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Topic: Paracrine signalling

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Paracrine

Autocrine signalling

Autocrine agent

Paracrine agent

Histamine

Somatostatin

Prostaglandin

Blood vessel

Autocrine

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	Paracrine signalling - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Paracrine signalling is a form of signalling in which the target cell is close to the signal releasing cell, and the signal chemical is broken down too quickly to be carried to other parts of the body.
		Examples of paracrine signalling include growth factor signalling and clotting factors.
		In mature organisms paracrine signalling functions include responses to allergens, repairs to damaged tissue, formation of scar tissue, and clotting.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Paracrine (159 words)

	Cell-Biology.com: Cellular Communication (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Endocrine signalling occurs when substances (hormones) are secreted by cells and travel in the bloodstream to distant target cells.
		Paracrine signalling molecules are rapidly internalized, destroyed or immobilized such that their effects can be limited to the local environment.
		Small hydrophobic signalling molecules (steroid and thyroid hormones) pass through the target cell membrane to bind to intracellular receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
	www.cell-biology.com /cellcom.html (732 words)

	Hintergründe / Topics
		In the body, these endocrine signals are normally released into the blood, and include hormones such as the sex hormonesoestrogen and testosterone; insulin to regulate blood sugar; and adrenaline to ready an animal for fighting or running away.
		These signals are sent over very short distances and include growth factors, which are involved in wound healing and cell division, and neurotransmitters, which convey signals between nerve cells.
		Most signalling molecules are water-loving or hydrophilic, so they are unable to pass through the fatty cell membrane (which is why they need a receptor to pass on their message).
	www.blauen-institut.ch /Tx/tT/ttSecretLanguage.html (3453 words)

	Research project Paracrine and transcriptional control of embryogenesis in ve ...
		Research project Paracrine and transcriptional control of embryogenesis in ve...
		Paracrine and transcriptional control of embryogenesis in vertebrates.
		The aims of this network are to bring together the expertise of different groups in order to study embryogenesis in model animals such as zevrafish, Xenopus, mouse and Drosophila at different levels: - early development (in particular mesoderm induction and neuro- genesis) and late development (organogenesis, i.e.
	www.kuleuven.ac.be /research/researchdatabase/project/3M02/3M020452.htm (65 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Mc1r (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Agouti signalling protein (Asip), a paracrine signalling factor, anatagonizes α-MSH activation of Mc1r and results in a switch to the production of red or yellow phaeomelanin.
		The pulsatile nature of Asip signaling through Mc1r produces the characteristic yellow and fl agouti banding pattern observed on most mammalian hair.
		The role of Asip binding to Mc1r in regulating this adaptation is unclear, however in teleoest fish at least, functional antagonism is provided by melanin concentrating hormone.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Mc1r (725 words)

	Cell Signaling
		Paracrine signalling occurs when a growth factor is secreted by one cell and activates another cell.
		Cell signal molecules, or ligands, bind specifically to certain receptors on the cells surface or inside the cell.
		These domains are involved in the growth factor signaling pathway upstream from ras, a gene that is highly correlated with cancer.
	www.msu.edu /~trimarkb/440_web2.htm (587 words)

	Bio 52 _Lecture 16 _Feb 15 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Mating in yeast is controlled by cell signalling mechanisms similar to response to epidermal growth factor in mammals.
		Some signal molecules are embedded in the plasma membrane of the signalling cell and only influence cells that contact the signalling cell (eg.
		Inactivation of signal is as important as activation.
	www.unc.edu /courses/pre2000fall/biol052/lectures/lecture16.html (475 words)

	page under construction
		Carbohydrate portions of glycoproteins and glycolipids are found on the external surface of the cell membrane where they are important parts of receptor molecules.
		There are three families of cell surface receptors based on signal transduction mechnism.
		The response of cells to external signals initiates signalling cascades that can greatly amplify and regulate various inputs.asmic matrix is not an unstructured liquid gel as once was thought.
	www.nvo.com /jin/customhtml6 (1915 words)

