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Topic: Papal Schism

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Western Schism

Council of Constance

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1378

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Western Schism
		This schism of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries differs in all points from the Eastern Schism.
		The Western Schism was only a temporary misunderstanding, even though it compelled the Church for forty years to seek its true head; it was fed by politics and passions, and was terminated by the assembling of the councils of Pisa and Constance.
		Schism and heresy as sins and vices, he adds in 1412, can only result from stubborn opposition either to the unity of the Church, or to an article of faith.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13539a.htm (3209 words)

	Papal States - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Comtat Venaissin, a papal possession in S France until 1791 (though not a part of the Papal States), was acquired in 1274; in 1309, Avignon became the seat of the popes.
		From 1309 to 1417, during the "Babylonian Captivity" at Avignon and the Great Schism, the Papal States were in chaotic condition, only temporarily relieved by the efforts of Cardinal Albornoz.
		Implications of the papal allocution on feeding tubes.(essay)
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-papals1ta.html (1001 words)

	The Reformation
		The severest blow was dealt by the disastrous papal schism (1378-1418) which familiarized Western Christians with the idea that war might be made, with all spiritual and material weapons, against one whom many other Christians regarded as the only lawful pope.
		Indeed, frequently since the Western Schism the spiritual needs of the people did not receive as much consideration as a motive for promulgating an indulgence, as the need of the good object by promoting which the indulgence was to be gained, and the consequent need of obtaining alms for this purpose.
		Despite the efforts of the papal nuncio, Aloisius Lippomano (1556-58) free practice of religion was secretly granted in the aforementioned three cities, and the nobility were allowed to hold private religious services in their houses.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/r/reformation.html (10530 words)

	Circle of Prayer - Schism & Division
		Schism is the formal separation from the unity of the Church.
		Schism (separation from the Church) differs from Heresy (denial of a truth of faith).
		It was linked as the ambition of the French to re-establish the papal residence at Avignon in southern France and the determination of the Italians to keep it at Rome, where it had been established again by Gregory XI in 1370, after 65 years at Avignon.
	www.circleofprayer.com /schism.html (1816 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Jan Hus
		The University of Prague around 1408 was being torn apart by the ongoing papal schism, in which Pope Gregory XII and Avignon Pope Benedict XIII both laid claim to the papacy.
		Alexander V issued his papal bull of December 20, 1409, which empowered the Archbishop to proceed against Wyclifism â” all books of Wycliffe were to be given up, his doctrines revoked, and free preaching discontinued.
		To put an end to the papal schism and to take up the long desired reform of the Church, a general council was convened for November 1, 1414, at Constance (aka Konstanz, Germany).
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Jan_Hus (3805 words)

	§9. The Papal Schism. II. Religious Movements in the Fourteenth Century. Vol. 2. The End of the Middle Ages. The ...
		It is clear, both from Wyclif’s Latin works (such as Cruciata) and from his English tracts, that the crusade, with its mingling of unchristian warfare, a keen struggle for power, the pursuit of wealth and the abuses of indulgences, turned him more strongly against the papacy.
		Far as this criticism went, it is probable that in it, and in the growing stress laid on preaching as the one essential of religion, lie Wyclif’s chief affinities with later reformers.
		So strongly did he feel about the Schism and this crusade that the occurrence or omission of any reference to either is an accepted test of date for his works.
	www.bartleby.com /212/0209.html (426 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Pope
		The Papacy retained sovereign authority over the Papal States until the Italian unification of 1870; a final political settlement with the Italian government was not reached until the Lateran treaties of 1929.
		The Latin term sede vacante ("vacant seat") refers to a papal interregnum, the period between the death of the pope and the election of his successor.
		The use of the sedia gestatoria and of the flabella was discontinued by Pope John Paul II, with the former being replaced by the so-called Popemobile.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Pope (5507 words)

	Society and Individual in Renaissance Florence: CHAPTER SEVEN
		Papal troops led by the English mercenary John Hawkwood were now released from service and headed toward Florence, demanding a staggering 130,000 florins to spare the city from pillage.
		The charges were remarkably detailed, ranging from Florence's sponsorship of rebellion in the papal states to the formation of the commissions of the Otto di balìa and Otto dei preti, its execution of the Prato conspirators, passage of antiecclesiastical legislation, and unauthorized taxation of the clergy.
		On hearing the papal sentence, which was at once a judgment, a polemic, and a curse, Barbadori collapsed to his knees, reciting the Psalms and calling upon Christ and the apostles as witnesses to Florence's innocence.
	www.ucpress.edu /books/pages/9634/9634.ch07.html (10860 words)

	chaucer2
		One question this all too brief analysis of the Schism raises, is why Chaucer chose to associate his Pardoner with the institution of St. Mary's of Rouncivale at Charing Cross, London, as opposed to any number of other similar institutions, or causes, available to him at the end of the fourteenth century.
		While there is some confusion over England's position toward the Schism during this period, it is clear in the earliest years of the papal dispute that the crown supported a via facti (way of force) against Clement and Avignon.
		The church, in general, was unable or unwilling to end the Schism and essentially abdicated its prerogatives of power to determine its own destiny by granting that authority to secular institutions.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Delphi/9976/chaucer2.html (4104 words)

