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Topic: Papal Legations

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	Papal States -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Papal States comprised those territories over which the (The head of the Roman Catholic Church) Pope was the ruler in a civil as well as a spiritual sense before 1870.
		The last time the Papal States were lost and restored was in 1848, after which the Papal States were restored with the intervention of the (The Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France) French and (A native or inhabitant of Austria) Austrian governments.
		The Papal States were restored in June of 1800, and (Click link for more info and facts about Pope Pius VII) Pope Pius VII returned, but the French again invaded in 1808, and this time the remainder of the States of the Church were annexed to France, forming the départements of Tibre and Trasimène.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/P/Pa/Papal_States.htm (1249 words)

	Papal States (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Papal States (Gli Stati della Chiesa or Stati Pontificii, "States of the Church") is one of the historical states of Italy before its unity under the crown of Savoy and comprised those territories over which the Pope was the ruler in a civil as well as a spiritual sense before 1870.
		The Papal States were restored in June of 1800, and Pope Pius VII returned, but the French again invaded in 1808, and this time the remainder of the States of the Church were annexed to France, forming the départements of Tibre (renamed Rome in 1870) and Trasimène.
		The Papal states took a severe blow in the revolutions of 1848–49, in which Pope Pius IX was temporarily overthrown and a Roman Republic declared.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/papal_states (1108 words)

	Papal States (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Papal States (''Gli Stati della Chiesa'' or ''Stati Pontificii'', "States of the Church") was one of the historical states of Italy before its unity under the crown of Savoy.
		The Papal States were restored in June of 1800, and Pope Pius VII returned, but the French again invaded in 1808/, and this time the remainder of the States of the Church were annexed to France, forming the ''départements'' of ''Tibre'' and ''Trasimène''.
		The Papal states took a severe blow in the revolutions of 1848–184949, in which Pope Pius IX was temporarily overthrown and a Roman Republic (19th century)Roman Republic/ declared.
	www.infothis.com /find/Papal_States (1136 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Italian_unification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The revolts in Modena and the Papal Legations inspired similar activity in the Duchy of Parma, where the tricolore flag was adopted; the duchess Marie Louise left the city.
		In December, Tuscany, Parma, Modena, and the Legations were unified into the United Provinces of Central Italy, and seeking annexation by the Kingdom of Sardinia, encouraged by the British.
		The Papal troops under Lamoriciere advanced against Cialdini, but were quickly defeated and besieged in the fortress of Ancona, finally surrendering on September 29.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Italian_unification (5001 words)

	Eparchy of Saint Maron of Brooklyn
		The legates were advised that their highest priority was to hold a synod at which the new catechism was to be accepted, and salutary decrees in confrmity with the Council of Trent were to be passed for the purity of faith and the improvement of discipline.
		On August 15, 1580 at Qannoubin, the Patriarchal residence in the Valley of the Saints, the Maronite synod opened with the Divine Liturgy celebrated by Patriarch Michael el-Ruzzi in the presence of the papal legates, bishops, and a crowd of 2,200 notables, ecclesiastics, and faithful.
		At the urging of the Papal legates, a Maronite Synod was held in September of 1596.
	www.stmaron.org /marhist5.html (2113 words)

	The Catholic Encyclopedia - Pope Pius IX (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		That he was not in accord with the radical ideas of the times he clearly demonstrated by his Encyclical of 9 November, 1846, in which he laments the oppression of Catholic interests, intrigues against the Holy See, machinations of secret societies, sectarian bitterness, the Bible associations, indifferentism, false philosophy, communism, and the licentious press.
		After defeating the papal army at Castelfidardo on 18 September, and at Ancona on 30 September, he deprived the pope of all his possessions with the exception of Rome and the immediate vicinity.
		The violent outrages committed in Switzerland against the bishops and the remaining clergy were solemnly denounced by Pius IX in his encyclical letter of 21 November, 1873, and, as a result, the papal internuncio was expelled from Switzerland in January, 1874.
	www.jcsm.org /StudyCenter/Catholic_Encyclopedia/12134b.htm (2754 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Nuncio
		The fact that in 1537 the papal correspondence with foreign powers, previously carried on by the pope's private secretary, was handed over by Paul III to the vice-chancellor, Cardinal Alexander Farnese, was the chief element within the curia which led to the permanence of nunciatures.
		In 1902 the papal Internuncio of Brazil was raised to the dignity of nuncio.
		I-IV, VIII-X, and XII, comprising the nunciatures of Vergerio, Morone, Migganelli, Varallo, Poggio, Bertano, and Camiani, the legations of Farnese, Cervini, Campegio, Aleander, and Sfondrato (Gotha-Berlin, 1892–).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11160a.htm (3598 words)

