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Topic: Paraguayan Civil War

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War of the Triple Alliance

Alfredo Stroessner

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	Ears and Conflicts of Brazil
		Civil war broke out between the absolutist supporters of Miguel, the so-called "Miguelites," who took control of Lisbon, and the constitutionalists, who were aided by General John Carlos de Oliveira e Daun Saldanha (1791-1876) at Oporto.
		The war devastated Paraguay, whose former population of about 525,000 was reduced to some 221,000, of whom oníy 29,000 were adult males; it was the bloodiest conflict in Latin American history.
		The war caused financial havoc in Brazil, and mercenary troops mutinied in Rio (1828).
	www.brazilbrazil.com /wars.html (5699 words)

	Rothbard on War
		"Civilization and human existence are at stake, and to preserve and expand it, high theory and scholarship, though important, are not enough," he wrote in 1993.
		The State thrives on war – unless, of course, it is defeated and crushed – expands on it, glories in it.
		The income tax was reluctantly eliminated after the Civil War as was conscription: all the other things – such as high excise taxes—continued on as a permanent accretion of State power over the American public.
	www.antiwar.com /orig/rothbard_on_war.html (3763 words)

	List of civil wars - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Brothers' Civil War, 1067-1072 (The war between King Alfonso of León and King Sancho of Castile)
		Warring States Period (China), 475-221 BCE (this is not universally considered a civil war, but rather an international conflict.
		The following civil wars are ongoing or ended in the past decade, as of 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_civil_wars (579 words)

	South American Wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The war devastated Paraguay, and when López's death ended the conflict in 1870, more than half of the population had been killed, the economy had been destroyed, agricultural activity was at a standstill and the country had lost more than 142,500 sq km (55,000 sq mi).
		Following the Spanish Absolutist tradition, the pro-clerical Conservatives favoured an authoritarian central government that was abhorrent to the anticlerical liberals who, attracted by the new ideas on the "rights of man" and the separation of Church and State developed by the French and American revolutions, might have accepted a loose federation had it been offered.
		Colombia suffered 8 debilitating civil wars in the 19th century as power passed from one party to the other and centralist constitutions were replaced by federalist ones and vice versa.
	berclo.net /page94/94en-hist-sam-wars.html (2282 words)

	Sweeney \| Nothing but the Truth
		The minister resident to the Argentine Republic at the outbreak of the war was Robert C. Kirk.
		Webb was not unmindful of the deleterious impact of the war on Brazil.
		The war surfaced in Brazilian politics in February 2005 because of demands for the opening of archives from Brazil's 1964-85 military dictatorship.
	www.unc.edu /depts/diplomat/item/2005/1012/swee/sweeney_truth.html (3205 words)

	The United Nations, ...Colossal Failure!
		Wars have been fought all over the globe, with at least one, and usually both, of the participants members of the UN.
		The much-heralded “end of the cold war” was primarily a struggle between the vibrant American economy and the failure of Communism.
		When one reviews its charter; its avowed intention to prevent wars, and usher in an era of world peace in the light of all the foregoing, one is inclined to view the United Nations not as the “world’s last chance for peace,” but as a colossal failure.
	www.garnertedarmstrong.ws /GTA_Wordfroms/gtanews73.htm (4368 words)

	Triple Alliance, War of the - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Brazil's military reprisals for injuries to Brazilian subjects in Uruguay's civil war brought a declaration of war against Brazil from Francisco Solano López, Paraguayan dictator, who favored the Blanco regime in Uruguay.
		By the end of the war Paraguay was devastated and a considerable part of its male population killed.
		The war was the brutal consequence of López's provocations as well as of the abusive aggressiveness of the larger powers.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-tripa1lw1ar.html (377 words)

	Andrew Clem ~ Latin American wars
		(Civil wars and guerrilla insurgencies are another matter.) There is a considerable body of social science literature suggesting that warfare has a "make or break" effect on the political cohesion of nation-states.
		Most Chileans blame the outbreak of the war on the secret treaty, but Davis wrote that the decisive factor in the war's outbreak were the dispossessed nitrate certificate holders (mostly Europeans and Chileans) who hated Peru for having nationalized the mineral deposits in 1875.
		During the 1930's, a bloody war was fought in the interior of South America, over a forbidding stretch of land known as the Chaco Desert.
	www.andrewclem.com /LatinAmerica/LatAmer_wars (2057 words)

