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	Papermaking - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The invention of papermaking is usually ascribed to the Chinese court official Cai Lun.
		Papermaking is one of the Four Great Inventions of ancient China, alongside the compass, gunpowder, and printing.
		Together with the invention of the practical fountain pen and the mass produced pencil of the same period, and in conjunction with the advent of the steam driven rotary printing press, wood based paper caused a major transformation of the 19th century economy and society in industrialized countries.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Papermaking (1582 words)

	PAPERMAKING
		In that year the invention was officially reported to the Emperor by the eunuch Ts'ai Lun, and his name is associated with the invention, although he may have been a court official who became the patron of the discovery.
		The mould is such an important tool to the papermaker that Hunter devotes an entire chapter (see Bibliography) to describing their development and differences around the world.
		The first papermaking machine was invented in France in the late 1700s by Nicholas Louis Robert and later developed in England by Henry Fourdrinier in the early 1800s.
	www.cbbag.ca /BookArtsWeb/Papermaking.html (605 words)

	Chinese paper making history and information
		Today, ancient papermaking has been replaced by modern means of production, but in some places in southwestern China's Guizhou Province, where many people of ethnic-minority groups live, this ancient technique is still practiced.
		The number of papermaking workshops grew to 180, grinding 1.5 million kilograms of bamboo raw materials a year with 60 rollers.
		Originally, papermakers used bamboo curtains to hang the sheets of pulp on till they dried to the constituency of damp paper.
	asiarecipe.com /chipaper.html (621 words)

	Glossary of Papermaking Terms
		A papermaking machine invented by the Frenchman, Nicolas Louis Robert in 1798, developed in England by Brian Donkin for Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier, but not placed into operation until 1804.
		In papermaking, it is mainly used in studying the behavior of coatings.
		The converting process is the step in papermaking that takes the sheet as it comes off of the end of the paper machine and changes it into useable paper items.
	www.paperhall.org /info/glossary.html (3333 words)

	PAPERMAKING I ADVANCED SYLLABI (1)
		Papermaking I may be applied toward the BFA degree as an introductory course and as a specialty thereafter because it is offered in level increments up to graduate level.
		Papermaking II is designed for the advancing student interested in the printmaking/papermaking field as it pertains to the book and text arts using paper as integrity of the book design.
		Advanced papermaking students are requested to assess their level of expertise on the subject and proceed to add increments and levels of skill and aesthetic solutions to their determined projects.
	www.wnmu.edu /Syllabi/Spring02/PAPERMAKINGIADVANCED.htm (4949 words)

	Hand Papermaking Home Page
		Hand Papermaking, Inc., is a non-profit organization dedicated to advancing traditional and contemporary ideas in the art of hand papermaking through publications and other educational formats.
		Founded in 1986 with the publication of the first issue of Hand Papermaking magazine, the primary goal of the organization has been to provide information to a diverse international audience of paper artists, mills, dealers, historians, conservators, and other aficionados of handmade paper.
		All programs, activities, and services offered by Hand Papermaking, Inc., as well as staffing and volunteer recruitment, are conducted on a non-discriminatory basis without regard to ethnicity, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation, marital or family status, national origin, age, or disability.
	www.handpapermaking.org (265 words)

	Dard Hunter and Paper Making
		It was at Marlborough that Hunter would produce the world’s first one man book with the publication of The Etching of Figures in 1916 which was soon followed by The Etching of Contemporary Life in 1917.
		At this point, Hunter realized that his papermaking, type-founding, and printing operations had gone far beyond the experimental stage.
		The result was the publication of Old Papermaking in 1923, The Literature of Papermaking 1390-1800 in 1925, and Primitive Papermaking in 1927.
	www.dardhunter.com /papermaking.htm (670 words)

	Papermaking
		The art of papermaking has a long and interesting history.
		This can be purchased as a papermaking kit from many art stores or mail order from
		A simple version of a mold and deckle suitable for teaching children can easily be made at home.
	gort.ucsd.edu /preseduc/papermak.htm (463 words)

	Alibris: Papermaking
		Gives a short history of American papermaking before the Revolution, and describes the processes used by the colonial papermakers, from the separating of rag fibers to the final finishing or glazing.
		On a visit to a Berkshire paper mill, the narrator of a Melville short story views the "wonderful" papermaking machine with awe, calling it a "miracle of inscrutable intricacy." Manifesting a similar nineteenth-century fascination with machinery, paper mill owners and workers made an industrial revolution in Berkshire County, Massachusetts,...
		Experience papermaker Helen Hiebert begins with instructions for collecting plant materials in the garden, along the roadside, and from the kitchen compost.
	www.alibris.com /search/books/subject/Papermaking (988 words)

