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	Panticapaeum - Definition, explanation
		Panticapaeum became the capital of the Bosporan Kingdom, which arose in the 5th century BC.
		Panticapaeum was rebuilt under Roman rule, and by the 1st century AD had regained its commercial importance.
		Panticapaeum was destroyed by the Huns in 370.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/p/pa/panticapaeum.php (224 words)

	Kerch - LoveToKnow 1911
		It stands on the site of the ancient Panticapaeum, and, like most towns built by the ancient Greek colonists in this part of the world, occupies a beautiful situation, clustering round the foot and climbing up the sides of the hill (called after Mithradates) on which stood the ancient citadel or acropolis.
		The church of St John the Baptist, founded in 717, is a good example of the early Byzantine style.
		The Greek colony of Panticapaeum was founded about the middle of the 6th century B.C., by the town of Miletus.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Kerch (0 words)

	The State Hermitage Museum: Virtual Tour
		The centre of ancient Panticapaeum, the capital of the Bosporan kingdom, was adorned by monumental depictions of the kingdom's rulers.
		One such marble statue, dating from the 4th century B.C., was found on the slopes of Mount Mitridat, the site of the acropolis of Panticapaeum.
		This may be a depiction of Leucon, one of the Spartocid kings, who ruled in the 4th century B.C. That particular ruler managed to extend the borders of his state almost to the foothills of the Crimean mountains on the Kerch peninsula and to the offshoots of the Northern Caucasus on the Taman peninsula opposite.
	www.hermitagemuseum.org /html_En/05/hm5_9_0_13_3.html (0 words)

	ipedia.com: Panticapaeum Article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Panticapaeum was an ancient Greek colony founded about 2600 years ago at the site of present-day Kerch city in the Crimea.
		Panticapaeum became the capital of the Bosporan Kingdom, which arose in the 5...
		Panticapaeum was rebuilt under Roman rule, and by the 1st century AD had regained its commercial importance.
	www.ipedia.com /panticapaeum.html (208 words)

	Kerch
		Kerch (also known as Bospor) was a town on the Kerch peninsula of eastern Crimea, founded by Greek colonists.
		Once known as Panticapaeum[?], it had previously served as the capital of the Kingdom of Bosporus in ancient times.
		In the 8th century, the Khazars built a fortress in Kerch from stone blocks.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/bo/Bospor.html (140 words)

	Omnipelagos.com ~ article "Panticapaeum"
		In the 5th–4th centuries BC, the city became the residence first of the Archaeanactids and then of the Spartocids, dynasties of Greek kings of Bosporus, and was hence itself sometimes called Bosporus.
		Half of a century later, Mithridates himself took his life in Panticapaeum, when, after his defeat in a war against Rome, his own son and heir Pharnaces and citizens of Panticapaeum turned against him.
		Similarities between Panticapaeum and the City of Atlantis as described by Plato.
	www.omnipelagos.com /entry?n=panticapaeum (410 words)

	Suchmaschine
		Panticapaeum (Greek: ; see also List of traditional Greek place names), present-day Kerch: an important Greek city and port in Taurica (Tauric Chersonese), situated on a hill (Mt. Mithridates) on the western side of the Cimmerian Bosporus, founded by Milesians in the late 7th-early 6th century BC.
		In the 5th-4th centuries BC, the city became the residence first of the Archaeanactids and then of the Spartocids, dynasties of Greek kings of Bosporus, and was hence itself sometimes called Bosporus.
		Half of a century later, Mithridates himself took his life in Panticapaeum, when, after his defeat in a war against Rome, his own son and heir Pharnaces and citizens of Panticapaeum turned against him.
	www.dmoz.ch /lexikon.cgi?sprache=en&q=Panticapaeum (457 words)

