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	Pangenesis Information
		Pangenesis was Charles Darwin's hypothetical mechanism for heredity.
		He presented this 'provisional hypothesis' in his 1868 work The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication and felt that it brought 'together a multitude of facts which are at present left disconnected by any efficient cause'.
		So useful to the biometricians was the theory of pangenesis that it continued to be used for some time after the "rediscovery" of Mendel's laws completely replaced it in the biological community.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Pangenesis (450 words)

	Genetics - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		The theories about the inheritance of acquired characteristics and pangenesis persisted until the middle of the 19th century.
		A surprising supporter of pangenesis was the British naturalist Charles Robert Darwin, who believed that the theory accounted for the process of heredity and the wide variety of traits seen among offspring.
		Despite his mistaken belief in pangenesis, Darwin nonetheless had an enormous impact on human understanding of heredity.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761563786___51/Genetics.html (2223 words)

	Pangenesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pangenesis was Charles Darwin's hypothetical mechanism for heredity.
		He presented this 'provisional hypothesis' in his 1868 work The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication and felt that it brought 'together a multitude of facts which are at present left disconnected by any efficient cause'.
		So useful to the biometricians was the theory of pangenesis that it continued to be used for some time after the "rediscovery" of Mendel's laws completely replaced it in the biological community.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pangenesis (445 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In pangenesis one finds a remarkable similarity to the work of Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis and Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, specifically their use of the concept of "chemical affinity".
		Likewise, the argument for a "vis essentialis" in biology has a similar quasi-scientific sound and might serve to remind us of the rudimentary state, and fertile philosophical ground, of theoretical speculations during that earlier period in time.
		It is also a remarkable exercise, for the curious student, to juxtapose the theory of pangenesis with modern concepts in developmental biology and genetics, specifically, the origin, migration, and function of the primordial germ cells and the "chemical affinities" regarded in the study of DNA..
	stron.frm.pl /wiki.php?title=Pangenesis (592 words)

	Pangenesis -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Pangenesis was (English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)) Charles Darwin's hypothetical mechanism for (The total of inherited attributes) heredity.
		So useful to the biometricians was the theory of pangenesis that it continued to be used for some time after the "rediscovery" of (Click link for more info and facts about Mendel's laws) Mendel's laws completely replaced it in the biological community.
		The two approaches were later merged in the 1930s by (Click link for more info and facts about R.A. Fisher) R.A. Fisher in what eventually became known as the (Click link for more info and facts about modern synthesis) modern synthesis.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/P/Pa/Pangenesis.htm (498 words)

	Gemmules Information
		Darwin proposed that some limited effects from the environment might become embedded in an individual’s constitution and thus be liable to be transmitted, via the gemmules, to the offspring.
		Pangenesis gave him the chance to be Lamarckian without any of Lamarck’s inner strivings.
		In variations caused by the direct actions of changed conditions, of which several instances have been given, certain parts of the body are directly affected by the new conditions, and consequently throw off modified gemmules, which are transmitted to the offspring.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Gemmules (326 words)

	Pangenesis, preformation, and epigenesis attempt to explain the development of plants and animals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Pangenesis, preformation, and epigenesis attempt to explain the development of plants and animals.
		Pangenesis, the first of these theories, states that every structure which is inherited will pass on its characteristics by contributing a small amount to the semen.
		It discredited pangenesis by observations of non-specific globs forming different parts of the embryos studied.
	www.cise.ufl.edu /~jtwright/epigenesis.htm (277 words)

	Chapter XXVII: Provisional Hypothesis Of Pangenesis
		According to the doctrine of pangenesis, the gemmules of the transposed organs become developed in the wrong place, from uniting with wrong cells or aggregates of cells during their nascent state; and this would follow from a slight modification in their elective affinities.
		This latter fact is also inexplicable, unless buds developed from the roots are as distinct from those on the stem, as is one bud on the stem from another, and we know that these latter behave like independent organisms.
		The hypothesis of Pangenesis, as applied to the several great classes of facts just discussed, no doubt is extremely complex, but so are the facts.
	www.web-books.com /Classics/Nonfiction/Science/Darwin_Variation/chap27.html (13679 words)

	Bloomsbury.com - Research centre
		Pangenesis (Greek, 'origin of all'), in the life sciences, is a theory for the mechanism of inheritance by which particles called gemmules (or pangenes), produced by all the cells in the body, are released into the blood-stream via which they travel to the germ cells, from which offspring develop.
		Darwin proposed his 'Provisional hypothesis of pangenesis' in 1868, based on the fairly universal pre-Mendelian view that heredity was a property of blood and that parental characteristics were blended in offspring.
		However, experiments soon showed that Darwin's hypothesis was incorrect; it was modified by Hugo de Vries in 1889, linking pangenes to chromosomes in the nuclei of all cells and then by August Weismann, in 1892, who proposed that only 'sex cells' bore all the pangenes, somatic cells having only the information required for their differentiation.
	www.bloomsburymagazine.com /ARC/detail.asp?entryid=102611&bid=2 (155 words)

