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Topic: Papago language

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	Language - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Language family trees show the relationships among languages; the oldest traceable ancestor language is shown at the top of the tree, and the bottom branches show the distance of relationship among current living members of the family.
		The best-known language family is the Indo-European family, which represents about 1.6 billion people and includes most of the languages of Europe and northern India and several languages of the region in between.
		Basque is an isolate, or a language with no known relatives; and Finnish, Estonian, Saami, and Hungarian are the westernmost members of the Finno-Ugric branch of the Uralic family (which also includes various languages of the Ural Mountains region and Siberia).
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761570647_3____13/Language.html (1253 words)

	Papago Tribe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Papago Indians were originally located in the desert regions of the northern Sonora and Arizona.
		The Papago tribe speaks in the Sonora division focusing mainly on the Piman group of dialect.
		The Papago tribe is a descendant of a larger tribe called the Hohokam.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/cultural/northamerica/papago.html (296 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Papago
		Papago Piman-speaking tribe of Native North Americans who inhabited the Gila and Santa Cruz river valleys of s Arizona, and n Sonora, Mexico.
		or Papago, Native North Americans speaking a language that belongs to the Uto-Aztecan branch of the Aztec-Tanoan linguistic stock (see Native American languages) and that is closely related to that of their neighbors, the Pima.
		The Gila valley was occupied by the ancestors of the Pima and Papago ethnic groups, who farmed the region by...
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Papago (774 words)

	Journal of American Indian Education-Arizona State University
		Papago, the tribal language, is spoken by an estimated 14,000 individuals,5 and many reservation children are exposed to both English and Papago in their preschool years.
		Distinguishing articulation and fluency disorders was not as difficult as identifying children with language disorders, primarily because the population screened speaks a dialect of English.
		Thus Papago children may be less proficient in standard English than monolingual English speakers of the same age, and less proficient in Papago than were their monolingual Papago speaking grandparents at similar ages.
	jaie.asu.edu /v21/V21S2eva.html (2953 words)

	American Indian Collections at the APS
		Papago texts with indication of syntactic function of elements in sentences, other grammatical notes, and English translations.
		A grammatical sketch of the Patwin language [n.d.].
		A vocabulary of the language of the Pawnee or Panis Indians [1817-1819].
	www.amphilsoc.org /library/guides/indians/info/p.htm (1038 words)

	Papagos in Sonora
		XIX century they were named Papagos, which means something like ‘bean eaters’ or ‘Pima bean eaters,’ since their main crop were beans.
		Papagos are a binational group due to the fact that the establishment of the border line between Mexico and the United States divided its territory and their members had to choose either one of the two nationalities.
		Papago’s ceremonies conserve a mythological background; an important element of their world view was a myth of the Creation that involved two supernatural beings that created several human races and then destroyed them.
	www.gotosonora.com /papagos-son-mx.htm (226 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Nabhan introduces the reader to the Papago rituals for ensuring rain and the way in which the rain shapes their lives: “The Papago have become so finely tuned to this unpredictability that it shapes the way they speak of rain” (6).
		Nabhan emphasizes the purification of the vomiting and quotes Ruth Underhill, a Papago: “The regular procedure during the twenty-four hours of feast is to drink, vomit, sleep, and drink again, until the result is a thorough purging” (36).
		The development of new plants has encouraged the Papago to continue their farming, however, according to Nabhan, the disease and increase of diabetes among the Papago is related to the crops they grow (102).
	www.runet.edu /~rvannoy/rvn/680/digests/sheppard2.htm (1418 words)

	Ethnologue 14 report for language code:PAP
		The following is the entry for this language as it appeared in the 14th edition (2000).
		Language use is vigorous in the west and south.
		From elementary school on, schools on the Tohono O'Odham Nation teach the language.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=PAP (90 words)

	Papago School Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Papago Elementary School is the learning place for approximately 1200 students from Pre-K to 8th grade.
		The library is an integral part of the learning environment as instruction at Papago is more brain compatible using an integrated thematic curriculum.
		Many Papago student projects will be available to view and will change frequently as there are so many wonderful learning opportunities to share.
	www.creighton.k12.az.us /papago/library/programlib.HTM (181 words)

	Papago - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta
		About 300 bc, some Mexicans whose culture was based on cultivating maize, beans, and squash in irrigated fields migrated to southern Arizona.
		The name Tucson is derived from a Papago term for “foot of the mountain”....
		PAPAGO v7 Australia Navigation Software [SOF-PAPAGOV7] : EZ...
	au.encarta.msn.com /Papago.html (174 words)