	History of paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		He mentions that the Chinese emperors jealously guard the secrets of papermaking and that fine paper is manufactured from vegetable fiber: rice or tea straw, bamboo canes and hemp rag cloth.
		Papermaking continued under Moorish rule until 1244 when the moors were expelled.
		Papermaking in Italy is dominated by the historic and powerful feudal family, Fabriano.
	users.stlcc.edu /nfuller/paper (3804 words)

	Invention of Paper
		The first real advance in papermaking came with the development of a smooth material for the mold covering, which made it possible for the papermaker to free the newly formed sheet and reuse the mold immediately.
		Other Chinese improvements in papermaking include the use of starch as a sizing material and the use of a yellow dye which doubled as an insect repellent for manuscript paper.
		Chinese papermakers also spread their craft into Central Asia and Persia, from which it was later introduced into India by traders.
	www.ipst.gatech.edu /amp/collection/museum_invention_paper.htm (484 words)

	Open Directory - Arts: Crafts: Papermaking
		Papermaking - This short history of papermaking is brought to you by the Canadian Bookbinders and Book Artist Guild.
		Papermaking for Kids - This Baltimore County Public Library site is aimed at teaching the craft of papermaking to children.
		Stefan's Florilegium: Papermaking - This file is a collection of various messages having a common theme of papermaking.
	dmoz.org /Arts/Crafts/Papermaking (545 words)

	PAPERMAKING CHEMISTRY. COM - WET END PAPERMAKING CHEMISTRY, THE STATE OF THE ART
		In order to maximize the cost-efficiency of papermaking, their influence must not only be recognized, every effort must be made to maximize them.
		Prevailing papermaking technology, using cationic demand measurement for control, is counter-productive because it always leaves a residual repulsive negative charge.
		It is clear that papermaking can be accomplished at significantly lower cost and much higher quality by observing the principles of nanotechnology.
	www.papermaking-chemistry.com (1495 words)

	Crane's - Papermaking at Crane
		In some ways, papermaking at Crane has not changed greatly since 1801, when sheets were formed by hand.
		To prepare the cotton for papermaking, it is first mixed with large amounts of water and sent to a piece of equipment called the beater.
		Much of the water is removed by gravity and suction and then reused in the papermaking process.
	www.crane.com /about/techniques/papermakingtour.aspx (659 words)

	Paper, Hand Papermaking and Paper artists.
		Papermakers of Victoria Inc. "was formed in January 1989 by a diverse group of people, whose common bond was a love and understanding of paper as a medium in its own right.
		One List Papermaking club This is a very active papermaking club who do an annual paper exchange of methods and samples.
		Hand Papermaking, Inc A non-profit organization dedicated to advancing traditional and contemporary ideas in the art of hand papermaking through publications and other means.
	www.acay.com.au /~severn/paper.htm (1385 words)

	Programs/Papermaking
		Ann Marie works as a technician and consultant to artists on papermaking projects and is currently pursuing an MFA in Intermedia and Video Art from the University of Iowa.
		Wendy Cain (papermaking), holds an Honours Degree in Fine Art from the University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and is an Associate of the Ontario College of Art, Toronto, Ontario.
		Her background in anthropology coupled with arts training in papermaking and bookbinding lead her, in 1990, to start Amatl Papers, a grassroots development project with the Otomi papermakers of San Pablito, Mexico called.
	www.colophon.com /WSW/paper.html (1698 words)

	Expert: Papermaking Chemistry & Sizing Expert
		He has been the leader of an engineering group at Westvaco engaged in technical problem-solving in nearly all areas of papermaking.
		Expert has used polyacrylamide-based polymers as retention and drainage aids, polyacrylic acid-based polymers as dispersants and dry strength aids, and polyamines as the base of wet strength agents.
		He is familiar with the application and testing a variety of polymers used in papermaking.
	www.intota.com /viewbio.asp?bioID=604019&perID=108080 (482 words)

	GBW: Oriental Papermaking
		Chicago, IL Paper Road Tibet (http://www.paperroadtibet.org/) is a web site about one aspect of Oriental Papermaking in which Jim Canary is invovled.
		Papermaking: History and Technique of an Ancient Craft.
		The only substantial contemporary work on the use of dyes and pigments in hand papermaking.
	palimpsest.stanford.edu /byorg/gbw/resources/orientalpapermaking.shtml (441 words)

	Papermaking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		La Lande's Art of Papermaking was the first real technical account of the manufacture of this indispensible bookmaking material.
		In the first illustration, water power drives the mill wheel which is connected to the stamping mechanism.
		Up to the nineteenth century, the primary source of cellulose fiber for papermaking was rags.
	wally.rit.edu /cary/cc_db/16th_century/1.html (168 words)

