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	PAPACY - LoveToKnow Article on PAPACY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		During the quarrels between the papacy and the Byzantine Empire her domains in lower Italy and Sicily also disappeared as time went on, and the territorial possessions of the Roman Church were concentrated in the neighborhood of Rome.
		The affair of Thomas Becket (q.v.) involved the papacy in a quarrel with the powerful monarchy of the Angevins, whose representative, Henry II., was master of England and of the half of France.
		And thus the prestige of the papacy was sensibly diminished by the view, to which the jealousy of the nations soon gave currency, that the supreme dignity of the Church was simply a convenient tool for French statecraft.
	60.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PA/PAPACY.htm (20431 words)

	Avignon papacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Avignon papacy refers to a period in the history of the Roman Catholic Church from 1305 to 1378 when the seat of the pope was moved from Rome to Avignon.
		Such partisanship of the Papacy was one of the reasons for the dropping esteem for the institution, which in turn was one of the reasons for the schism from 1378-1417.
		The claim of the Papacy for universal sovereignty, reiterated since Gregory VII's "Dictatus Papae" and championed by Boniface VIII at the beginning of the century, was impossible to uphold in the face of Scholastic movements and the influential works of Marsilius of Padua and William of Occam.
	www.1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/a/av/avignon_papacy.html (3144 words)

	papacy. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The papacy gained prestige in the West and was powerful in doctrinal disputes, especially in the struggles over Arianism, Monophysitism, and Monotheletism.
		A fateful event for the papacy was the donation of lands made to the pope by the Frankish king Pepin the Short in 756.
		The papacy had already been given lands (since the 4th cent.), but it was the Donation of Pepin that came to be considered the real as well as the symbolic founding of the Papal States.
	www.bartleby.com /65/pa/papacy.html (2312 words)

	Pope - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The use of the sedia gestatoria and of the flabella was discontinued by Pope John Paul II, with the former being replaced by the so-called Popemobile.
		The Papacy's complex relationship with the Roman and Byzantine Empires, and other secular states, and the Papacy's territorial claims in Italy, are another focal point of these objections; as is the monarchical character of the office of Pope.
		Some objectors to the papacy occasionally refer to the Catholic Church and its members by the pejorative term papist to point up what they believe to be an inappropriate focus of attention on the office and an improper attribution of certain divine favors ex officio.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Papacy (3944 words)

	Papacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		One important measure implemented during the papacy of Nicholas II (1058–61) was the election decree of 1059, which created the Sacred College of Cardinals as a papal advisory body vested with the right to name new popes, thus encouraging the independence of papal elections.
		The establishment of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith in 1622 demonstrates the importance of the papacy in the missionary movement.
		The alignment of the papacy with conservative political forces during the 19th century worked to undermine liberal and modernizing influences within the church and contributed to the loss of the Papal States to the new Kingdom of Italy.
	www.kat.gr /kat/history/Rel/Chr/Papacy.htm (3021 words)

	The Future of the Papacy
		Because the papacy in times past was not always as it has been for the past century or so, he suggests, there is some reason to suppose that it will be different again in the future.
		Although the broadest claims to papal authority are medieval, there is a lot to be said for the observation that the actual power of the papacy over the governance of the Church reached its maximum after 1870, when the Apostolic See was involuntarily stripped of the distraction of the Papal States.
		The short explanation for these changes is that the papacy was simply mirroring the political evolution of the societies in which it lived.
	pages.prodigy.net /aesir/fop.htm (1876 words)

	Papacy
		The first, extending from the late 6th to the late 8th century, was marked by the turning of the papacy to the West and its escape from subordination to the authority of the Byzantine emperors of Constantinople.
		With the papacy taking the leadership in reform, the second great phase in the process of its rise to prominence began, one that extended from the mid 11th to the mid 13th century.
		Such was the situation when the papacy was confronted in the early 16th century with the great challenge posed by Martin Luther to the traditional teaching on the church's doctrinal authority and much else besides.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txc/papacy.htm (4308 words)

	THE AVIGNON PAPACY
		The papacy reached its pinnacle of power and fell to its lowest levels during this period.
		Boniface VII and Avignon: the decline of the papacy
		After his death the papacy went from "perigee" to "apogee," its zenith to its lowest point outside the pornocracy and the immorality of later Renaissance Popes.
	www.christianchronicler.com /history1/avignon_papacy.html (1696 words)