	LINGUISTICS (LING)
		Native Languages of North America (3) I II Genetic and typological diversity of North American native languages; areal features, i.e., characteristics spread over a geographical region; and the history of the study of these languages, concentrating on individuals and the problems of classification.
		Language and Social Issues (3) Focuses on the theme that individuals identify with groups (in part) on the basis of the language or dialect they use.
		Language Variation (3) II Study of geographical and social dialects, stylistic differences, and idiolectal variation and the implications of variation for writing grammars and for understanding language change.
	catalog.arizona.edu /courses/984/LING.html (2173 words)

	Forgotten Language, Rios (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This third language, this other language–it's a language that's in front of all of us here today, but we don't often seem to hear it well, or read it, or go to where it is....
		Languages still are, as they have always been, solutions––they are not problems.
		Our best past and most promising future language is not different from the best that language has given us in all its centuries: It is the language of listening, and this is, in fact, a language we all share.
	www.ndsu.edu /RRCWL/V1/Language.html (4132 words)

	A Computer Generated Online Tohono O'odham Indigenous Language Dictionary
		While many adults speak the language, few children are learning it as their first language.
		Through the tribal community and formal education, the language is taught to school children.
		However, this education does not have a great impact on language stabilization and revitalization owing both to the limited availability of materials and qualified teachers and to the fact that Tohono O'odham is not being spoken in most homes.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~jar/RIL_9.html (1700 words)

	ASU Libraries: Native American Languages
		It is not comprehensive, but rather a selective list of resources useful for developing language and vocabulary skills, and/or researching a variety of topics dealing with Native North American languages.
		Language Maintenance and Shift in the United States Today: The Basic Patterns and Their Social Implications, Volume 1-Overview and Summary, Volume 2-Native Americans, David E. Lopez.
		An Arapaho language version of Bambi, an animated film about a deer and how the phases of its life parallel the cycle of seasons in the forest.
	www.asu.edu /lib/subject/NALanguages.htm (2388 words)

	Public Anthropology
		This dictionaries seem to show very little change in the language through time, but Ellis contends that this is because one of the primary changes affecting the language is the incorporation of English words which are left out of the dictionaries because English-speaking readers don’t need them defined.
		The Papago are a sedentary people, raising horses and cattle and undertaking agriculture during seasonal periods of rain.
		Marriage is described as being "lightly esteemed by the Papago, the wife being changed at pleasure, but generally presented with horses and cattle to help support the children, whom she retains" (294).
	www.publicanthropology.org /Archive/Aa1894.htm (13934 words)

	Pima-Papago - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		- Native N American language pairing: the Pima and Papago languages regarded together.
		Native Americans of North America, art of the Southwest Culture Area, language family, Sonoran Desert, Southwest Culture Area, Southwest Culture...
		Pima, North Native American tribe of the Uto-Aztecan language family and of the Southwest culture area.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Pima-Papago.html (116 words)

	Native Americans - Papago
		Native North Americans speaking a language that belongs to the Uto-Aztecan branch of the Aztec-Tanoan linguistic stock and that is closely related to that of their neighbors, the Pima.
		The ancestors of both the Pima and the Papago were the Hohokam peoples.
		In the 1860s the Papago joined with the Pima and Maricopa and helped the United States force a peace with the Apache.
	www.nativeamericans.com /Papago.htm (186 words)

	ASU Libraries: Native American Languages
		It includes a model for the Institute, a bilingual curriculum lesson plan, and formats for a language and cultural unit plan, with sections on Hualapai, Havasupai, Papago, Pima, Ute, and Shoshone languages.
		He demonstrates how intricacies of language such as place, names, metaphor, and uses of silence, help a people define their existence.
		Axelrod describes in detail the Koyukon language’s complicated aspectual system with a discussion of verb theme categories and of the function of the system in discourse.
	www.asu.edu /lib/archives/NatAmLan.htm (2421 words)

	Papago - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Native Americans of North America, art of the Southwest Culture Area, language family, Sonoran Desert, Southwest Culture Area, Southwest Culture...
		Wi th its otherworldly sandstone buttes, Papago Park has graced the city of Phoenix park system since 1959.
		Papago’s trails are generally easy treks with little...
	encarta.msn.com /Papago.html (169 words)

	Papago Literature
		The desert people (as they are called), recently reestablished their ancestral name after many years of being known as Papagos.
		The Papago women who weave baskets continue their ancient art form mainly for economic survival.
		As is true of most Papago weavers, she is willing to create new designs and innovate her work to please the demand of the market.
	www.indigenouspeople.net /papago.htm (358 words)

