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Topic: Para rubber tree

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	Para rubber tree - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Pará rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), often simply called rubber tree, is a tree belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae and the most important member of the genus Hevea.
		Once the trees are 5-6 years old, the harvest can begin: incisions are made orthogonal to the latex vessels, just deep enough to tap the vessels without harming the tree's growth, and the sap is collected in small buckets.
		Increasing demand and the discovery of the vulcanization procedure in 1839 led to a boom in that region, enriching the cities of Manaus and Belém.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Para_rubber_tree (387 words)

	Rubber - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Rubber is an elastic hydrocarbon polymer which occurs as a milky emulsion (known as latex) in the sap of several varieties of plants though can be produced synthetically.
		The para rubber tree initially grew in South America, where it was the main source of what limited amount of latex rubber was consumed during much of the 19th century.
		Natural rubber is often vulcanized, a process by which the rubber is heated and sulfur is added to improve resilience and elasticity, and to prevent it from perishing.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rubber (1442 words)

	Rubber - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Natural rubber is obtained from the milky white fluid called latex, found in many plants; synthetic rubbers are produced from unsaturated hydrocarbons.
		The most important of these plants are the tree Hevea brasiliensis of the spurge family, and other species in the same genus, which were the sources of the original South American rubber, the commercially important Para rubber.
		Crude rubber is insoluble in water, alkali, and weak acid; it is soluble in benzene, gasoline, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and carbon disulfide.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761556347/Rubber.html (576 words)

	The History of Elastic and Rubber Bands - © Antoon VERSTEEGDE.nl
		In the pre-Goodyear and pre-vulcanization age of rubber age, the masticated rubber that Hancock invented was used for pneumatic cushions, mattresses, pillows and bellows, hose, tubing, solid tires, shoes, packing and springs.
		Rubber trees are large trees (belonging to the spurge family, family Euphorbiaceae) that live in tropical (warm) areas.
		The technique of tapping rubber trees for their latex was developed in Southeast Asia (before that, the trees were cut down to extract the rubber).
	www.versteegde.nl /Bambustic/RubberBands (1127 words)

	AllRefer.com - ParA rubber tree, Plant (Plants) - Encyclopedia
		ParA rubber tree[pArA´] Pronunciation Key, large tree (Hevea brasiliensis) of the family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family), native to tropical South America and the source of the greatest amount and finest quality of natural rubber.
		The tree is tapped by making careful incisions, as deep as possible without injuring the tree's growth, in a herringbone pattern or often in a lefthand spiral of 30° around the trunk, for the latex vessels spiral to the right at an angle of about 30° from the horizontal.
		ParA rubber trees are classified in the division Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Euphorbiales, family Euphorbiaceae.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/Pararubb.html (360 words)

	Wikinfo \| Rubber
		Rubber is a hydrocarbon polymer, occurring as a milky emulsion (known as latex) in the sap of a number of plants.
		Blocks of the material are still used for this purpose, and known as 'rubbers' in England, causing occasional amusement to Americans, to whom a 'rubber' is a latex condom.
		By 1898, a rubber plantation had been established in Malaya, and rubber is now grown widely in the tropics, especially in Southeast Asia.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Rubber (691 words)

	Para rubber tree. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The yellow or white latex from which rubber is made occurs in numerous specialized latex vessels in the bark, especially outside the phloem.
		The size of the tree, the quality of the latex, and the number of taps possible varies with individual trees; the quantity of latex increases with the age of the tree, which may grow to a height of over 100 ft (30 m).
		Cultivated trees are tapped throughout the year, usually in the early morning, when the latex flow is greatest.
	www.bartleby.com /65/pa/Pararubb.html (296 words)

	Database entry for Hevea brasiliensis - Rubber Tree
		The latex is located in the inner bark of the tree and flows in the vessels of the tree.
		The rubber trade became a mainstay of the Brazilian economy, providing at its height almost 40% of its export revenues.
		The plants of the Euphorbiaceae family are mostly monoecious herbs, shrubs, and trees, sometimes succulent and cactus-like, and comprise one of the largest families of plants with about 300 genera and 7,500 species that are further characterized by the frequent occurrence of milky sap.(6)"
	www.rain-tree.com /rubber.htm (351 words)

