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Topic: Panini (grammarian)

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	Panini
		Panini's grammar of Sanskrit is highly systematized and relies on patterns found in the language.
		Panini uses metarules, transformations, and recursion in such sophistication that his grammar has the computing power equivalent to a Turing machine.
		Panini is the brand name of an Italian firm producing collectable stickers, based in Modena and named after the Panini brothers, who founded it in 1961.
	www.teachtime.com /en/wikipedia/p/pa/panini.html (452 words)

	Panini - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Panini (Primates) is a Primates' group gathering Chimpanzees and Bonobos
		Panini (sandwich), a type of Italian sandwich (actually panino, since panini is plural)
		Panini Comics, a publisher of comic books and magazines.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Panini (128 words)

	Panini: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Panini
		Panini's rules are said to be perfect - that is, they perfectly describe the Sanskrit morphology, and regarded as so clear that computer scientists have made use of them to teach computers to understand Sanskrit.
		In Italian language, panini is only the plural form of panino, a small bread often horizontally cut and filled with salame, ham, meat, or other food.
		Giuseppe Panini, the eldest brother and the inventor of this business, and a collectionist himself, financed the creation of the Raccolte Fotografiche Modenesi (Modena's photografic collections), a precious archive containg more than 300,000 photographs and a similar amount of post cards, describing the life of the town and the evolution of photographic art.
	www.encyclopedian.com /pa/Panini.html (384 words)

	ANALYTICAL INDICANT THEORY - PANINI AND SANSKRIT GRAMMAR
		The grammar of Panini is a 'sabdanusasana,' or 'Treatise on Words', the cardinal principle of which is, that all nouns are derived from verbs, and because of this belief it was natural that the Sanskrit copula should also be categorized as a verb.
		Panini's work very early acquired a canonical value, and has continued, for at least 2, 000 years, to be the standard of usage and the foundation of grammatical studies in Sanskrit.
		Panini's principle of brevity is, moreover, notably employed in the invention of technical terms.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /panininix.htm (693 words)

	Panini (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Panini was a Sanskrit grammarian who gave a comprehensive and scientific theory of phonetics, phonology, and morphology.
		Panini should be thought of as the forerunner of the modern formal language theory used to specify computer languages.
		Panini must have lived later than these ten but this is absolutely no help in providing dates since we have absolutely no knowledge of when any of these ten lived.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Panini.html (1214 words)

	Stamp Issued to Honor Sanskrit Grammarian Panini
		Panini, whose lifetime was believed to be between 520 BC and 460 BC, was born in Shalatula, a town near Taxilla on the Indus river in the present-day North-West Province in Pakistan.
		Panini’s brilliant account of the structure of the Sanskrit language seeks to provide a complete, maximally concise and theoretically consistent analysis.
		Panini’s rules are said to be perfect-that is, they perfectly describe the Sanskrit morphology, and are regarded as so clear that computer scientists have made use of them to teach computers to understand Sanskrit.
	www.hindu-religion.net /printthread.php?Board=hinduism&main=71429&type=post (290 words)

	PANINI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A particularly important development in the history of science in India was influenced by the accomplishments of the grammarian Panini in the field of Sanskrit grammar and linguistics.
		Panini refers to Parasara Sutra, one of the earliest of the Vedanta treatises, and also to the atheistic school, known later as the Lokayata.
		G.G. Joseph, in The Crest of the Peacock, argues that the algebraic nature of Indian mathematics arises as a consequence of the structure of the Sanskrit language.
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/b/i/bis107/panini2.txt (678 words)

	Panini (scholar) - TheBestLinks.com - Dharma, Devanagari, Hindu, India, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Panini (Pāṇini;pɑɳɪn̪ɪ) was an ancient Hindu Indian grammarian (approximately 5th century BC) who is most famous for formulating 4,000 rules of Sanskrit morphology known as the Ashtadhyayi.
		One of Panini's methods of demonstrating linguistic structures and behavior was to create analyses of various ancient Hindu scriptures, such as the Shiva Sutras.
		Panini was very much part of early Hindu Vedic culture, since Sanskrit was the language of the Vedas.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Panini___28__scholar__29__.html (530 words)

	PANINI - A BIOGRAPHY - PLUS SANSKRIT GRAMMAR - ANALYTICAL INDICANT THEORY
		Panini was born in Shalatula, a town near to Attock on the Indus river in present day Pakistan.
		Then he put the finishing touches to the theory by suggesting that Panini in the eighth century BC (earlier than most historians place Panini) was the first to come up with the idea of using letters of the alphabeo represent numbers.
		Now Panini must have lived later than these ten but this is absolutely no help in providing dates since we have absolutely no knowledge of when any of these ten lived.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /panini.htm (1302 words)