	Encyclopedia: The Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Christian society was ripe for change all across the board, and as the existing power structures simply were not prepared for the coming shift out of Medievalism and into the Modern world it is equally unsurprising that they simply closed their minds to what was happening and sought refuge in their "traditional" dogmatic abstractions.
		In 1378 the “Babylonian Captivity”; of the Papacy came to an end with the return to Rome of the Papacy under Gregory XI (r.
		That is, as Canossa was the place where Pope Gregory VII had humbled the Holy Roman Emperor and started the Papacy on its meteoric rise to domination of both the spiritual and the secular power, so Anagni was the place when that rise became a great fall.
	www.societaschristiana.com /Encyclopedia/B/BabylonianCaptivity.html (1574 words)

	Papacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Papacy is the office of the pope, who is the head of the Roman Catholic Church.
		With Pope Leo I, the prerogatives of the papacy were articulated and Leo was able to exploit it as successor to Peter.
		This was settled in 1929 by an agreement with Benito Mussolini, the head of the Italian government, whereby the Vatican City became a sovereign state with the pope as its ruler.
	www.muc.muohio.edu /~sticklsa/page7.html (776 words)

	Part IV - The Middle Ages: Lesson No. 20 - The Political Papacy
		This debasement of the papacy resulted from, and consisted in, increasing secular control of the papacy and the employment of its powers for political purposes.
		The seeds for this transition in the nature of the papacy had been sown earlier in the form of territorial grants to the popes in virtual exchange for papal recognition of the status of temporal rulers.
		As the papacy continued to increase in political prominence and power it is not surprising that control of the papacy was a prize sought by any political faction.
	www.bible.ca /history/eubanks/history-eubanks-20.htm (939 words)

	The Papacy - Preface to the People's Edition
		The loss of the temporal sovereignty, which has also befallen the Papacy since the first publication of this volume, is an event of graver consequence.
		But let it be borne in mind that it is the temporal sovereignty, not the temporal power, which the Papacy has lost; it is its paltry Italian kingship of which it has been stripped; not the temporal and spiritual supremacy of Christendom.
		Freed as it now is from the scandals, political and moral, which were attendant on its government of the Papal States, the Papacy is now in a better position for prosecuting its cherished aim, which is to be the supreme arbiter in all international disputes.
	www.freepres.org /papacy/preface.htm (1380 words)

	The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy
		The Papacy and the dominions of the Church are creations of so peculiar a kind that we have hitherto, in determining the general characteristics of Italian States, referred to them only occasionally.
		The reaction of the whole system on the Papacy itself was of the most serious character; all means of compulsion, whether temporal or spiritual, were used without scruple for the most questionable ends, and to these all the other objects of the Apostolic See were made subordinate.
		Here, too, Cesare's hopes of the Papacy are chiefly spoken of; but now and then a supremacy over all Italy is hinted at, and finally we are given to understand that as temporal ruler Cesare's projects were of the greatest, and that for their sake he had formerly surrendered his cardinalate.
	www.idbsu.edu /courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/1-10.html (5060 words)

	The New Testament's Denial of the Papacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Roman Catholic Church claims that a papacy with universal jurisdiction has existed since the time of Peter, and that it was recognized as such by the Christian church at that time.
		If a papacy with universal jurisdiction has existed since the time of Peter and has been "ever understood" as such by the Catholic Church, then development can't be cited to explain widespread absence of the doctrine and widespread contradictions of it in the early centuries of church history.
		If there was a papacy during the time of the apostles, there would have been many contexts in which mentioning it would have been appropriate (Luke 22:24, John 21:22, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Titus, 2 Peter 1:13-15, 3:1-2, etc.).
	members.aol.com /jasonte2/newtest.htm (1164 words)

	THE RENAISSANCE PAPACY
		Pope Nicholas also crowned Frederick III Holy Roman Emperor in Rome; Frederick was the last Emperor crowned in the "eternal city." Nicholas' papacy sees a number of "lasts" -- the last antipope, the last imperial coronation, and the last of the Byzantine Empire.
		She remained his mistress throughout his papacy bearing him sons in 1498 and 1503.
		By the spring of 1497, he boldly attacked church corruption with veiled allusions to the papacy.
	www.christianchronicler.com /history1/renaissance_papacy.html (1463 words)