	Ethnobotanical Leaflets
		Latex is drained from the tree by cutting a shallow groove in the bark that stops short of injuring the cambium.
		Rubber was in use in the New World for perhaps a thousand years before Europeans arrived.
		First, rubber articles had to be fashioned within hours of obtaining the latex from the tree as, once the rubber congealed, there was no known means to return it to its liquid state.
	www.siu.edu /~ebl/leaflets/rubber.htm (1108 words)

	INDUSTRYPLAYER - Business Strategy Game - License Info Natural Rubber (AGRICULTURE)
		Rubber starts life as a milky emulsion called Latex which is the sap of the Para rubber tree.
		In Central and South America, were the tree originates, evidence exists that the sap was being collected as early as 1600BC and the ancient Mesoamerican civilizations had made rubber balls and even dipped their feet in latex to produce a rubber shoe.
		Rubber trees have been cultivated in plantations for over 100 years in 24 tropical countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
	www.industryplayer.com /licenceinfo.php?licid=000220 (510 words)

	Para Rubber Tree (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Para rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is a tree belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae.
		The para rubber tree initially grew only in tropical South America, in the Amazon region.
		Increasing demand and the discovery of the vulcanization procedure in 1839 lead to a boom in that region, enriching the cities of Manaus and Belém.
	www.wikiverse.org /para-rubber-tree (322 words)

	AllRefer.com - spurge : Other Spurges and Their Uses, Plant (Plants) - Encyclopedia
		The sap of most species is a milky latex, and the source of a very large part of the world's natural rubber is the latex of the ParA rubber tree.
		The castor bean, the source of castor oil, is native to tropical Africa, where it grows as a tree, but is now widespread and is sometimes cultivated in temperate regions as an annual ornamental.
		The tung tree, indigenous to E Asia and Malaysia, is the only important plant of the spurge family cultivated commercially in the United States.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/spurge-other-spurges-and-their-uses.html (366 words)

	Rubber tree/ Ficus elastica - Houseplants
		Ficus elastica, or rubber tree as it is better known, is an excellent houseplant for beginners.
		To prune a rubber tree, simply cut the branches to the desired length using a sharp, clean knife or pruning shears.
		Rubber trees, with their thick, oval, glossy large leaves are available in dark green, deep maroon and other varieties, are as easy to grow, as they are to identify.
	www.bellaonline.com /articles/art13123.asp (349 words)

	Printable Version on Encyclopedia.com
		PARÁ; RUBBER TREE [Pará; rubber tree], large tree (Hevea brasiliensis) of the family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family), native to tropical South America and the source of the greatest amount and finest quality of natural rubber.
		Today most Pará; rubber is produced from trees grown on plantations in Asia and to a lesser extent in Africa.
		The latex is collected in small cups and then treated—usually by coagulating it with acid, pressing it free of water, and drying the resultant sheets in a smokehouse to ready them for shipment.
	www.encyclopedia.com /printable.aspx?id=1E1:Pararubb (255 words)

	Ethnobotanical Leaflets
		The plants of the Euphorbiaceae family are mostly monoecious herbs, shrubs, and trees, sometimes succulent and cactus-like, and comprise one of the largest families of plants with about 300 genera and 7,500 species that are further characterized by the frequent occurrence of milky sap.
		Some of the names are: rubber tree, jebe, Para rubber, seringueira-branca, siringa, etc. It seems that each set of explorations to the New World from differing European countries yielded a new name for this tree.
		The rubber tree had not even been domesticated by the time the colonists arrived, although the natives may have been harvesting it wild in the jungle and forests for centuries.
	www.siu.edu /~ebl/leaflets/rubber2.htm (1225 words)

	Fibers & Fiber Plants
		Rubber is acquired from the milky fluid, or latex, of various erect or climbing woody plants of the tropics or subtropics.
		Ceara or Manicoba rubber is obtained from Manihot glaziovii, a small tree native to drier regions in Brazil.
		Assam or India rubber as it is often called, is obtained from Ficus elastica, a native tree of northern India and Malaya.
	faculty.ucr.edu /~legneref/botany/rubber.htm (4549 words)

	Latex - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This method of formation is found in the poppy family, in the rubber tree, and in the Cichorieae, a section of the Family Asteraceae distinguished by the presence of latex in its members.
		It is different from rubber in that it is less refined and often thinner.
		Latex as a clothing material is especially common in fetish fashion and at fetish clubs, and there are several magazines dedicated to the use and wearing of it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Latex (642 words)