	galton 1871 roy soc pangenesis 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		I therefore determined to inject alien blood into the circulation of pure varieties of animals (of course, under the influence of anaesthetics), and to breed from them, and to note whether their offspring did or did not show signs of mongrelism.
		If Pangenesis were true, according to the interpretation which I have put upon it, the results would be startling in their novelty, and of no small practical use ; for it would become possible to modify varieties of animals, by introducing slight dashes of new blood, in ways important to breeders.
		Thus, supposing a small infusion of bull-dog blood was wanted' in a breed of greyhounds, this, or any more complicated admixture, might be effected (possibly by operating through the umbilical cord of a newly born animal) in a single generation.
	galton.org /cgi-bin/searchImages/search/essays/pages/galton-1871-roy-soc-pangenesis_4.htm (367 words)

	Darwin, The variation of animals and plants under domestication. Chapter 27 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		According to the doctrine of pangenesis, the gemmules of the transposed organs become developed in the wrong place, from uniting with wrong cells or aggregates of cells during their nascent state; and this would follow from a slight modification in their elective affinities.
		This latter fact is also inexplicable, unless buds developed from the roots are as distinct from those on the stem, as is one bud on the stem from another, and we know that these latter behave like independent organisms.
		The hypothesis of Pangenesis, as applied to the several great classes of facts just discussed, no doubt is extremely complex, but so are the facts.
	pages.britishlibrary.net /charles.darwin/texts/variation/variation27.html (14578 words)

	Chapter 1: Darwin’s Theory of Pangenesis \| Heredity and Development, Second Edition \| John A. Moore \| National ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The result was ‘…the hypothesis of Pangenesis, which implies that the whole organization, in the sense of every separate atom or unit, reproduces itself.’ He began by postulating the existence of gemmules, which determine all characteristics of the organism.
		Atavism, according to the Theory of Pangenesis, was due to the ancestral gemmules remaining in a dormant condition for many generations and then suddenly developing.
		He was most modest about his efforts: ‘I am aware that my view is merely a provisional hypothesis or speculation; but until a better one be advanced, it may be serviceable by bringing together a multitude of facts which are at present left disconnected by any efficient cause.
	www.nap.edu /html/test_site/moore/chap01.html (4235 words)

	DNA by James D. Watson with Andrew Berry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		They devised a theory of "pangenesis," which claimed that sex involved the transfer of miniaturized body parts: "Hairs, nails, veins, arteries, tendons and their bones, albeit invisible as their particles are so small.
		Whereas pangenesis supposed that embryos were assembled from a set of minuscule components, another approach, "preformationism," avoided the assembly step altogether: either the egg or the sperm (exactly which was a contentious issue) contained a complete preformed individual called a homunculus.
		According to Darwin's pangenesis, tailless mice would produce gemmules signifying "no tail" and so their offspring should develop a severely stunted hind appendage or none at all.
	www.randomhouse.com /catalog/display.pperl?isbn=0375710078&view=excerpt (2493 words)

	Mendel's Model of Inheritance
		Aristotle proposed the theory of pangenesis which held that particles (called pangenes) from all parts of the body come together to form the eggs and sperm.
		Pangenesis was accepted by many (Lamarck and Darwin) and was the prevailing theory into the nineteenth century.
		Pangesesis is incorrect because reproductive cells are not composed of contributions from body cells and changes in body cells do not influence egg and sperm cells.
	ridge.icu.ac.jp /gen-ed/mendel.html (2645 words)

	sciforums.com - What happened to the gemmules?
		I have been reading Watson's latest book on DNA and was surprised to find out that Darwin was an advocate of pangenesis by way of "gemmules"--particles that an organism supposedly generates and accumulates as it develops and matures.
		These particles were supposedly what was passed on to the organism's offspring and caused the offspring to be related and similar to the parent.
		I suppose this is really not all that surprising given the fact that Darwin had to have had some kind of understanding of heredity, and the pangenesis idea certainly was convenient for him and his theory.
	www.sciforums.com /showthread.php?t=22309 (1114 words)

	Intro to Genetics
		Ovists thought women carried eggs containing boy and girl children, and that the gender of the offspring was determined well before conception.
		Pangenesis was an idea that males and females formed "pangenes" in every organ.
		The terms "blood relative", "full-blooded", and "royal blood" are relicts of pangenesis.
	www.emc.maricopa.edu /faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookgenintro.html (2465 words)

	You’ve been had
		It’s hard to believe that a Catholic priest in Austria with a fascination for pea plants could change the world we live in, but Gregor Mendel, who happened to be such a priest, did exactly that in 1865.
		Before Mendel’s work with pea plants (and for nearly thirty years after), Hippocrates’ pangenesis and Darwin’s natural selection handily explained why offspring had a tendency to resemble their parents.
		Hippocrates, hailed as the founder of modern medical science, concocted a theory called ‘pangenesis,’ which accredited an offspring’s resemblance to its parents to tiny particles of every part of the body in the parents’ semen, which fused together to create said offspring as an amalgamation of the two (Orel ¶3).
	webpages.shepherd.edu /rsauve01/paper.htm (1028 words)