	Bosporan Kingdom at AllExperts
		Bosporan phial (top view), 4th century BC The whole district was dotted with Greek cities: on the west side, Panticapaeum (Kerch), the chief of all, often itself called Bosporus, Nymphaeum and Myrmekion; on the east Phanagoria, Cepi, Germonassa, Portus Sindicus, Gorpippia.
		With the Diaspora a Jewish element had been added to the population, and under its influence were developed in all the cities of the kingdom, especially Tanais, societies of "worshipers of the highest God," apparently professing a monotheism without being distinctively Jewish or Christian.
		The gold staters of Panticapaeum bearing Pan's head and a griffin are specially remarkable for their weight and fine workmanship.
	en.allexperts.com /e/b/bo/bosporan_kingdom.htm (1255 words)

	P
		'''Panticapaeum''' was an ancient Greek colony founded about 2600 years ago on the Cimmerian Bosporus, at the site of present-day Kerch city in the Crimea (Ukraine).
		Panticapaeum became the capital of the Cimmerian BosporusBosporan Kingdom, which arose in the 5th century BC.
		Image:Pantikapey.jpgthumbleft200pxRuins of Panticapaeum in Kerch Panticapaeum was rebuilt under Roman rule, and by the 1st century1st century AD had regained its commercial importance.
	www.looked.com /Topicdetails.aspx?Topicid=20609&name=&catid=17&topicname=Panticapaeum (212 words)

	Travel Information About Kerch, Ukraine from U.S. Peace Corps Volunteers
		The city symbol of Kerch is the griffin, a mythical beast with the wings of an eagle and the body, hind legs, and tail of a lion.
		On the preserved area measuring 64.5 Hectares, are the ancient towns of Panticapaeum, Nymphaeum, Myrmekion, Tiritaka, the crypt of Demeter, and an ancient farmstead.
		Panticapaeum had several lines of defense and remains of its magnificent fortresses can be found in Nymphaeum, Tiritaka, Myrmekion and Porphmiy.
	www.pcukraine.org /tourism/display.php?site=Kerch&oblast=Crimea&PHPSESSID=91f3a40ee5dccfb8750aad1efc4cfc70 (6240 words)

	The Bosporus
		The largest and most important of these cities was the Milesian colony of Panticapaeum (modern Kerch), located on the eastern tip of the Crimea, on the western side of the straits of Kerch.
		The evidence for synagogues in the Bosporus Kingdom consists of a series of manumission inscriptions, which appear at Panticapaeum, Phanagoria and Gorgippia, the earliest dating to 18 CE.
		The manumissions routinely took place in the synagogues, with the released slave or slaves sometimes being placed under the guardianship of the Jewish congregation and sometimes being required to attend the synagogue as a condition of the release.
	www.pohick.org /sts/bosporus.html (599 words)

	Bosporan Kingdom
		The whole district was dotted with Greek cities: on the west side, Panticapaeum (Kerch), the; chief of all, often itself called Bosporus, Nymphaeum and Myrmekion; on the; east Phanagoria (the second capital), Cepoi, Germonassa, Portus Sindicus, Gorgippia.
		These Greek colonies were mostly settled by Milesians, Panticapaeum in the 7th or early in the 6th century BC, but Phanagoria (c.
		The gold staters of Panticapaeum bearing Pan's head and a griffin are specially remarkable for their weight and fine workmanship.
	bosporan-kingdom.zdnet.co.za /zdnet/Bosporan_Kingdom (2049 words)

	World Monuments Watch List includes two sites in Ukraine (11/09/03)
		"More recently, Panticapaeum was the site of the oldest Christian church in Ukraine, the 10th century Church of St. John the Baptist.
		Some site security was provided during the Soviet period due to Panticapaeum's proximity to naval bases.
		As the leading trade, manufacturing and cultural center on the northern coast of the Black Sea it became the capital of the Bosporan Kingdom, which arose in the 5th century B.C. as an alliance of existing Greek city-states.
	www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/2003/450323.shtml (0 words)