	Papal election (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Gregory VII was the last to submit to the interference of the Holy Roman Emperors; the breach between him and the Holy Roman Empire caused by the Investiture Controversy led to the abolition of the Emperor's role.
		Since the Western Schism, however, elections have always been held in Rome (except in 1800, when Neapolitan troops occupying Rome forced the election to be held in Venice), and normally in the Vatican City (which has, since the Lateran treaties of 1929, been recognised as an independent state).
		After the papal name is chosen, the officials are readmitted to the conclave, and the Master of Pontifical Liturgical writes a document recording the acceptance and the new name of the Pope.
	papal-election.area51.ipupdater.com (5209 words)

	Avignon Papacy
		The Great Schism resulted from the return of the Papacy from Avignon to Rome by Pope Gregory XI in 1378, ending the Avignon Papacy.
		Later a council at Pisa was held in 1409 to try to solve the dispute, but it only resulted in the election of a third Pope, Pope Alexander V by the council, soon to be followed by Pope John XXIII.
		The popes who immediately succeeded him were completely under the influence of the kings of France, and removed the Papal seat from Rome to Avignon, sometimes known as the Babylonian Captivity.
	faculty.ucc.edu /egh-damerow/avignon_papacy.htm (1125 words)

	§8. Attack on Wyclif. II. Religious Movements in the Fourteenth Century. Vol. 2. The End of the Middle Ages. The ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It is probable that Wyclif’s Determinatio, printed by Lewis, containing a supposed account of a parliamentary debate upon papal taxation, belongs (as Loserth has pointed out) not to 1366–7 but to a date some ten years later.
		At the former date, it stands isolated in Wyclif’s life; at the later date, it finds a fitting place in the controversy recounted in De Civili Dominio and De Ecclesia; the papal demand made upon England in 1366 was repeated in 1374, so that we are not restricted to the earlier date alone.
		Before 1374, also, great debates had taken place upon the taxation of the church for national needs, while the employment of churchmen in high secular offices had been opposed by a strong court party since 1371.
	www.bonus.com /contour/bartlettqu/http@@/www.bartleby.com/212/0208.html (954 words)

	ipedia.com: Western Schism Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The schism in the Western church resulted from the return of the Papacy from Avignon to Rome by Pope Gregory XI in 1378, ending the Avignon Papacy.
		Urban had been a respected administrator in the papal chancery at Avignon; but once he was elected Pope, he became suspicious, overbearing, and subject to violent outbursts of temper.
		The Great Schism of the Western Church occupied the energies of Jean Gerson, one of the great theologians of the age.
	www.ipedia.com /western_schism.html (501 words)

	Fouteenth century history of the Church, saints and heresies
		Including the popes of the Papal Schism, there were nine popes with residence in Avignon, Clement V to Benedict XIII, inclusively
		This period is also called the "Great Schism," although this term is ambiguous, since it's often used to speak of the Schism of 1054, in which the eastern and western Churches parted company.
		The Papal Decree Unam Sanctam by Pope Boniface VIII pronounces the highest papal claims to supremacy.
	biblia.com /history/fourteen.htm (836 words)

	HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH*
		As a means of healing the schism, Clement proposed a general council, promising, in case it decided in his favor, to recognize Urban as leading cardinal.
		The validity of its act in electing Martin V., though the papal regulation limiting the right of voting to the cardinals was set aside, is also acknowledged on the ground that the council at the time of Martin’s election was sitting by Gregory’s sanction, and Gregory was true pope until he abdicated.
		He communicated with the princes of Europe, June 1, 1436, complaining of the highhanded measures, such as the withdrawal of the papal revenues, the suppression of the prayer for the pope in the liturgy, and the giving of a vote to the lower clergy in the synod.
	www.ccel.org /s/schaff/history/6_ch02.htm (18129 words)

	Great Schism
		The term Great Schism is used to refer to two major events in the history of Christianity: the division between the Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Roman) churches, and the period (1378 - 1417) during which the Western church had first two, and later three, lines of popes.
		The schism between the Eastern and Western churches is traditionally dated to 1054, although the precise point at which the split became a fixed and lasting reality is difficult to determine.
		However, the Great Schism was and is such a large event in the history of Christendom, that we felt the need to present both the Catholic and Orthodox perspectives.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txc/gschism.htm (6204 words)