	Papal Coronation - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Papal Coronation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Historically, a Papal Coronation was a six-hour ceremony in which a new pope was crowned as head of the Roman Catholic Church (and before 1870, head of state of the Papal States).
		Whether or not Pope Benedict XVI will be coronated is to be seen when he is formally installed as Supreme Pontiff of the Holy Roman Church on April 24, 2005 and take the throne of Peter, the apostle and the rock which Christ built his church.
		Pope Benedict XVI being very conservative may opt to reinstate the Papal Coronation and restore the pomp and ceremony to Church.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Papal-Coronation.html (273 words)

	JESUITS - LoveToKnow Article on JESUITS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This is impossible; for as the Society had received the papal approval, that of the council would have been impertinent as well as unnecessary.
		Those in Portugal were at once shipped, in great misery, tc the papal states, and, were soon followed by those in the colonies.
		Far from submitting to the papal breve, the ex-Jesuits, after some ineffectual attempts at direct resistance, withdrew into the territories of the~free-thinking sovereigns of Russia and Prussia, Frederick II.
	28.1911encyclopedia.org /J/JE/JESUITS.htm (10361 words)

	iqexpand.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Papal and Catholic opposition to Italian unification did not solidify until after the proposal for a confederation (leaving the Papal States as well as others some autonomy) failed.
		In 1814 this organization planned a revolution in Naples, and in 1820 it was strong enough to invade Naples with an army and force the king to give an oath to observe the new constitution which the revolutionaries had prepared.
		Catholics worldwide sent money and volunteers for the Papal Army, which was commanded by General Lamoriciere, a French exile, in the hopes of gaining the support of the French garrison of Rome.
	italian_unification.iqexpand.com (4240 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: States of the Church
		Two years later the papal chair, which had last been occupied by seven Oriental popes, was filled by a Roman, Gregory II, who was destined to oppose Leo III the Isaurian in the Iconoclastic conflict.
		The papal dignity sank to a still lower level under the nephew of John XIX, Benedict IX, whose elevation to the papal throne at the age of twenty was secured by his family through simony and violence.
		To protect itself against the remonstrances, Italy on 13 May, 1871, issued the so-called law of the Papal Guarantees (see GUARANTEES, LAW OF), which was to secure to the pope his sovereignty, the inviolability of his person, as well as the freedom of the conclave and of the œcumenical councils.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14257a.htm (12122 words)

	Encyclopedia: Italian unification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Papal States (Gli Stati della Chiesa or Stati Pontificii, States of the Church) was one of the major historical states of Italy before the boot-shaped peninsula was unified under the Piedmontese crown of Savoy (later a republic).
		The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, as a fief for Pope Paul IIIs illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese, centered around the city of Parma.
		A Legation was the term used in diplomacy to denote a diplomatic representative office lower than an embassy.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Italian-unification (10687 words)

	daughter.ca - papal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Papal infallibility is one of the great difference...
		In the latter, it signifies the papal influence viewed as a political force in history.
		was invited to the Vatican to conduct the Papal Concert in cel...
	daughter.ca /papal/reference/search (247 words)

	EZGeography - Italian unification
		Those in favor of unification also faced opposition from the Vatican, particularly after attempts to broker a confederation with the Papal States, which would have given them some measure of autonomy over the region, failed.
		The grand dukes of Tuscany, Parma and Modena fled to other countries, and several other towns in the Papal States cast off their allegiance to the pope, proclaiming the king of Sardinia dictator.
		Though the king was wary of fighting the French troops supporting the Papal army, and discouraged such moves, Garibaldi apparently believed he had the secret backing of the Italian government.
	www.ezgeography.com /encyclopedia/Italian_unification (3438 words)