	The Avignon Papacy 1305-1378 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The last was particularly damaging, since the papacy in Avignon had declared that the sacraments were necessary to salvation.
		The Avignon papacy did much to improve he organization and functioning of the machinery of the Church, establishing the major offices that still operate today.
		The papacy was generally identified with Rome and was never trusted while it was in Avignon.
	www.ku.edu /kansas/medieval/108/lectures/avignon.html (1729 words)

	FT April 2000: The Dawn of the Modern Papacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In so doing, he shows how the papacy emerged from these times spiritually and institutionally stronger than it had been in centuries, as well as how the papacy as we know it today began to be formed.
		At the same time, the price paid for keeping them was that the prestige of the papacy was reduced to that of a third—rate temporal power, with no army to speak of and no administrative apparatus with which to create a modern state on par with those beyond the Alps.
		The question, as a critic of the era put it, was how the papacy could christen and tame the "savage lady" of democracy throughout Europe while ruling its own states in the fashion of an eighth—century monarch.
	www.firstthings.com /ftissues/ft0004/reviews/hittinger.html (2432 words)

	Papacy - Such10.de
		Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome Part One - Mandell Creighton Besorgungstitel: versandfertig in 1 bis 2 Wochen EUR 32,95.
		The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy: The Church 1071-1453 A.D (Church Hi...
		The good understanding between Louis and the papacy, while they fought side by side against Jansenism, was again momentarily clouded during the War of the...
	www.such10.de /Papacy.htm (424 words)

	The Papacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Christ instituted the Papacy when he said to Peter that upon this rock he would build His Church (Matthew 16:18).
		It shows the Papacy was instituted by God, Jesus Christ, second person of the Holy Trinity.
		This letter was read and preserved by the Church of Corinth for over three-hundred years on Sundays as proof of the acceptance of this letter from Clement I in the early Church.
	www.tex-is.net /users/csbrocato/papacy.htm (857 words)

	The Renaissance and Reformation papacy (from papacy) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		More results on "The Renaissance and Reformation papacy (from papacy)" when you join.
		Roman Catholic papacy during the period 1309–77, when the popes took up residence at Avignon instead of at Rome, primarily because of the current political conditions.
		The word pope is the English form of the Latin word papa, meaning “father.” The institution by which the pope governs the church is called the papacy.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-214725?tocId=214725 (1006 words)

	CNS STORY: Pope, in spotlight, outlines priorities, style of emerging papacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		To young people gathered for World Youth Day in Cologne, Germany, the pope brought an intensely spiritual message during his Aug. 18-21 visit, telling them that living their faith and imitating the saints were the only ways to transform the world.
		That was a point he echoed in remarks to civil authorities, reminding them that Germany, in the heart of Europe, remained "indelibly" marked by Christian traditions that are still valid today.
		Most striking was his determination to avoid personalizing the papacy -- in contrast, many would say, with his predecessor.
	www.catholicnews.com /data/stories/cns/0504782.htm (951 words)

	Catholic Home Study Service - The Papacy and Peter
		In looking for the historical evidence for the Roman papacy, one has to remember that awareness of the scope and importance of the primacy developed slowly in the church.
		The turmoil of the times, the intermittent persecutions, the slow means of travel and communication, the smallness of the local churches, and similar factors conditioned the process of development.
		And the primacy was understood as being one of lawful authority, a primacy of jurisdiction, and not simply a distinction of honor.
	www.cin.org /kc11-3.html (1745 words)

	Avignon Papacy
		The Avignon Papacy refers to a period in the history of the Roman Catholic Church from 1309 to 1378 when the seat of the Pope was moved from Rome to Avignon.
		This nick-name is polemical, in that it refers to the claim by critics that the fabulous prosperity of the church at this time was accompanied by a profound compromise of the Papacy's spiritual integrity, especially in the alleged subordination of the powers of the Church to the ambitions of the Frankish emperor.
		The Great Schism resulted from the return of the Papacy from Avignon to Rome by Pope Gregory XI in 1378, ending the Avignon Papacy.
	faculty.ucc.edu /egh-damerow/avignon_papacy.htm (1133 words)

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