	MSN Encarta - Printer-friendly - Grammar
		The early Sanskrit grammar of Panini was a valuable guide in the compilation of grammars of the languages of Europe, Egypt, and Asia.
		This writing of grammars of related languages, using Panini's work as a guide, is known as Indo-European grammar, a method of comparing and relating the forms of speech in numerous languages.
		Universal grammarians such as the British philosopher John Stuart Mill, writing as late as 1867, believed rules of grammar to be language forms that correspond to universal thought forms.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArtTextonly.aspx?refid=761558783&print=3 (1099 words)

	Swaveda - Articles - The Chemist and the Grammarian: Mendelee...
		Just as Panini found that the phonological patterning of sounds in the language is a function of their articulatory properties, so Mendeleev found that the chemical properties of elements are a function of their atomic weights.
		Like Panini, Mendeleev arrived at his discovery through a search for the "grammar" of the elements (using what he called the principle of isomorphism, and looking for general formulas to generate the possible chemical compounds).
		Mendeleev, by using Sanskrit names, was tipping his hat to the Sanskrit grammarians of yore, who had created astonishingly sophisticated theories of language based on their discovery of the two-dimensional patterns in basic sounds.
	www.swaveda.com /articles.php?action=show&id=46 (1565 words)

	Indiaoz Hinduism - Amazing Science Part 4
		Grammar, Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology Sanskrit was the classical literary language of the Indian Hindus and Panini is considered the founder of the language and literature.
		"Panini, famous grammarian of the Sanskrit language, lived in India some time between the 7th and the 4th centuries B.C. Following in the steps of the Brahmi alphabet makers, he became the most renowned of the grammarians.
		It is remarkable that Panini set out to describe the entire grammar in terms of a finite number of rules.
	www.indiaoz.com.au /hinduism/articles/amazing_science_4.shtml (5864 words)

	Kashmir Overseas Association (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Panini was born in the fifth/ sixth century B.C. which corresponds roughly to 5600 of the Sanatana era, popularly known as the Hindu era.
		Panini with his intuitive faculty makes the readers of Ashtadhyayi feel that the concept of Atman and Adhyatma is like the fruit and flower, woven together in the realm of Akshara, the source of which lies in the.Maheshvara-Sutra.
		Panini through his intuitive faculty experienced it on the phonetic permutation of the Maheshwara Sutra, which is the basis of his intuitive faculty, in realizing SHIVA KEVALOHAM- Shiva alone I exist as the creator of the sound in rhythm.
	www.kashmirgroup.com /kpi/kpi_one.jsp?sino=510 (1687 words)

	Panini Biography
		By formulating a logic based on the Sanskrit morphology, he was able to analyze existing scripture and show its inherent formations in accordance with his stated principles.
		The consensus of opinion has fixed his date not later than the 5th century B.C. At that period sacrifice and the worship of various deities were current and popular, and theistic devotion to particular divinities, generally expressed by the term Bhakti, had become prevalent.
		Panini refers to Vasudev as the object of devotion, and Paramatma Devata Visesa, a form of the One Supreme Divinity.
	www.biographybase.com /biography/Panini.html (458 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Sanskrit literature
		Arguably, no grammarian has had as much influence over the grammar of any language as much as Panini has had over Sanskrit grammar and phonetics.
		Panini was a Vaishnava grammarian from approximately the 5th cent BC.
		However, Panini's stroke of brilliance lies in the fact that the grammar he wrote, in addition to being a descriptive grammar, is also a generative grammar.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Sanskrit_literature (2241 words)

	Bhartrihari [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		He is known primarily as a grammarian, but his works have great philosophical significance, especially with regard to the connections they posit between grammar, logic, semantics, and ontology.
		But in order for one to give their assent to a worldview that renders to language the cosmic and salvific roles Bhartrihari does, a theory that posits that language is the medium of ultimate knowledge, one must be convinced that language in general has the capacity to yield ordinary knowledge.
		Thus, names or singular terms are said by the earliest grammarians to refer to one substance at a time, therefore substance is defined through the relation of reference, and the nature of each substance is so specific that we cannot posit any general properties possessed by all of them.
	www.iep.utm.edu /b/bhartrihari.htm (4332 words)

	SHASTRAS - URDAY.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Alike a woman who decorates herself with ornaments and jewellery and comes near her husband, similarly for a scholar or grammarian speech embellishes itself and presents itself in its grand and eloquent form.
		Maharishi Panini has presented a very scientific grammar of sanskrit language on basis of his 4000 short and lucid formulas and which has surprised the scholars flagrantly.
		The 3 pillars of grammar (vyakrana) indeed are - Panini, Katyayana and Patanjali.
	www.urday.com /vyakrana.htm (1149 words)