	Bosporus Cimmerius
		The whole district was dotted with Greek cities' on the west side, Panticapaeum (Kerch, q.v.), the chief of all, often itself called Bosporus, and Nymphaeum (Eltegen)' on the east Phanagoria (Sennaja), Cepi, Hermonassa, Portus Sindicus, Gorpippia (Anapa).
		These were mostly settled by Milesians, Panticapaeum in the 7th or early in the 6th century B. C., but Phanagoria (c.540 B. C.) Was a colony of Teos, and Nymphaeum had some connexion with Athens - at least it appears to have been a member of the Delian Confederacy.
		In later times a Jewish element was added to the population, and under its influence were developed in all the cities of the kingdom, especially Tanais, societies of "worshipers of the highest God," apparently professing a monotheism which without being distinctively Jewish or Christian was purer than any found among the inhabitants of the Empire.
	www.xenophon-mil.org /crimea/cities/bospor.htm (1185 words)

	The State Hermitage Museum: Collection Highlights
		The vase is decorated with a hunt scene: warriors on foot, on horseback and in chariots chasing real and fabulous animals.
		The presence of the fabulous blue griffin side by side with a real wild boar has led some scholars to assume that this vessel was created specially for the Bosporans: local gold coins with representations of a griffin (as the symbol of Panticapaeum) were minted from the 4th century BC.
		On the shoulders of the vessel is a band with miniature relief figures representing gods fighting giants.
	www.hermitagemuseum.org /html_En/03/hm3_1_4c.html (0 words)

	Black Sea Project - DIASPORA JEWS, ROMANS ... R.S. MacLennan
		The remains of the cities provide some intriguing evidence that points to the involvement of Jews as early as the first century.
		One of the most interesting inscriptions, which was to lead to our joint venture between American and Ukrainian scholars to the Crimea in 1993, was one of several dated first century manumission inscriptions in Greek found in the Crimea in 1832 [CIRB 70].
		In Kerch we visited the local museum and were amazed to discover on the floor of one of the rooms numerous menorot that apparently had been randomly placed to await the setting up of a new exhibit.
	www.macalester.edu /classics/black_sea/bsphistory.html (0 words)

	Panticapaeum
		Panticapaeum (Greek: Παντικάπαιον; see also List of traditional Greek place names), present-day Kerch: an important Greek city and port in Taurica (Tauric Chersonese), situated on a hill (Mt. Mithridates) on the western side of the Cimmerian Bosporus, founded by Milesians in the late 7th–early 6th century BC.
		Noonan, Thomas S. "The Origins of the Greek Colony at Panticapaeum", American Journal of Archaeology, Vol.
		[http://www.atmo.info/Mithridat.htm Similarities between Panticapaeum and the City of Atlantis as described by Plato.
	www.homestayfinder.com /Dictionary.aspx?q=Panticapaeum (401 words)

	Panticapaeum - InformationBlast
		Panticapaeum was an ancient Greek colony founded about 2600 years ago at the site of present-day Kerch city, in the Crimea (Ukraine).
		Panticapaeum became the capital of the Bosporan Kingdom, which arose in the 5th century.
		Now, archaeological expeditions systematically excavate the site of Panticapaeum in Kerch.
	www.informationblast.com /Panticapaeum.html (0 words)

	Detail Page
		Panticapaeum (Pantikapaion, "ditch town") guarded the Straits of Kerch in the eastern Crimean Peninsula, in what is now southern Ukraine.
		With access to the interior steppes along the River Don, the city thrived from the export of Ukrainian grain to the distant cities of the central Greek world.
		, under the powerful Thracian-Greek dynasty of the Spartocids, Panticapaeum became the premier supplier of grain to imperial Athens.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=GRE0374 (0 words)

	newspaper Kyiv Weekly
		This land was a borderland between Greek civilization and the barbarian world, which was a mix of absolutely different cultures along the coast of the strait.
		Greek city-states, such as Nimphaeum, Mirmecaeum, Tiritaka, Porphmaeum and Iluriatum were later united under the aegis of Panticapaeum, which controlled the lands on the both sides of the strait.
		Nowadays, the ruins of ancient Panticapaeum and numerous burial mounds of kings and noble Bosporites remain to this day on the hills of Mt. Mithridates.
	www.kyivweekly.com.ua /?art=1161725871 (1232 words)