	Napoleon Bonaparte
		The Peace of Tolentino was negotiated on 19 February; the Holy See surrendered the Legations of Bologna, Ferrara, and Ravenna, and recognized the annexation of Avignon and the Comtat Venaissin by France.
		The Papal States, in accordance with this decree, were to form two departments; from Rome, which was declared the first city of the empire, the prince imperial was to take his title of king.
		Nevertheless, to carry out his plan of removing the papal throne from Rome, he ordered Miollis to compel all the cardinals who were still at Rome to set out for Paris, and to have the Vatican archives transported thither.
	www.napoleonbonaparte.org (7291 words)

	Pope Pius IX (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Riot followed riot, the pope was denounced as a traitor to his country, his prime minister Rossi was stabbed to death while ascending the steps of the Cancelleria, whither he had gone to open the parliament, and on the follwoing day the pope himself was besieged in the Quirinal.
		Palma, a papal prelate, who was standing at a windown, was shot, and the pope was forced to promise a democratic ministry.
		After defeating the papal army at Castelfidardo on 18 Sept., and at Ancona on 30 Sept., he deprived the pope of all his possessions with the exception of Rome and the immediate vicinity.
	www.pax-et-veritas.org /Popes/pius_ix/pius_ix.htm (2557 words)

	Almudena Cros Gutierrez (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		I am interested in the means employed by papal legates to express their position in Italy and in their relationship with local artists, signore and religious orders.
		The legations of both Albornoz and Androin are of particular interest because their familiae may have included Spanish and French artists and works of art.
		The sponsorship of important works of art by papal legates may have been intended to compete with, and to surpass that of another temporal rulers in Italy, and interesting comparisons can be drawn between ecclesiastical and lay patronage during the Avignon period.
	www2.warwick.ac.uk /fac/arts/arthistory/postgraduate/researchdegrees/cros (390 words)

	EZGeography - Congress of Vienna
		The Pope was restored to the Papal States.
		The Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia was restored to its mainland possessions, and also gained control of the Republic of Genoa.
		Papal States, capital Rome – formed by Papal Legations, Marche, Umbria and Latium; governed by the Pope
	www.ezgeography.com /encyclopedia/Congress_of_Vienna (1282 words)

	CHAPTER IV. - FROM THE CONGRESS OF RASTADT TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CONSULATE.
		The residence of the French ambassador at Rome, Joseph Bonaparte, was the centre of a democratic agitation.
		The museums, the Papal residence, and the palaces of many of the nobility were robbed of every article that could be moved; the very fixtures were cut away, when worth the carriage.
		In the midst of this tyranny of suspicion, in the midst of a corruption which made the naval and military forces of the kingdom worse than useless, King Ferdinand and his satellites were unwearied in their theatrical invocations of the Virgin and St. Januarius against the assailants of divine right and the conquerors of Rome.
	www.globusz.com /ebooks/Europe/00000015.htm (11868 words)

	Austria France Italian Independence War 1859
		In June Parma, Modena, and the Papal Legations (the northern Papal States) had rebelled.
		New plebiscites in the duchies and the Papal Legations reconfirmed popular sentiment in favour of union with Piedmont.
		It was fear of a democratic revolution, the need to weaken Austria, and England's desire to set up a strong Italian state as a counterweight to French influence that induced the European powers to assist the Piedmontese monarchy in obtaining this great success.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/india/italy1859.htm (1308 words)

	Reginald POLE (Cardinal)
		To accept the papal invitation was clearly and before the eyes of all men to side with the Pope against the King, his benefactor.
		Pole was despatched upon a mission to the north on 18 Feb, with the title of legate, as it was hoped that the rising known as the Pilgrimage of Grace might have created a favourable opportunity for intervention in England.
		Still a synod of both convocations was held by him as legate in Nov 1555, which passed many useful decrees of ecclesiastical reform, rendered necessary by the disturbed condition of the Church after twenty years of separation from Roman authority.
	www.tudorplace.com.ar /Bios/ReginaldPole(Cardinal).htm (3281 words)