	Council of Constance - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		Its main purpose was to end the Papal schism which had resulted from the Avignon Papacy, or as it is sometimes known, the "Babylonian Captivity of the Church." The Council of Constance marked the high point of the Conciliar movement to reform the Church.
		The famous Haec sancta decree contradicting Vatican 1 on papal primacy/infallibility was promulgated in the sixth session, April 6, 1415.
		As feared, the new pope, Martin V, elected November 1417, soon asserted the absolute authority of the papal office, and the claim that a council might be superior to a single pope was set aside when it was later declared that a council of Bishops has no greater authority than the Pope.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=7661 (694 words)

	The Great Schism: The Estrangement of Eastern and Western Christendom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The schism was conditioned by cultural, political, and economic factors; yet its fundamental cause was not secular but theological.
		Long before there was an open and formal schism between east and west, the two sides had become strangers to one another; and in attempting to understand how and why the communion of Christendom was broken, we must start with this fact of increasing estrangement.
		Thus the schism was outwardly healed, but no real solution had been reached concerning the two great points of difference which the dispute between Nicolas and Photius had forced into the open.
	www.orthodoxinfo.com /general/greatschism.aspx (6265 words)

	The secret popes
		The papal schism made Avignon into a papal city, reaching its apogee during the rule of Benedict XIII.
		This astonishing pun was apparently a favourite of the Cathars, to highlight that their core values were the inverse of the papal powers – whom in the end would organise a crusade against them.
		But in the case of the papal office, we should indeed wonder whether during the 15th century, certain important factions were created within the Church, that brought the entire problem to a boiling point… even though the history books may not seem to mention too much about them.
	www.perillos.com /secret_popes.html (2358 words)

	Western Schism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Western Schism or Papal Schism (also known as the Great Schism of Western Christianity) was a split within the Catholic church in 1378.
		The schism in the western church resulted from the return of the papacy to Rome under Pope Gregory XI in 1378, ending the Avignon Papacy.
		Urban had been a respected administrator in the papal chancery at Avignon, but as pope he proved suspicious, overbearing, and prone to violent outbursts of temper.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Papal_schism (621 words)

	10th Council, Lateran II (A.D. 1139)
		Ended a Papal schism by antipope Anacletus II; Reaffirmed baptism of infants; Reaffirmed sacramental nature of priesthood, marriage, and the Eucharist against Medieval heretics; Reaffirmed that holy orders is an impediment to marriage; Promulgated numerous disciplinary canons.
		One of the purposes of the council was to remove the evils of an eight-year schism, and it seems more than merely probable that the Pope was not content with this only, but went a step farther to prevent the repetition of such a schism from that particular contributing cause.
		It is the first instance of a papal reservation and therefore holds an important place in the history of that discipline.
	www.catholicbook.com /AgredaCD/Ecumenical_Councils/Lateran2.htm (6483 words)

	June 1973
		Papal infallibility, promulgated by the First Vatican Council on 18 July 1870, is proved by twenty centuries and 263 Popes, all carrying on the same work of preserving, defending, and expounding the revealed deposit of the faith, and never deviating from the one selfsame tradition, ever faithful to itself.
		Yet the possibility – in theory at least of a Pope being in schism is admitted by theologians on similar grounds as apply to heresy, with certain additional ones belonging to the realm of psychology, of affective orientations.
		Secondly, the priests and faithful would have to grasp fully the heresy in the papal teaching and to be unanimously agreed that the Pope was in fact a heretic.
	www.crc-internet.org /june73.htm (8170 words)

	How The Protestant Reformation C
		In March 1309 the entire papal court settled at Avignon, which at the time was not part of France, but an imperial fief held by the king of Sicily.
		The removal of the Papacy to Avignon was justified at the time by French apologists as owing to the factious tumults at Rome, where the dissensions of the Roman aristocrats and their armed gangs reached an all time low and the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano was destroyed in a fire.
		The schism in the Western church resulted from the untimely return of the Papacy from Avignon to Rome by Pope Gregory XI in 1378, ending the Avignon Papacy.
	www.stbonaventure.org /Reformation.htm (9146 words)

	Jan Hus--A Short History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		King Wenceslaus, who was on the point of assuming the reins of government, but whose plans were in no way furthered by Gregory XII., renounced the latter and ordered his prelates to observe a strict neutrality toward both popes, and he expected the same of the university.
		The archbishop brought his complaints before the papal see, accusing the Wyclifites as the instigators of all ecclesiastical disturbances in Bohemia.
		To put an end to the papal schism and to take up the long desired reform of the Church, a general council was convened for Nov. 1, 1414, at Constance.
	www.angelfire.com /tx5/texasczech/Brethren/Hus.htm (3444 words)

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