Fig.
		The closest match, however, is not to Panderichthys but to another animal, Elpistostege, from the early Late Devonian of Canada.
		http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v440/n7085/full/440747a.html#B2> demonstrate convincingly that Elpistostege and Tiktaalik fall between Panderichthys and the earliest tetrapods on the phylogenetic tree.
	www.indiana.edu /~ensiweb/fos.news.html (1157 words)

	Comparative Anatomy Discussion 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Panderichthys does not really have true, free digits.
		Acanthostega had a poorly differebtiated sacral rib (that is it did not have a strong connection between the pelvic girdle and the vertebral column and it could probably not have walked in any true sense.
		Are Panderichthys, Acanthostega, and Ichthyostega trying to conquer land, or are they just trying to be the best aquatic animals they can be?
	www.auburn.edu /academic/classes/zy/0301/comparative_home/Discussion_1.html (835 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Panderichthys has eye sockets set back in the skull, a paired fin endoskeleton with strong proximal parts (Humerus + radius & ulna) and a tail fin — all features of the first tetrapods.
		Both species are considered to have occupied a semi-aquatic environment using their fore limbs as props rather than for weight bearing which was a later feature of vertebrate evolution.
		Developmental aspects of fin to limb: structures whose development has to be explained include i) common features of the proximal endoskeleton of the tetrapod ‘ancestral fin’ (Panderichthys) and of the limb, ii) evolution of digits & iii) loss of fin ray skeleton in ‘fin to limb’.
	users.aber.ac.uk /pmb/hin1.doc (291 words)

	Ears that Breathe and Eight-Toed Feet: Sciam Observations
		Panderichthys was a fish, but is thought to be closely related to the earliest four-limbed tetrapods that eventually climbed on to land and gave rise to modern vertebrates.
		Ancient fish have a narrow channel from the roof of the skull into the mouth, known as a spiracle, which is bounded by a long bone known as the hyomandibula that braces the cheek.
		If, as paleoenvironmental evidence suggests, Panderichthys dwelled in shallow tidal flats or estuaries, the reduction in the inner ear may reflect the growing influence of gravity on the vestibular system, which coordinates balance and orientation.
	blog.sciam.com /index.php?title=ears_that_breathe_and_eight_toed_feet&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 (1505 words)

	Fish-amphibians - CreationWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Panderichthys, Elpistostege (mid-late Devonian, about 370 Ma) -- These "panderichthyids" are very tetrapod-like lobe-finned fish.
		Panderichthys and Elpistostege would be contemporary with Eusthenopteron and Sterropterygion thus removing any objective designation of ancestor and descendant.
		Panderichthys is based on several complete and partial skeletons described by Vorobyeva (see Vorobyeva and Schultze, 1991; Ahlberg et al.
	www.nwcreation.net /wiki/index.php?title=Fish-amphibians (1681 words)

	Are There No Transitional Forms?
		The more recently discovered Panderichthys is an even more amphibian-like fish than Eusthenopteron, so much so that it was initially confused for an amphibian.
		For instance, the dorsal and anal fins have disappeared in Panderichthys, leaving only the four bony fins (pectoral and pelvic) which later become legs; the fin bones themselves show a striking similarity to the tetrapod pattern of humerus, ulna and radius in the forelimb and femur, tibia and fibula in the hindlimb.
		Both Acanthostega and Ichthyostega have basically the same compliment of limb bones found in later tetrapods, yet they are covered with a fin-like covering; it is doubtful that either species could support their weight outside of the water.
	www.geocities.com /earthhistory/tran.htm (7156 words)

	evo
		Like the lungfish, this six-footer also had lungs and nostrils to breath air and it too lacked its anal and dorsal fins, Panderichthys' tail was also like that of a lungfish in that it did not end flukes off the tip.
		Following Panderichthys by a few million years was Sauripteris who's fins were no longer configured in true rays like other fish.
		Sauripteris's was physically identical to Panderichthys except for the presence of eight bony fingers instead of the usual rays found in all other bony fish, (except lungfish).
	evolutionofgenesis.homestead.com /evo.html (3158 words)

	Vertebrate Paleontology Blog: December 2005
		The unusal anatomy of the pelvic fin is much more primitive then expected given the advance anatomy of the pectoral fin endoskeleton, which was previously described by Vorobyeva in 1995.
		The fin is characterized by massive bones; including large femur, fibula, fibulare, and intermedium bones all suggestive that Panderichthys used its pelvic fins as anchors during body undulation to move on land.
		Boisvert, Catherine A.(2005) The pelvic fin and girdle of Panderichthys and the origin of tetrapod locomotion.
	ucsu.colorado.edu /~burgerb/blog/2005_12_01_vertpaleo_archive.html (238 words)