	PANGENESIS
		Date "PANGENESIS" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1871.
		Atavisms arise due to the awaking of long-dormant gemmules while limbs regenerate due to the activation of gemmules from the missing limb which circulate in the main part of the body.
		"PANGENESIS" is used about 13 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/PANGENESIS (513 words)

	Charles Darwin - The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, Volume II Page 172 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The rest of the year was taken up with his work on insectivorous plants, and on cross-fertilisation, as will be shown in a later chapter.
		The chief alterations in the second edition of 'Animals and Plants' are in the eleventh chapter on "Bud-variation and on certain anomalous modes of reproduction;" the chapter on Pangenesis "was also largely altered and remodelled." He mentions briefly some of the authors who have noticed the doctrine.
		Galton had been read before the Royal Society (March 30, 1871) in which were described experiments, on intertransfusion of blood, designed to test the truth of the hypothesis of pangenesis.
	charles-darwin.classic-literature.co.uk /the-life-and-letters-of-charles-darwin-volume-ii/ebook-page-172.asp (716 words)

	The Path to the Chromosome Theory of Heredity
		The main stones in the path to the chromosomal theory are the pangenesis hypothesis, the germ-plasm theory, and Mendel’s Laws.
		Because of Darwin’s pangenesis hypothesis upholding the notion of inheriting acquired characteristics and his evolution theory maintaining continuous evolution, Darwinians rejected Mendel’s theories.
		Using the pea plant, Pisum, Mendel was able to show that hybrids form different kinds of pollen and egg cells, showing that the reason the offspring are variable is due to the segregation of particulate factors when sex cells are formed.
	campus.udayton.edu /~hume/Chromosomes/chromo.htm (2107 words)

	Poulton.Colours
		Pangenesis stated that gemmules from every part of the body traveled to the sex cells during reproduction.
		Pangenesis, therefore, allowed for the inheritance of acquired characters.
		Poulton rejected pangenesis because of its "well-nigh insuperable" difficulties and its "almost infinite complexity." In addition, mutilations or blood transfusions, according to pangenesis, should pass characters to the offspring, yet there was no evidence from experiments by Weismann and Francis Galton that this ever occurred.
	faculty.kirkwood.edu /ryost/poulton.htm (6956 words)

	Search Results for "Pangenesis"
		...postulated to be the mediating factor in the production of new cells in the theory of pangenesis.
		French, from Latin gemmula, diminutive of gemma, bud.
		The theory of pangenesis, as it was termed in a modified version in Darwinism, was strongly...
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=&query=Pangenesis (168 words)

	Evolving discord - evolution - 25 September 2004 - New Scientist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Darwin was at ease suggesting that environmental factors somehow induced heritable changes in maturing embryos, in accordance with conventional 19th-century ideas of intermingling growth and reproduction.
		His "provisional hypothesis of Pangenesis" contends that every feature of the embryo's body and mind is formed by innumerable specialised hereditary units, or gemmules, that compete for limited "attachment sites" on the newly created body where they can grow and be expressed.
		These gemmules were believed to originate in the respective parts of the parents before making their way to their reproductive organs.
	www.newscientist.com /channel/life/evolution/mg18324664.700 (312 words)

	The Path to the Chromosome Theory of Heredity
		The main stones in the path to the chromosomal theory are the pangenesis hypothesis, the germ-plasm theory, and Mendel’s Laws.
		Lamarck expressed the idea that by simply using or not using certain organs they may be developed or atrophied and their offspring can then inherit these acquired characteristics.
		Because of Darwin’s pangenesis hypothesis upholding the notion of inheriting acquired characteristics and his evolution theory maintaining continuous evolution, Darwinians rejected Mendel’s theories.
	www.udayton.edu /~hume/Chromosomes/chromo.htm (2107 words)

	2.V. The Publication Of The 'Variation Of Animals And Plants Under Domestication' Page 8
		I advance the views merely as a provisional hypothesis, but with the secret expectation that sooner or later some such view will have to be admitted.
		I have been a most ungrateful and ungracious man not to have written to you an immense time ago to thank you heartily for the "Nation", and for all your most kind aid in regard to the American edition [of 'Animals and Plants'].
		What you say about Pangenesis quite satisfies me, and is as much perhaps as any one is justified in saying.
	www.web-books.com /classics/Nonfiction/Science/Darwin_Letter2/Darwin_Letter2C5P8.htm (1334 words)

	The Many Myths of Evolution
		According to pangenesis, a trait acquired by a parent during his or her lifetime could be passed on to children (Lamarkian or "soft" inheritance).
		If a man worked to develop large muscles, for instance, the repeated habit of weight-lifting would somehow leave a lasting record in the cells of his body.
		The foolish not ion of pangenesis still plays a part in modern, main-stream evolution.
	www.freewebtown.com /bhaktivedanta108/3_Many_Myths.html (2722 words)

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