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	History (1300-1400) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		When she visited Avignon, the women at the papal court envious of her influence with the Pope took turns to torment her - pinching and pricking her body when she went into a trance.
		The papal palace also housed the huge torture chamber of the Inquisition where the shrieks of ‘heretics’ could be heard and their mangled bodies seen.
		Italy was still in turmoil and when the papal legate (a future anti-pope) ordered a massacre of 8000 in Cesena in the same year, the people took arms and the pope was forced to retire to Anagni.
	www.goacom.com /overseas-digest/Religion/Church%20History/1300-1400.html (1552 words)

	HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH*
		Into the same flames which consumed the papal bull at Wittenberg, 1520, Luther threw a copy of the canon law, the one representing the effrontery of an infallible pope, the other the intolerable arrogance of a human lawgiver in matters of religion, and both destructive of the liberty of the individual.
		In the latter half of the thirteenth century, the administration of the papal finances was reduced to a system, and definite rules were adopted for the division of the revenues between the pope and the college of cardinals.
		The sources from which the papal treasury drew its revenues were the annual tributes of feudal states, called census, payments made by prelates and other holders of church benefices called servitia, visitationes, and annates; and the occasional taxes levied upon the Church at large, or sections of it, for crusades and other special movements.
	www.ccel.org /s/schaff/history/5_ch15.htm (18088 words)

	Papal Tiara - InformationBlast
		John Lateran (the cathedral of the pope as Bishop of Rome), usually when the pope was being carried in the papal sedan or portable throne, whose use was finally ended by Pope John Paul II in October 1978.
		As with all previous popes, Pope Paul VI was crowned with a tiara at the papal coronation.
		Pope Paul's tiara was presented to the National Shrine of the Basilica of the Immaculate Conception in Washington DC by the Apostolic Delegate to the United States on February 6, 1968 as a gesture of Pope Paul VI's affection for the Catholic Church in the United States.
	www.informationblast.com /Papal_Tiara.html (2922 words)

	HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH*
		The proposition, that the papal pretension to supremacy over the temporal power is inconsistent with the rights of man and untaught by the law of God, was about to be defended in bold writings coming from the pens of lawyers and poets in France and Italy and, a half century later, by Wyclif.
		The papal household had all the appearance of a worldly court, torn by envies and troubled by schemes of all sorts.
		A papal legate sold the stones of the Colosseum to be burnt in lime-kilns, and her marbles were transported to other cities, so that it was said she was drawn upon more than Carrara.
	www.ccel.org /s/schaff/history/6_ch01.htm (16601 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Bulls and Briefs
		In the course of time the term came to be applied to the leaden seals with which papal and royal documents were authenticated in the early Middle Ages, and by a further development, the name, from designating the seal, was eventually attached to the document itself.
		Unfortunately, the earliest papal documents known to us are only preserved in copies or abstracts from which it is difficult to draw any safe conclusions as to the forms observed in issuing the originals.
		A papal confirmation, under certain conditions, could be pleaded as itself constituting sufficient evidence of title in cases where the original deed had been lost or destroyed.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03052b.htm (5276 words)

	Rome's Syllabus Of Condemned Opinions
		The King and court of Naples in the first half of the century were gross in conduct and as foul as the worst monarchs of the Middle Ages in the oppression of the people and the punishment of these who demanded some measure of democracy.
		So callous was the court that the lazzaroni of Naples, the human vermin of Neapolitan society, roasted and ate, under the palace windows, the bodies of Liberals they had killed, and brigand-chiefs drank their blood from their skulls.
		The Pope condemns (31) the opinion that special ecclesiastical courts for the trial of priests for offenses against the civil or criminal law (their common vice of perversity, for instance) and (32) the claim that ecclesiastical can compel the state to relieve clerics of the duty of military service where this is compulsory.
	www.infidels.org /library/historical/joseph_mccabe/condemned_opinions.html (12981 words)