	The pelvic fin and girdle of Panderichthys and the origin of tetrapod locomotion : Nature
		One of the most marked transformations in the vertebrate transition to land was that of fins to limbs.
		Despite its importance, the transformation from pelvic fin to hindlimb is the least studied and least well-documented part of this transformation, which is bracketed by the osteolepiform Eusthenopteron and the early tetrapods Ichthyostega and Acanthostega, but is not directly illuminated by any intermediate form.
		Panderichthys and the origin of tetrapod locomotion&author= Catherine A. Boisvert &contentID=10.1038/nature04119&publicationDate=12/22/2005&Vol=438&Issue=7071">Rights and permissions
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v438/n7071/abs/nature04119.html (378 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 150.000 Tetrapoda Overview
		However, the definition assumes that Panderichthys is more or less on the direct line to conventional tetrapods.
		Second, there is a growing gap between Panderichthys and the folks with four feet.
		The lateral commisure, otic shelf, and jugular canal -- standard features of Panderichthys and other osteolepiforms -- were all lost in Auntie's generation [C98].
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/150Tetrapoda/150.000.html (2563 words)

	Journal of Paleontology: origin and early radiation of terrestrial vertebrates, The (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The most tetrapod-like of the osteolepiforms is Panderichthys, which has lost the dorsal and anal fins as well as the dorsal and ventral lobes of the caudal fin, presumably in relationship with adaptation to life in very shallow water.
		The skull of Panderichthys is truly intermediate between those of fish and tetrapods in its proportions and degree of integration of originally separate bones (Carroll, 1996).
		Unfortunately, no fossil is yet known that shows an intermediate structure between that of a fish fin and the tetrapod limb, but disarticulated skeletal elements are known from Late Devonian deposits that indicate the possibility for the discovery of truly intermediate structures during this time interval.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200111/ai_n8995054 (1268 words)

	Human Ears Evolved from Ancient Fish Gills \| LiveScience
		Scientists had thought the evolutionary change occurred after animals had established themselves on land, but a new look at an old fossil suggests ear development was set into motion before any creatures crawled out of the water.
		However, in early land animals such as the tetrapod Acanthostega, this bone has receded, creating a larger cavity in what is now part of the middle ear in humans and other animals.
		Panderichthys most likely used their spiracles for ventilation of either water or air.
	www.livescience.com /animalworld/060119_breathing_ears.html (521 words)

	Lecture Notes, Nat. Hist. Vert., Emporia State Univ.
		The thing to keep in mind, is that the characteristics that were advantageous to the earliest tetrapods were also characters that were advantageous to Panderichthys from which the tetrapods came.
		Panderichthys was a predator that probably laid in wait for victims to come by.
		It may have used its paired-fins to support the body as it waited or used the paired fins to move through the vegetation that dominated the edges of ponds or estuaries.
	academic.emporia.edu /mooredwi/nathist/chap8.htm (861 words)

	Scientific American: Getting a Leg Up on Land (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Two of these genera paleontologists have known about for several decades but have only recently scrutinized: 380-million- to 375-million-year-old Panderichthys from Europe's Baltic region, a large fish with a pointy snout and eyes that sat atop its head, and 375-million- to 370-million-year-old Elpistostege from Canada, which was very similar in size and shape to Panderichthys.
		But it is clear that even in the tetrapodlike fish that still had fins, Panderichthys among them, the part of the skull behind the eyes had already become shorter, following a shrinking of the capsules that house the inner ears.
		If, as paleoenvironmental evidence suggests, Panderichthys dwelled in shallow tidal flats or estuaries, the reduction in the inner ear may reflect the growing influence of gravity on the vestibular system, which coordinates balance and orientation.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=000DC8B8-EA15-137C-AA1583414B7F0000 (4360 words)

	The Lineage of the Coelacanth - is there a link between coelacanths and tetrapods?
		At bottom is Eusthenopteron foordi from Canada, long thought to be in the direct line to tetrapods since its description in 1881.
		In the middle is Panderichthys rhombolepis, member of a recently elucidated order, the Elpistostegiformes.
		These fishes had lost the dorsal fins and most of the gill arches, breathed air and had many skull characters of primitive tetrapods, like Ichthyostega stensioei from Greenland (top; arrow points to remnant of gill opening).
	www.scienceinafrica.co.za /2002/april/tetrapod.htm (389 words)