	Hindunet: The Hindu Universe: True Knowledge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		"Panini should be thought of as the forerunner of the modern formal language theory used to specify computer languages," say J J O'Connor and E F Robertson.
		Considering that the Vedas (several millenniums old) are much older than Panini (about 2500 yrs.), and people were already using Sanskrit (in its perfected condition) for the Vedas during Panini's time, indicates that the rules and grammar etc. for Sanskrit (corresponding to its perfected state) existed already (i.e.
		Thus it seems that Panini probably just compiled them (all sets of linguistic rules related to different Shastra existing already that were available to him) into a single comprehensive system in the form of aphorisms accredited to him.
	www.hindunet.org /forum/showflat.php?Cat=&Board=sanskrit&Number=55907 (2766 words)

	Indus to Sanskrit : Part I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Panini (1,2,64) supposes that to become plural a word has to be repeated so may times, of which only the last is retained : devAs = deva-deva-devAs.
		Panini had a root-list before him in which the verbs began with the cerebral S and N. Instead of updating the root-list, he prescribed (6,1,64-65) that they should be replaced by the dental s and n.
		Panini refers to a suffix which is prefixed to a word (5,3,68).
	www.indusscript.com /Part1.html (286 words)

	Panini on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Panini proves popular: adding panini grill equipment allows an operator to create a signature identity for a sandwich concept and add value for the customer, without the need to retrofit kitchens with extra exhaust hoods and other expensive items.(Panini Stations)
		Panini North America Expands Services and Facilities; Depot Repair; Advanced Unit Exchange; Expanded Facilities; New Contract Staff.
		Panini North America Signs RDM Corporation as New Value Added Reseller; Expansion Increases Number of Partners in the Market.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/P/Panini.asp (510 words)

	DESI - ARTICLE (Bhartiya Scriptures)
		Another possibility is that it wasn't Panini's Shiva Sutras that influenced him, but rather the two-dimensional arrangement of the Sanskrit varnamala.
		The tabular form of the Sanskrit letters is due to the two parameters (point of articulation and aspiration) at the basis of the sounds, and Mendeleev must have recognized that ratios/valency and atomic weight likewise defined a two-dimensional basis for the elements.
		Mendeleev, as the discoverer of the order in chemical elements, was tipping his hat to the Sanskrit grammarians of yore who had created astonishingly sophisticated theories of language based on their discovery of the two-dimensional patterns in basic sounds.
	www.studentorg.umd.edu /desi/article64.htm (583 words)

	Panini Biography / Biography of Panini 2000 B.C. To A.D. 699: Mathematics Biography
		fifth century B.C. Indian grammarian whose system of rules for the Sanskrit language is regarded as a precursor of modern formal language theory.
		In his Astadhyayi, Panini gave some 4,000 aphoristic rules for the language, which—in part thanks to his systematization—remained largely unchanged for the next two millennia.
		Panini's linguistic formulae have often been likened to mathematical functions, and it has been suggested that the Hindu number system and mathematical reasoning are linked to the structure of the Sanskrit language.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-panini-scit-01123 (152 words)

	Linguistics 001 -- Prescriptive and Descriptive Linguistics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The first linguist whose work has come down to us is Panini, an Indian grammarian of the fifth or sixth century B.C. We have some dictionary fragments and grammar lessons from a thousand years earlier, when Sumerian was being preserved as a literary and religious language.
		Panini's grammar contained more than 4,000 rules, which were memorized in spoken form only, and were not written down until several hundred years after his death.
		The purpose of his grammar was to preserve knowledge of the language of the Hindu religious canon. In Panini's time, the ordinary language of the people had changed so much (since the composition of works like the Vedas) that correct recitation and understanding of the sacred works could not be assured without explicit study.
	www.stanford.edu /class/linguist1/Docs/prescription.html (3729 words)

	Linguistics: An Overview
		It was in ancient India, long before Western scholars became aware of Sanskrit as a possible parent or early relative of the older level of European tongue, that Linguistics first appeared as an exact, descriptive science.
		Panini, the master grammarian of the Sanskrit language, was probably working in the second century B.C., although the exact dates are unsure.
		Panini's grammar is formatted into hundreds of rules which describe exactly specific features of the language.
	community.middlebury.edu /~harris/linguistics.html (5444 words)

	Panini Biography / Biography of Panini Modern Asia Biography
		There is controversy regarding the dates of Panini, but most scholars believe that he lived in the fifth century BCE.
		His scientific study of grammar made Panini one of the luminaries in Sanskrit language.
		Panini's work systematizing the grammar of Sanskrit in Astadhyayi kept the Sanskrit language largely unchanged for about two millennia.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-panini-ema-04 (266 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - panini
		Marvel Enterprises also makes action figures and other toys based on Marvel characters and owns Panini, an Italian manufacturer of children’s stickers...
		Sanskrit Language : study of Sanskrit language: Panini’s study
		In India religion provided the motivation for the study of language nearly 2500 years ago.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /panini.html (84 words)

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