	Gazi Tıp Fakültesi - Gazi Medical Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		NO is an important paracrine signalling molecule in a variety of cell types.
		In paracrine signalling, a molecule released by one cell acts on neighboring target cells.
		We are at the early stages of understanding free radical signal transduction and employing this knowledge for intervention in pathophysiology.
	www.med.gazi.edu.tr /gmj/developmental.html (2076 words)

	Staff information for Colin Brownlee B.Sc., Ph.D. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Mechanisms of calcium signalling during early development and in response to environmental cues.
		Signalling interactions between the cell cycle and polarization during early embryogenesis.
		Brownlee, C. (2002) Role of the extracellular matrix in cell-cell signalling: Paracrine paradigms.
	www.mba.ac.uk /content/researchstaffinfo.php?Sid=141 (312 words)

	MCSlect1.html
		The actions of these signalling molecules may last only seconds or minutes, thus mediating short responses, which are terminated by degradation.
		In the past, cellular responses to particular stimuli were worked out by observation, using activators and inhibitors to mimic/disrupt ligand-activated pathways and also by reconstitution assays in which the conditions and concentrations of different components could be investigated in a cell-free environment.
		Several potential signalling genes (many of unknown function) have been identified as a consequence of the human genome sequencing project.
	homepages.strath.ac.uk /~dfs99109/BB329/MCSlect1.html (1282 words)

	Local Signals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This figure illustrates how chemical signalling between nearby cells can be used in the bodies of animals for neurotransmission and during paracrine signalling (e.g.,
		Nitric oxide gas is produced by some cells and may be involved in either neurotransmission or a paracrine signal.
		Our understanding of the importance of these chemicals is rudimentary; thus far, they have been determined to be used in defense (e.g., initiating fever and inflammation), reproduction (secretion by cells of the placenta help induce labor) and some other functions.
	tidepool.st.usm.edu /Crswr/localsignal.html (115 words)

	Mathematical Modelling of Tumour Invasion and Metastasis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Recent experiments show that calcium signals can also propagate from one cell to another in a variety of cell populations; examples include hormone-evoked calcium oscillations in hepatocytes and glia-to-neuron signalling in response to neurotransmitters.
		To provide a mechanistic rationale for these observations, a mathematical model of intracellular calcium dynamics in hepatocytes is extended to the situation of coupled cells with gap junctional calcium diffusion.
		Gap junctional calcium fluxes are found effective in rapidly synchronizing calcium oscillations, and an experimentally testable estimate is given for the junctional coupling coefficient required.
	www.ma.hw.ac.uk /icms/previous/1999/cells/abstracts/hoefer.html (222 words)

	Index: I
		Insulin-like Growth Factor-Binding Protein 3 (IGF-BP3) is a target gene of p53 and is able to inhibit mitogenic signalling by the insulin-like growth factor IGF-1.
		It might direct the assembly or disassembly of IKK complexes in response to signalling, and control deactivation of the kinase complex after stimulation.
		IkB-proteins (IkB-alpha, beta, and epsilon) are inhibitor proteins of NF-kB, which keep cytosolic NF-kB under tight control by binding to NF-kB and blocking its transport into the nucleus.
	www.celldeath.de /encyclo/index/i.htm (591 words)

	CoffeeBlog
		So it's clear: During "that time of the month" women are feeling bad, so they pick a fight with their man or men in general to enhance his agressive smell, thereby cheering themselves up a little.
		So endocrine and paracrine signalling is important for smell and taste function and development.
		I don't know if any of the cited research addresses whether the signalling affects smell and taste function in the differentiated epithelia, or if the functions are limited to development, acting only on the stem cells.
	coffeeblog.blogspot.com /2003_03_09_coffeeblog_archive.html (1113 words)