	Ancient fish reveals one step in how ears evolved - Natural History Museum
		Martin Brazeau and Per Ahlberg, palaeontologists at Uppsala University in Sweden, studied the fossil of a Panderichthys, an extinct metre-long fish that existed in the Devonian period 370 million years ago.
		They compared structures in its skull with those of a more primitive fish and an early tetrapod - a group of ancient four-legged vertebrates that were the primitive ancestors of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
		The team found the Panderichthys structures hadfeatures found in both fish and tetrapods.
	www.nhm.ac.uk /about-us/news/2006/jan/news_7484.html (316 words)

	J17 Did labyrinthodonts evolve from lung fish or crossopterygians?
		Ahlberg, Clack, and E. Lukševi, describe a lobe-finned fish Panderichthys close to the ancestry of amphibians.
		In Panderichthys, different from other a lobe-finned fish, and the persisting coelacanth Latimeria, both dorsal and anal fins are no more, and its tail is slender.
		In it, more like the first amphibians, its skull roof has interlocking sutures between the bones of the snout and at the back of the skull table, frontal bones large and paired, and the eye sockets are positioned back and upwards from the jaw line j18iii.
	geowords.com /histbooknetscape/j17.htm (909 words)

	So called Transition from fish to amphibians
		Panderichthys seems to be base on incomplete fossil evidence.
		Elpistostege seems to be base on less complete fossil evidence than Panderichthys.
		While they seem to have a complete skull the rest of the available skeleton is an incomplete spine that does not extend to the tail.
	genesismission.4t.com /transition/fish-amphibians.html (508 words)

	TRANITIONAL FORMS: Fish to Amphibians
		Unlike all fish but like the tetrapods, the Panderichthys have lost the dorsal and anal fins, leaving 4 fins in the place where legs would be in the Tetrapods.(Ahlberg and Milner, p.508).
		This is not a Panderichthys, but it is a related lobe-finned Devonian fish out of my personal collection.
		But Panderichthys also had external nostrils which were in the same position as those of the early tetrapods.
	home.entouch.net /dmd/transit.htm (1530 words)

	PALEONTOLOGY: ON THE FISH-TETRAPOD TRANSITION
		Among the immediate relatives of tetrapods, the most proximal three elements of their limbs can be readily identified as related to the humerus, radius, and ulna of the forelimb, and the femur, tibia, and fibula of the hindlimb.
		The humeri of Devonian tetrapod-like fish such as Eusthenopteron and Panderichthys bear particular resemblance to those of early tetrapods, and several key features are common to them all.
		However, in Panderichthys, as in other fish, the fin and shoulder joint face posteriorly, whereas in tetrapods they are reoriented to face laterally.
	scienceweek.com /2004/sc040806-4.htm (1190 words)

	Devonian Times - Elpistostege watsoni
		With the discovery of additional fossils (dermal elements of skulls along with associated vertebrae and scales) in 1970 and during the 1980s, however, it was found to be a comparable to Panderichthys, a lobe-fin fish from Latvia.
		Elpistostege differs from Panderichthys mainly in its longer snout, smaller and more rounded orbits and slightly different pattern and proportion of dermal bones in the skull.
		The redescription of Elpistostege based on these newer specimens led Hans-Peter Schultze and Marius Arsenault to conclude that Panderichthys and Elpistostege exhibited a variety of features intermediate between those of the tristichopterid lobe-fins (e.g., Eusthenopteron) and the early tetrapods.
	www.devoniantimes.org /Order/re-elipistostege.html (277 words)

	How could legs and feet evolve? They couldn't!
		Lately, the alleged fish-ancestor of amphibians is said to have been a fish called Panderichthys.
		However, it would be impossible to mistake Panderichthys for a tetrapod.
		Its toeless limbs were buried inside a ring of fin rays, and it had too many other fish characteristics to have evolved directly into the first-known tetrapod, Elginerpeton.
	www.users.bigpond.com /rdoolan/feet.html (578 words)

	Evolution News & Views: For Darwinian Evolution, It’s One Step Forward, Acknowledging Two Steps Back: Taking A ...
		"Panderichthys possesses relatively few tetrapod synapomorphies, and provides only partial insight into the origin of major features of the skull, limbs and axial skeleton of early tetrapods.
		In fact, if anything, the fin of Panderichthys appears closer to a true tetrapod limb than does the fin of Tiktaalik.
		I would assume that documenting how fins turned into feet would be one of the more important aspects of the fish-to-tetrapod evolutionary story.
	www.evolutionnews.org /2006/04/one_step_forward_two_steps_bac.html (1122 words)

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