	SWISS LEGATION REPORT OF THE RUSSIAN INVASION OF HUNGARY IN THE SPRING OF 1945
		THE MEMBERS of the Swiss legation and consulate, accompanied by a group of Swiss subjects- as an aggregate about sixty persons - left Budapest in 1945 at the end of March and beginning of April.
		To force diplomatic missions still residing in Budapest (the Swiss, Swedish, Turkish and Papal legations) and also foreigners living in Hungary to rejoin their own countries, the Russians have declared that all foreigners who stay in Budapest will be treated exactly as if they were Hungarians.
		The departure of the Swiss legation was properly organized by the Russians; second and third class railway cars were made accessible to them.
	www.hungarianhistory.com /lib/montgo/montgo21.htm (2359 words)

	Pius XII and the Nazis
		The new papal nuncio arrived in Bavaria with a message for the Bavarian king, Ludwig, but this message was intended for Kaiser Wilhelm of Prussia and other German leaders.
		As a matter of fact, "the Vatican, the bishops in Germany, and the papal legations were.
		His papal election was the climax of a remarkable career; yet, the responsibilities of the Vatican changed the former Pacelli.
	www.loyno.edu /history/journal/1983-4/shelton.htm (4575 words)

	Papal+Flag - Such10.de
		Papal flags are their origin or if it is the other way...
		Papal Heraldry Coats of Arms of the Popes, from Heraldique Europeenne, French-language site; of Vatican State...
		Quelle: Sunday Times 17.4.2005 "Papal hopeful is a former Hitler Youth" Siehe auch:...von der Hitlerjugend zum...
	www.such10.de /Papal_Flag.htm (374 words)

	Pope Gregory VII (1020-1085) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Perhaps the most important of these was his legation to the Synod of Tours at which Berengar professed his faith in the real Presence of Jesus in the Eucharist.
		He used papal legates (representatives) freely and insisted on their precedence over local bishops.
		Gregory, however, sent legates who pleaded with the assembled nobles and bishops not to proceed with an election until the Pope could be present.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/PopeGregory-VII/PopeGregory-VII.html (2059 words)

	Italian unification Cavour Garibaldi Italy German unification
		The territories of the chuch that straddled the central portion of the peninsula were again placed under Papal sovereignty whilst to the south the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Sicily and Naples) was restored to a junior branch of the Spanish Bourbon dynasty.
		It was accepted that the Pope could recruit an army of ten thousand from the catholic countries of Europe in the interests of the security of the territories of the church.A secret clause endorsed the transfer of the seat of the Italian government away from Piedmontese Turin within six months.
		Pope Pius IX had already depicted Rome as being "in the possession of brigands" after "the triumph of disorder and the victory of the most perfidious revolution" and had styled himself as being the "Prisoner of the Vatican." He insisted on referring to the "usurping" power as a Sub-alpine, rather than an "Italian" government.
	www.age-of-the-sage.org /history/italian_unification.html (7146 words)

	Funeral Mass for Cardinal Egano Righi-Lambertini (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		After several years of pastoral ministry and studies in canon law at the Gregorian University, the young Righi-Lambertini entered the Secretariat of State and first served at the Nunciature in Italy and later in France with the then-Apostolic Nuncio, Archbishop Angelo Roncalli.
		He was later posted to the papal legations in Costa Rica, England and Korea.
		Appointed titular Archbishop of Doclea in 1960, he carried out his mission as Apostolic Nuncio in Lebanon, Chile, Italy and France, working energetically for the growth of the Christian community and the progress of civil society, while everywhere receiving expressions of esteem, appreciation and gratitude.
	www.saint-mike.org /Library/Papal_Library/John_PaulII/Homilies/2000/October_6.html (556 words)

	TCI - Italy to discover - Emilia-Romagna
		When Italy was unified and Luigi Carlo Farini became provisional dictator of the newly joined region (Emilia and Romagna), the political landscape consisted of papal legations and duchies.
		Parma and Modena had been capitals of states until the day before; Ferrara, which had not been an independent state for 350 years, still had the appearance of one (even Ravenna had once - briefly - been the capital of the Roman Empire).
		The future capital of Emilia-Romagna was nothing more than the headquarters of one of the papal legations.
	www.touringclub.it /international_TCI/5_emiliaromagna.asp (860 words)

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