	Papal Physicians
		Another of the distinguished Papal Physicians of the fifteenth century was John of Vigo (1460-1520), who, as Professor Allbutt notes, was attached to the court of the fighting Pontiff, Julius II., and as a consequence saw much of field surgery.
		On treating of the Papal Medical School, we shall have more to say of him and his successor in the professorship of anatomy and medicine as well as in the post of Papal Physician, who was the third of the first anatomists of the time Eustachius.
		Malpighi was succeeded as Papal Physician by Tozzi, who is famous for his commentaries on the ancients rather than for original observation, but who was looked upon in his time as one of the most prominent physicians in Italy, and at this period that meant one of the most prominent physicians in the world.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles28/pope-and-science-7.shtml (5026 words)

	Papal Tiara - Freepedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The crown provided by the latter was made from elements of former papal tiaras destroyed by his soldiers, and was given to Pius VII as a 'wedding gift' to mark Napoleon's own marriage to Empress Josephine on the eve of his imperial coronation.
		This unusual papal coronation occurred in a cramped monastery church, while the coffined corpse of his predecessor, dead seven months, remained unburied on the orders of pro-Napoleonic clergy, the late pontiff's coffin labelled simply "Citizen Braschi, exercising the profession of Pontiff".
		One of the papal tiaras remains in use, however, as is placed on the head of a statue of St.
	en.freepedia.org /Papal_Tiara.html (3079 words)

	Part IV - The Middle Ages: Lesson No. 24 - The Decline of the Papacy
		Indeed, while the papal seat was in Avignon (1309-1377) all of the popes were Frenchmen, and the first Avignon pope catered to Philip, canceling his interdicts and excommunications and modifying the bull Unum sanctum.
		Much literature both for and against papal supremacy over civil powers was produced during this period, but the trend was a general waning of papal powers.
		Not long after the return of the papal seat to Rome in 1377 the cardinals elected a pope whom they soon found to be much to their dislike.
	www.bible.ca /history/eubanks/history-eubanks-24.htm (1158 words)

	[No title]
		He was required to swear that in collecting the Papal dues he would protect the rights and interests of the crown and the country.
		The fears of patriots were in no way allayed by the ready oath of the Papal agent; and Wicliffe in especial wrote a treatise to show that he had sworn to do what was a contradiction and an impossibility.
		England had refused to be a fief of the Papal See by withholding the tribute to Urban; and now, by repelling the Pontifical jurisdiction, she claimed to be mistress in her own territory.
	www.searchgodsword.org /his/ad/hop/view.cgi?book=2&chapter=6 (1746 words)

	A Papal Patron Of Education And Science
		Though he ascended the Papal throne at the age of seventy, the next twenty years were full of work of all kinds, and John's wonderful capacity for work stamps him as one of the great men of all time.
		Now here is a Papal document that, far from containing any of the superstitions that President White so outspokenly declares it to contain, is a worthy expression of the fatherly feelings of the head of Christendom that might well have been issued at even the most enlightened period of the world's history.
		This phase of the Papal decree is all the more interesting when it is viewed in the light of some modern educational developments.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles28/pope-and-science-5.shtml (4708 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Pius III
		Papal legate to the March of Ancona in April 1460.
		Papal legate to Germany for Pope Paul II.
		He started a system of reform of the papal court, but did not live to see it through.
	www.catholicforum.com /saints/pope0215.htm (206 words)

	The Papal Court before the Reforms of 1968 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		EE OR The Papal Court was reformed by the Bull Pontificalis Domus of 1969.
		This abolished the role of the old Roman nobility at the Papal Court with the exception of the position of Prince Assistant to the Papal Throne.
		This position had been shared jointly by the Princes Orsini and Colonna, but the former was deprived by Pius XII after obtaining a divorce and the title was conferred upon Prince Torlonia, Prince of Fucino, Canino and Musignano.
	www.chivalricorders.org /vatican/pplcourt.htm (439 words)

	Saint Peter Thomas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		He was chosen by the Order as its procurator general to the papal court at Avignon in 1345.
		After being made bishop of Patti and Lipari in 1354, he was entrusted with many papal missions to promote peace and unity with the Eastern Churches.
		He was translated to the see of Corone in the Peleponnesus in 1359 and made papal legate for the East.
	www.carmelites.ie /Saints/peterthomas.htm (166 words)