	O'odham (Papago/Pima) language, alphabet and pronunciation
		O'odham is a Uto-Aztecan language spoken in south-central Arizona and Mexico.
		It is the one of the most widely spoken Native American language with roughly 45,000 speakers, about 30,000 of whom are fluent.
		There are two main O'odham dialects: Tohono O'odham (Papago) and Akimel O'odham (Pima), which are largely mutually intelligilble.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/oodham.htm (51 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Aztec-Tanoan, pt. 2
		You have reached the second page on Aztec-Tanoan languages, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		updated 8-12-2003 Papago (Macro-Penutian) belongs to the Papago-Pima sub-branch of the Pimic sub-branch of the Sonoran sub-branch of the Uto-Aztecan sub-branch of the Aztec-Tanoan branch of the Macro-Penutian family of languages.
		Pima and Papago are in fact quite closely related, yet are regarded as two separate languages by most researchers.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/azttan2h.htm (2202 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A pre-test, to be completed by the members of the group, Anglo and Papago, was to assist us in determining areas of weakness in Communications throughout the school network.
		It was the complaint of the teachers that the administration did not keep them informed of new policies and decisions, and did not ask their opinion on ideas, a charge readily admitted by the one principal who participated.
		The teachers also complained that their aides, who were Papago, did not engage them in conversation about problems in the schools.
	luna.cas.usf.edu /~wolfe/francisc.htm (526 words)

	UA Courses \| Linguistics
		Language In Life: It's What We Do (1) I II We focus on how to critically evaluate how language is learned, what it is, and how it is used through research exercises which examine our use of language in ordinary situations.
		The role of language in maintaining cultural identity is examined, and prospects for the future of American Indian languages are assessed.
		Descriptive Linguistics for Native American Languages (4) [Rpt./ 1] I II Workshop includes methods and techniques on how to describe a language in the four basis sub-areas of linguistics: phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics; terminology and general processes associated with the four sub-areas.
	catalog.arizona.edu /courses/994/LING.html (2436 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Pima
		They speak the Pima language of the Uto-Aztecan branch of the Aztec-Tanoan linguistic family (see Native American languages).
		Situated in a desert plain surrounded by mountains, Tucson is an important and rapidly developing transportation and tourist center; its dry, sunny, and extremely hot climate attracts vacationers and health seekers.
		At some time in the past the Maricopa, under pressure from the Yuma, moved up the Gila River in Arizona from the Colorado River.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Pima (797 words)

	Native American Language Net: Preserving and promoting indigenous American Indian languages
		We are a small non-profit organization dedicated to the survival of Native American languages, particularly through the use of Internet technology.
		Actually, Native American languages do not belong to a single Amerindian family, but 25-30 small ones; they are usually discussed together because of the small numbers of natives speaking most of these languages and how little is known about many of them.
		These are linguistically diverse languages deserving of individual attention, and it is very difficult to make accurate generalizations about them as a group.
	www.native-languages.org (1207 words)

	H - An Annotated Bibliography of the Tohono O'odham (Papago Indians)
		Papagos are described as employing a centrifugal strategy of reliance upon resources imported from friendly communities external to their homeland.
		It deals with presidential authorization for the removal of Indians of the Papago or Gila Bend Reservation in Maricopa County, Arizona Territory, to the Papago Indian Reservation in Pima County, or to the "Pimo" and Maricopa Indian reservations, commonly known as the Gila River and Salt River Indian reservations, respectively.
		Pimos, Papagos and Pueblo Indians with always plenty of maize in stock, do not seem to have indulged in tizwin although they must, of course, have known its preparation and effect...
	www.nps.gov /archive/tuma/bibliography/h.html (8899 words)

	Dr. Ofelia Zepeda
		Ofelia Zepeda is the author of the only pedagogical textbook on the Tohono O'odham language, A PAPAGO GRAMMAR, a book she wrote as part of the language course she developed some years ago.
		She is the lead author of the article, "The Condition of Native American Languages in the United States", published in DIOGENE and is co-author of a paper for the book, RESPONSIBILITY AND EVIDENCE IN ORAL DISCOURSE edited by Dr. Jane Hill.
		Ofelia's teaching includes regular courses on the Tohono O'odham language as well as general undergraduate and graduate courses on the survey of American Indian languages and the structure of the O'odham language.
	dingo.sbs.arizona.edu /linguistics/OfeliaZepeda/index.html (450 words)

	Morton v. Ruiz, 415 U.S. 199, 94 S.Ct. 1055, 39 L.Ed.2d 270 (1974)
		He was immediately notified by letter that he was ineligible for general assistance because of the provisions (in effect since 1952) in 66 Indian Affairs Manual 3.1.4 (1965) that eligibility is limited to Indians living 'on reservations' and in jurisdictions under the BIA in Alaska and Oklahoma.
		The sole ground for the denial of general assistance benefits was that the Ruizes resided outside the boundaries of the Papago Reservation.
		It is to be seen that neither the language of the Snyder Act nor that of the Appropriations Act imposes any geographical limitation on the availability of general assistance benefits and does not prescribe eligibility requirements or the details of any program.
	www.utulsa.edu /law/classes/rice/ussct_cases/Morton_v_Ruiz_415_199.htm (8506 words)

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