	Papermaking
		Papermaking is a messy art requiring much trial and (a lot of) error.
		I recently taught a class in papermaking for the National Conference of Lieutenant Governors.
		As a representative of the Kentucky Guild of Artists & Craftsmen, Luann Vermillion taught papermaking using recycled fiber to the children at the National Conference of Lieutenant Governors.
	www.wildflowersbyluann.com /newsite/learning/paper (474 words)

	Hand Papermaking and Papier Maché by Akua Lezli Hope
		Founded in 1976 by Susan Gosin and Bruce Wineberg, the mission of Dieu Donné is the advancement of the art of handpapermaking by reinventing and adapting the age-old techniques of handpapermaking for contemporary artmaking.
		Papermaking Journal Gin's journal is extraordinary for its clarity and process insights.
		If you are new to papermaking, or making paper from plant fibers, or creating large sheets, she writes about her efforts and activities in these and other papermaking areas.
	www.artfarm.com /papier.html (2432 words)

	Welcome to Japanese House and Garden - Papermaking Workshop
		Winnie is proficient in both Eastern and Western hand papermaking techniques, and has delighted many with her knowledge of Japanese papermaking.
		This is a treat that is sure to delight artists of all ages, or anyone who is interested in learning about Japanese papermaking.
		The workshop will be held on the grounds of Shofuso – a beautiful and authentic reconstruction of a 17th century Shoin mansion located behind the Horticulture Center in west Fairmount Park.
	www.shofuso.com /pages/papermaking.html (255 words)

	Gomez Mill House: Papermaking
		The method which they invented is essentially the same as that used by Dard Hunter, who made his own paper, wrote his own books, and printed them with moveable type fonts.
		Adult supervision is required for certain steps — such as when using an iron to dry the newly made sheets of paper.
		Dard Hunter used a machine called a “Hollander beater.” You may have the chance to see it at the mill museum at the Gomez Mill House, where Dard Hunter made his paper sheets for his books.
	www.gomez.org /papermaking.html (1542 words)

	Amazon.com: Papermaking: Books: Dard Hunter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This book has a lot of detailed information about the history and techniques of papermaking all over the world, but is so detailed it can be very tiresome.
		This is the classic work on papermaking, used as a text and reference in classrooms, museums and libraries." More historical than how-to, you'll find just about every aspect of papermaking covered in this book.
		A two-page map illustrates the text to trace the 1000-year journey of papermaking from China to Europe, and a chronology of paper and paper related developments over 4500 years.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0486236196?v=glance (796 words)

	Dieu Donné Papermill: Creation, Promotion and Preservation of new contemporary art made utilizing the hand ...
		To register, please call the Mill at 212.226.0573 or e-mail catherine@dieudonne.org at least 2 weeks in advance of class date, as classes fill with 7 - 10 students.
		This workshop will give a general overview of the papermaking process, covering how to pull sheets of paper, various papermaking techniques, and how to make paper at home.
		This workshop opportunity allows those familiar with the basic process of papermaking to experiment with the medium on their own.
	www.dieudonne.org /main.cfm?chID=9&inc=workshops (253 words)

	Papermaking: Paper at Canadian Content
		Sells papermaking products, papermaking supplies, and offers general information on recycled papermaking.
		Also tips on papermaking, casting, stamping, and scrapbooking.
		Papermaking supplies for making your own paper at home, at school, and for fine artists.
	www.canadiancontent.net /dir/Top/Shopping/Crafts/Supplies/Paper/Papermaking (184 words)

	SMFA Boston - Papermaking
		Summer Continuing Education intensives are offered as one-week intensives (daytime classes), three-week intensives (three nights per week), and six-week intensives (two nights per week).
		The objective of the course is to provide you with a foundation in both bookmaking and hand-papermaking.
		No previous experience with papermaking or bookmaking is required.
	www.smfa.edu /Continuing_Education/Summer_Studio_Art_Courses/Papermaking.asp (331 words)

	papermaking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In addition to the instructions on papermaking, there are 13 step-by-step projects to complete, including a paper case bowl, brooches, cards, lantern shades, wall hangings and more.
		The papermaker's "bible" by the world's leading authority on the history of papermaking.
		Chapters include: History of Papermaking, Oriental Papermaking, Papermaking from Plants, European Papermaking, Contemporary Sculptural Techniques, and more.
	www.bookmakerscatalog.com /catalog/booksandvideos/papermaking1.htm (363 words)

	ArtLex's P-Par page
		- The basic papermaking proces takes advantage of the ability of plant cell fibers (cellulose) to adhere to each other when a watery pulp made from the fibers is spread on a screen called a deckle, and dried.
		Today, paper is made principally from wood pulp combined with pulps from waste paper or, for fine grades of paper, with fibers from cotton rags.
		Monastic scribes of the Middle Ages practically monopolized its use in Europe preceding the introduction there of papermaking techniques utilizing plant fibers in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
	www.artlex.com /ArtLex/P.html (4677 words)

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