	AllRefer.com - Paraguay - Morínigo and World War II \| Paraguayan Information Resource
		Morínigo and World War II The era of the New Liberals, as Estigarribia's supporters were called, came to a sudden end in September 1940, when the president died in an airplane crash.
		While the United States defined its interests in terms of resisting the fascist threat, Paraguayan officials believed their interests lay in economic expediency and were reluctant to antagonize Germany until the outcome of the war was no longer in doubt.
		The Chaco War had sparked the February revolution, which, in turn, sounded the death knell of the Liberal state and ushered in a revival of Paraguayan nationalism along with a reverence for the dictatorial past.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/paraguay/paraguay26.html (1361 words)

	Post-Stroessner Language Planning in Paraguay (Paraguayan language policy: a sociolinguistic and post-colonial ...
		Consequently, in the early 17th century, the Paraguayan Creoles collaborated with the mamelucos in aiding the raids of the missions.
		The army that the son of Carlos Antonio Lópéz, Mariscal Francisco Solano López amassed to fight the war of the Triple Alliance was largely Guaraní -speaking, evidence of which is a propaganda newspaper published in that language for the troops (Raine 187).
		The primordialist concepts of race and blood are established as fundamental to Paraguayan national identity; however, it should be reiterated that the argument that this construction of identity is an imposition of European colonialism is difficult to sustain, because the nation actually preserved certain aspects of pre-columbian political structure.
	www.ac.wwu.edu /~sngynan/f99paper.html (4438 words)

	Embassy of Brazil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The war was settled by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848.
		Paraguayan dictator Francisco Solano López took advantage of civil war in Uruguay to further his ambition of dominating the entire River Plate region.
		On January 1, 1863, in the middle of the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln issued his Emancipation Proclamation freeing the slaves in the Confederate States of America.
	www.brasilemb.org /profile_brazil/brazil_usa_war.shtml (1405 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Request: Data on examples of "total war," total war being defined as war in which the objective was extermination of the enemy or rendering the enemy incapable of self-defense, i.e., winning by knockout rather than points.
		Wars of Extermination: Of the two types of total war as defined above, the first, extermination, was characteristic of ancient and medieval times and of modern times outside the direct framework of Western Civilization.
		The Paraguayan War, 1865-1870, though provoked by Paraguay's dictator Lopez, led to invasion by Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay that literally decimated the Paraguayan population (some 200,000, including 28,000 adult males, surviving out of a prewar population of 1,850,000).
	www.army.mil /cmh/documents/misc/ocmh26.htm (947 words)

	The Gran Chaco War, 1928-1935
		Paraguayan settlers had long since brought cattle to the region and had established a tannin industry based on the quebracho.
		Later in the war, when Paraguay's funds were exhausted, she relied almost entirely on capturing this fresh Bolivian materiel for her own needs.
		They were quick to note the mistakes of their supposedly more advanced, more civilized European counterparts and made use of the experience gained in the conflict that awaited them in their homeland.
	worldatwar.net /chandelle/v1/v1n3/chaco.html (4349 words)

	Amazon.com: The Paraguayan War: Causes and Early Conduct (Studies in War Society and the Military Series): Books: ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Paraguayan War (sometimes called the War of the triple Alliance or the Lopez War)frequently appears as a line or two at most in military histories and is immediately dismissed as not worthy of note.
		The Paraguayan war which lasted from 1864-70 was one of the bloodiest wars in Latin American history.
		The Paraguayan was launched due to political machinations involving a civil war in Uruguay and this wonderful book delves into the root causes and opening campaigns.
	www.amazon.com /Paraguayan-War-Conduct-Studies-Military/dp/0803247869 (1657 words)

	Paraguayan Civil War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Paraguayan Civil War was a conflict in Paraguay that lasted from March to August 1947.
		The Febreristas made common cause with the Liberal Party and the Paraguayan Communist Party.
		Rafael Franco led a rebellion which became a civil war as the Paraguayan armed forces, which had previously remained loyal, split, with almost all the navy and sections of the army joining the rebels.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Paraguayan_Civil_War (207 words)

	[No title]
		Situation 1: The United States, 1861-65 The Civil War was the most intense conflict faced by the American nation during the 19th century.
		The main problem was in the changes operated by the war over the relations between the central government, local bosses and their protégés.
		It is a real punishment; a common soldier is considered a miserable slave.” During the Triple Alliance War, the expansion of government prerogatives in Brazil interfered with another kind of market, that is, with established loyalties which took the form of private contracts between planters and their clients.
	crab.rutgers.edu /~goertzel/vizecksohn-11.doc (2709 words)