	Detail Page
		In the next 100 years, colonies from Miletus (and a few other east Greek cities) arose around the entire Black Sea.
		Along the northern coastlines, the principal Greek cities were Olbia (meaning "prosperous"), at the mouth of the River Bug, and Panticapaeum, on the east coast of the Crimean peninsula.
		These sites offered the very valuable resource of grain, grown as surplus by farmers in the interior and purchased by the Greeks for export to the hungry cities of mainland Greece.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=GRE0097 (0 words)

	443. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		A policy of Athenian expansion to the north was begun with the foundation of Amphipolis in Thrace, which controlled the mines at Mt. Pangaeus.
		Pericles took an expedition into the Euxine and established good relations with the rulers of Panticapaeum, who exported grain to Athens.
		Athenian settlers were sent to various Pontic cities.
	www.bartleby.com /67/194 (260 words)

	CoinArchives.com Lot Viewer
		Struck at Panticapaeum, a city in the Crimea at the outer limits of the Greek world, this gold stater offers a glimpse into the conspicuous wealth and the intriguing culture of the Scythians during the age of Alexander the Great.
		Colonists from Miletus founded Panticapaeum in about 600 B.C. to gain access to the raw materials and agricultural wealth of the Crimea, which was one of the main sources of grain for Athens.
		The exchanges between the cultures were substantial, as art objects of Greek manufacture are often found in the Crimea; but the Scythian-Greek relationship was sometimes hostile.
	www.coinarchives.com /a/lotviewer.php?LotID=140442&AucID=167&Lot=138 (377 words)

	Informat.io on Panticapaeum
		Panticapaeum and other ancient Greek colonies along the north coast of the Black Sea.
		Noonan, Thomas S. The Origins of the Greek Colony at Panticapaeum // American Journal of Archaeology.
		Decree honoring Diophantos, general of the Pontic king Mithridates VI Odessa Numismatics Museum: Panticapaeum
	www.informat.io /?title=Panticapaeum (429 words)

	Hellas: Greek Colonisation :: 0 A.D. :: Wildfire Games
		Unlike their southern counterparts, the northern shores of the Pontus offered less friendly conditions to the newcomers, most notably in the form of a much harsher climate.
		Chersonesus adopted full democracy, while Panticapaeum, starting from about 450 BC, was ruled by hereditary monarchs known as Bosporic kings.
		This northernmost outflank of Greek expansion served as a valuable source of grain, on which Athens relied heavily during the days of her glory and empire.
	wildfiregames.com /0ad/page.php?p=1572 (986 words)

	Emblem of KerchKerch #1050 #1077 #1088 #1095 #1100 is a city...
		Once known as Panticapaeum Panticapaeum, it had previously served as the capital of the Kingdom of Bosporus in ancient times.
		Ruins of Panticapaeum Ruins of Panticapaeum Kerch is a very ancient city and it was influenced by many civilizations and cultures.
		From the middle of the 1st century 1st century BC it was under Roman and then Byzantine control.
	www.biodatabase.de /Kerch (614 words)

	The Bosporan Kingdom - Ancient Roman Empire Forums
		The Bosporan was an ancient state on the northern coast of the Black Sea, founded ca 480BC through an alliance of existing Greek city-states.
		Well-being of Athens was closely connected with Panticapaeums Greek colonies, and they had been achieved and kept an easy approach to Pontus in best way.
		Pericle sent to Pontus (444 BC) the great sea expedition to strengthen the connections of Athens with it and to get the markets as for export of the crude products which necessary for Attica, and as for import from last products of technical equipment, but in the meantime, to show power of Athens.
	www.unrv.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=1784 (1583 words)

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