	Role of Papal "Ambassadors": Vatican Maintains Diplomatic Relations with 173 Countries
		In order to carry out his work in all countries of the world, John Paul II counts on the unique assistance of his Apostolic Nuncios.
		These men are prepared by the Church to be, on one hand, "ambassadors" to the various governments and on the other, papal legates to the local Churches.
		Papal Legates The principal task of an Apostolic Nuncio is to insure that the ties between the Holy See and the local Churches are ever firmer and more effective.
	www.cin.org /zenit/ambassador.html (380 words)

	Big Blue Books: The Totalitarian Church Of Rome
		A Papal election is like any other, except that in a political election the man with the largest number of votes wins and in the Papal election the voting must be repeated until one cardinal gets two-thirds of the votes.
		One suspects, in fact, that the Papal bureaucrats have their eye more on the knout in the hands of the leaders of these "submissive" peoples than on their "nature." The Italian priests are not really on the mental level of Petain for simplicity.
		In the Middle Ages this had meant a fixe Papal tax of a penny (then a quite respectable coin) on every Catholic hearth in the world, but it was now a voluntary collection to which rich and poor contributed according to their means.
	www.infidels.org /library/historical/joseph_mccabe/big_blue_books/book_11.html (13811 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pontifical Decorations
		Pontifical decorations are the titles of nobility, orders of Christian knighthood and other marks of honour and distinction which the papal court confers upon men of unblemished character who have in any way promoted the interests of society, the Church, and the Holy See.
		Commanders of conspicuous ability and eminent virtue were, in rare cases, and by special papal faculty, permitted to wear the badge on the breast, and so constituted a grade between the grand cross knight and the commander.
		On the obverse surface of the branches of the cross are comets — which with the fleurs-de-lis form the coat of arms of the Pecci family.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04667a.htm (3813 words)

	GraciousCall.org - HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH*
		Trollope: The Papal Conclaves as they were and as they are, Lond., 1876._L.
		The work of the Roman church inures to the benefit of all the churches, and every church which sends her gifts thereby recognizes not only that they are in debt to her but to the whole of Christendom as well."1888 It was the scandalous abuse of this just claim that called forth bitter complaint.
		Richard Flambard, bishop of Durham under William Rufus, Hugh, bishop of Lichfield, 1188-1195, and Peter des Roches of Winchester, 1205-1238, supporter of John, are among the more flagrant examples of prelates who brought no virtues to their office and learned none.
	www.graciouscall.org /books/history/5_ch15.htm (15712 words)

	The Late Medieval Church (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Working from many of the same motivations as lay lords, and facing many of the same sorts of obstacles, the 14th century popes worked hard to gather power into their own hands.
		The papal household itself grew tremendously and was the true center of power within the Church, even as a royal household was the true center of power within a kingdom.
		The papal court numbered three to four hundred people and included such interesting offices as the keeper of the papal plate and the keeper of the papal zoo.
	history.boisestate.edu /westciv/babylon/09.shtml (169 words)

	GraciousCall.org - HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH* (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In 1301 the flame of controversy was again started by a document, written probably by the French advocate, Pierre Dubois,19 which showed the direction in which Philipâs mind was working, for it could hardly have appeared without his assent.
		If in early and later times the persons of popes were abused, this was not because they lacked supreme authority in the earth58 or were in anywise subject to earthly princes.
		The same positions are taken in the tract,67 The Papal Power,_Quaestio de potestate papae.
	www.graciouscall.org /books/history/6_ch01.htm (13931 words)

	Papal Claims to Authority
		During the sack of Rome in 1527, Pope Clement VII had all the papal tiaras and other regalia stripped of jewels, broken up, and melted down for the gold by Benvenuto Cellini to prevent their capture by the forces of Emperor Charles V.
		In 1798, the Vatican treasury was looted by the armies of Napoleon, and the papal tiaras were taken to France and broken up for their jewels and valuable metals, which explains why the existing tiaras are relatively recent.
		The Papal title of Pontiff originated with the Caesars of Rome, which declared Caesar to be the head of the Sun worshipping Pagan church.
	www.aloha.net /~mikesch/claims.htm (10476 words)