	Recycling Tires: The nature of rubber (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Automotive tires are made from synthetic rubber derived from petroleum, the development of which was inspired by interest in improving on the performance of natural rubber.
		Though grown on plantations in Southeast Asia, the rubber tree plant is native to the Amazonian lowlands of South America, where it is still harvested from wild trees.
		Natural rubber is obtained from the liquid latex secreted by certain plants, primarily the Para rubber tree plant — Hevea brasiliensis — native to the jungles of the Amazon.
	www.dnr.state.oh.us /recycling/awareness/facts/tires/rubberis.htm (400 words)

	Search Results for "Rubber"
		rubber, any solid substance that upon vulcanization becomes elastic; the term includes natural rubber (caoutchouc) and synthetic rubber.
		...Pará rubber tree, (para´) (KEY), large tree (Hevea brasiliensis) of the family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family), native to tropical South America and the source of...
		Foam rubber has a wide range of uses including upholstery and insulation....
	bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=&query=Rubber (236 words)

	Rubber & Chicle Photos
		Vulcanization is the addition of sulfur to rubber to form cross-linking of the isoprene subunits with disulfide bonds, thus improving the elasticity of the latex and making it impervious to weather.
		It was used in the past for rubber strands in the core of golf balls and to coat undersea cables.
		Glistening globs of gum oozing from the branch of an apricot tree (Prunus armeniaca).
	waynesword.palomar.edu /ecoph13.htm (3010 words)

	rubber tree - Web Links
		Rubber tree seeds were originally brought over from Brazil by the British.
		In its natural form this remarkable material is derived from the sap of rubber trees.
		Material Properties Origins of Rubber The rubber tree (Hevea Brasiliensis) is a tropical tree originating in the rain forests of South America where early rubber was collected from 'wild' trees.
	www.product-launch.co.uk /search.php?qry=rubber+tree&ass=1237&nres=35&details=1&fsonly=0&hl=0&nfs=10&ns=&alt=0&offset=35 (667 words)

	Rubber-Cal -- Engineered Elastomers & Wear Parts
		The rubber tree may be used to reconstitute new forests on poor or degraded soils.
		It is best done at a 25-30° angle from the horizontal, from high on the left of the tree to low on its right, in an action exposing the maximum number of latex vessels per length of incision.
		One of the main reasons for the successful establishment of Hevea brasiliensis on a plantation scale was the discovery of the excision method of tapping for harvesting rubber: the same cut is regularly reopened by the removal at each tapping of a thin shaving of bark from the sloping cut.
	www.rubbercal.com (1153 words)

	Para rubber tree: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Rubber is an elastic hydrocarbon polymer which occurs as a milky emulsion (known as latex) in the sap of a number of plants but can also be...
		Peninsular malaysia (or semenanjung malaysia in the malay language) is the part of malaysia which lies on the malay peninsula, and shares a land...
		The tung tree (vernicia fordii) is a deciduous tree in the spurge family....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pa/para_rubber_tree.htm (984 words)

	Plant Glossary: R - EnchantedLearning.com
		These trees are tapped for their latex (from which rubber is made), which is produced in their bark layers (it is not the sap).
		The Pará; rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is native to South American rain forests, and grows to be over 100 ft (30 m) tall.
		In 1876, Henry Wickham brought seeds from the Para rubber tree (taken from the lower Amazon area of Brazil) to London, England.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/plants/glossary/indexr.shtml (1156 words)

	Ficus elastica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A rubber plant cultivated in greenhouses and living rooms in temperate climates.
		In its native country, India, it is a large spreading evergreen tree up to 30 m high.
		It is a source of rubber of lower value than that obtained from the Para rubber tree.
	www.fao.org /ag/AGa/agap/FRG/AFRIS/Data/388.htm (81 words)

	The history of rubber
		Both the rubber tree and the morning glory were important plants to the Mayan people- the latter being a hallucinogen as well as a healing herb.
		The rubber balls were about the size of a beach ball and weighed over 15 pounds (7 kilograms).
		In general, to make synthetic rubber, byproducts of petroleum refining called butadiene and styrene are combined in a reactor containing soap suds.
	lala.essortment.com /historyofrubbe_rcml.htm (813 words)

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