	Defective paracrine signalling by TGF{beta} in yolk sac vasculature of endoglin mutant mice: a paradigm for hereditary ...
		Articles by Carvalho, R. Articles by Mummery, C. Defective paracrine signalling by TGFß in yolk sac vasculature of endoglin mutant mice: a paradigm for hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia
		Barbara, N. P., Wrana, J. and Letarte, M. Endoglin is an accessory protein that interacts with the signaling receptor complex of multiple members of the transforming growth factor-ß superfamily.
		and Mummery, C. Transforming growth factor-ß signalling in extraembryonic mesoderm is required for yolk sac vasculogenesis in mice.
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/131/24/6237 (6553 words)

	Cook et al. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Wingless inactivates glycogen synthase kinase-3 via an intracellular signalling pathway which involves a protein kinase C
		Although putative components of Wg- (and by inference Wnt-) mediated signalling pathways have been identified by genetic analysis, the biochemical significance of most factors remains unproven.
		This occurs through a signalling pathway that is distinct from insulin-mediated regulation of GSK-3 in that Wg signalling to GSK-3 is insensitive to wortmannin.
	kinase.uhnres.utoronto.ca /abstracts/abst_DC.html (197 words)

	Glycine, GABA and their transporters in pancreatic islets of Langerhans: evidence for a paracrine transmitter interplay ...
		Glycine, GABA and their transporters in pancreatic islets of Langerhans: evidence for a paracrine transmitter interplay -- Gammelsaeter et al.
		The identity of the A-cell SGs is confirmed by double labelling (H) with 10 nm gold particles for glucagon and 15 nm particles (red arrows) for VGAT.
		Walker, M. C., Ruiz, A. and Kullmann, D. Monosynaptic GABAergic signaling from dentate to CA3 with a pharmacological and physiological profile typical of mossy fiber synapses.
	jcs.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/117/17/3749 (6630 words)

	GABA in the Endocrine Pancreas: Its Putative Role as an Islet Cell Paracrine-signalling Molecule -- Franklin and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		for tailored stimulatory and inhibitory signaling pathways for
		Paracrine signaling in the in situ islet is dictated by the
		Secretory granule-mediated co-secretion of L-glutamate and glucagon triggers glutamatergic signal transmission in islets of Langerhans.
	www.jgp.org /cgi/content/full/123/3/185 (3464 words)

	Oxytocin- and vasopressin-induced growth of human small-cell lung cancer is mediated by the mitogen-activated protein ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Figure 5 Effect of signalling pathway inhibitors on OT- and VP-stimulated SCLC H345 and H146 cellular growth.
		Chiu T, Wu SS, Santiskulvong C, Tangkijvanich P, Yee HF Jr and Rozengurt E 2002 Vasopressin-mediated mitogenic signaling in intestinal epithelial cells.
		Heasley LE 2001 Autocrine and paracrine signaling through neuropeptide receptors in human cancer.
	erc.endocrinology-journals.org /cgi/content/full/11/4/871 (6525 words)

	Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Signalling pathways activated by glucocorticoids downstream of ligand-induced activation of the glucocorticoid receptor in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia abs#051
		Mouse oocyte paracrine signalling to cumulus cells by TGF-ß superfamily molecules is indispensable for cumulus expansion abs#060
		The Estrogen-responsive B box protein is a novel regulator of the retinoid signal abs#006
	www.asmr-nsc.org.au /program.htm (1211 words)

	PPT Slide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A form of paracrine signalling where the signalling cell is the target of its own ligand
		This “community effect” ensures that the signal feeds back on itself and is self-reinforcing
		Ensures that all the cells of a tissue will respond collectively
	www.trentu.ca /chemistry/srafferty/434lec/434LEC4/tsld008.htm (41 words)

	The human corpus luteum: which cells have progesterone receptors? -- Maybin and Duncan 128 (4): 423 -- Reproduction
		is a candidate molecule for these paracrine effects.
		One strategy to identify putative paracrine molecules is to
		potentials for progesterone as a paracrine signalling molecule.
	www.reproduction-online.org /cgi/content/full/128/4/423 (4332 words)

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	www.ucl.ac.uk /uro-neph/ppt/ci081102.ppt (781 words)

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