	Cardinal Manning: Part VII. Strachey, Lytton. 1918. Eminent Victorians
		A few years later, the Court of Rome took another step: a Syllabus Errorum was issued, in which all the favourite beliefs of the modern world—the rights of democracies, the claims of science, the sanctity of free speech, the principles of toleration—were categorically denounced, and their supporters abandoned to the Divine wrath.
		Zouaves stood in the colonnade of St. Peter’s, and Papal troops were on the Quirinal.
		The Papal Court, with its huge majority of Italian Bishops, could make sure enough, when it came to the point, of carrying its wishes through the Council; what was far more dubious was the attitude of the foreign Governments—especially those of France and England.
	www.bartelby.com /189/107.html (3849 words)

	INNOCENT III
		It was with reluctance that he mounted the papal throne.
		Innocent III was in full accord with the Italian patriotism which sparked risings against the Germans left by the late Henry VI to lord it in Italy.
		Innocent acted to clear the Papal States of the Manichean heretics, but did not resort to the death penalty.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp174.htm (602 words)

	Papal Avignon Conference
		The purpose of the conference will be the exploration of aspects of the residence of the Papal Court at Avignon which have hitherto been little studied.
		While scholarship has focused on this interesting episode in the history of the Church as it pertains to political and ecclesiastical developments, less attention has been devoted to the Avignon papacy as the context for exchange between and among the cultures of late medieval Europe.
		Participants in the conference are also invited to attend, at no charge, a concert of vocal and instrumental music written for the papal court at Avignon.
	www.cmedst.umn.edu /AvignonConference.htm (385 words)

	Vatican Orders of Knighthood and the Catholic Orders of Chivalry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		he Papal Orders are awarded in the name of the Supreme Pontiff and are given both as awards of His Holiness as Head of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Church and also as Sovereign of the Vatican City State.
		Membership at one time was conferred by Papal Bull, or by Apostolic Letter, signed by the Pope himself, but since the reforms made in the structure of these Orders at the beginning of the 20th century, the diplomas have been signed by the Cardinal Secretary of State.
		The first of these, the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, is in the unique position of having had Cardinal Protectors appointed directly by the Holy See until the "temporary suspension" of this post in 1924 (as of yet not reinstated).
	www.chivalricorders.org /vatican/main2.htm (1180 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Vatican, which had representatives of the three Powers in the Papal Court, had seen none of this wanton and monstrous aggressiveness and its accompanying savagery.
		Bank of Wisdom Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 7 THE WAR AND PAPAL INTRIGUE And as far as one can penetrate the august secrets of these proceedings it was not so much the Italian as the foreign, including the British and American cardinals, who turned a wavering scale in his favor.
		The history of Papal elections for the last sixteen centuries, or since the Papacy became rich, beats the history of presidential elections to a frazzle for bribery, intrigue, and good honest fighting.
	www.textfiles.com /conspiracy/mccabe06.txt (12972 words)

	Rome, city, Italy: Renaissance and Modern Rome
		The moral tone of the papal court was a scandal to Christendom and contributed to the success of the Reformation.
		The splendor of religious ceremonies, as well as the encouragement given by the popes to art, music, classical and archaeological studies, and the restoration of ancient monuments, continued to make Rome a center of world culture.
		The Italian kingdom, proclaimed in 1862, included most of the former Papal States but not Rome, which remained under papal rule as a virtual protectorate of Napoleon III.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/world/A0860805.html (638 words)

	Glossary
		A division in the papal court, when different factions supported rival popes.
		Upon the death of Honorius II, in 1130, the succession to the papal See was disputed.
		Bernard of Clairvaux gave his support to Innocent II who was eventually appointed pope.
	cistercians.shef.ac.uk /glossary/papal_schism.php (62 words)

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