	UnCommon Sense TV Media » Perpetual War For a Piece Of The Action
		In this bizarre war where Iraqi civilians fear both suicide bombers and the United States, the biggest sacrifice that President Bush asked of American civilians was to get on a plane and show those terrorists a thing or two by going to Disney World.
		In regards to the Independent UK report on the insurgency and increasing conditions of civil war in Iraq, I admit to having a slightly cynical view of the situation.
		The Iraq War is a pure war, a war for the sake of war.
	www.ustvmedia.org /category/perpetual-war-for-a-piece-of-the-action (2482 words)

	The United Nations - America's Greatest Danger?
		One of my own campaign ribbons bestowed upon me as a serviceman in the Navy during the Korean War is a blue and white striped one called the “UN Medal.” I look upon it with a mixture of revulsion and distaste.
		Never could the so-called “United Nations” tolerate, from the immediate aftermath of World War II and the Soviet occupation of Europe, any representative from The United States, Britain, or the Soviet Union to be appointed as its Secretary General.
		During Waldheim’s tenure in office, there was a huge genocidal massacre in Burundi; the Ecuadoran Military coup occurred; the North-South Yemen War; the Afghan Military coup; the Chilean coup; the Greek Military coup, and the Israeli Raid on Beirut in 1973 took place.
	www.garnertedarmstrong.ws /gtanews83.htm (3171 words)

	Paraguay - Morínigo and World War II
		The era of the New Liberals, as Estigarribia's supporters were called, came to a sudden end in September 1940, when the president died in an airplane crash.
		The result was a failed coup d'état in December 1946 and full-scale civil war in March 1947.
		The institution of one-party rule, the establishment of order at the expense of political liberty, and the acceptance of the army's role of final political arbiter created the conditions that encouraged the emergence of the Stroessner regime.
	countrystudies.us /paraguay/16.htm (1232 words)

	The Terrible Truth - The Human History of War
		161 - 166 Parthian war of Lucius Verus
		1532 - 1546 Ottoman-Habsburg War in the Mediterranean
		1551 - 1581 Ottoman-Habsburg War in the Mediterranean
	www.bibleufo.com /terribletruth5.htm (1805 words)

	Bibliotheca War Zone - AD Era (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The War of the Roses 1455 - 1485
		Wars of Demetrius II of Macedon 239 - 229BC
		Wars of Phillip of Macedon 358 - 336BC
	www.bibliotheca.org.uk /links/war/warzone-complete.html (429 words)

	Send to a Friend - IPS Inter Press Service
		The Paraguayan Social Forum was kicked off with a march under the banner ''Another Paraguay Is Possible.
		The idea of the country and regional social forums is ''to bring the WSF into touch with the reality of the social movements and organisations in the different regions of the world,'' he said.
		The participating civil society organisations also held some 30 seminars and workshops parallel to the conferences, to discuss questions like education, gender issues, human rights, natural resources and the democratisation of the media.
	www.ipsnews.net /sendnews.asp?idnews=21257 (461 words)

	Paraguayan Bombers in the Gran Chaco War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This SVA-5 was used for training and support until 1932, after initial use during the Paraguayan Civil War of 1922, when five were delivered.
		This aircraft carries unofficial Paraguayan roundels (consisting of a Red star on a White disc, with a central Blue dot with a White outline) in four wing positions.
		This unusual marking, which was applied in the field, appears to have been applied to aircraft serialled 4 and 5, in addition to this one.
	www.insigniamag.com /chac2.html (363 words)

	BBC News \| AMERICAS \| Paraguay football hero taunts Brazil
		The Paraguayan captain said that if wars were mentioned, perhaps Brazil could return the land it took from his country - including the world-famous Iguazu Falls - in a five-year war which ended in 1870.
		Chilavert, who is also the Paraguayan goalkeeper, became an international name when he took his team to the second round of the World Cup finals in France in 1998.
		Paraguay was heavily defeated in the 1865-70 war by the Triple Alliance of Uruguay, Brazil and Argentina, losing a considerable part of its male population and large tracts of land.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/americas/1493410.stm (422 words)

	Paraguay history
		The Indigenous of the Paraguayan Chaco: Struggle for the Land By Keith Slack.
		The Gran Chaco War: Fighting for Mirages in the Foothills of the Andes Well illustrated with pictures of the weapons as well as strategy maps.
		Air Combat During the Chaco War (by Antonio Sapienza) and Air Power in the Chaco War (by James S. Corum).
	www.casahistoria.net /Paraguay.htm (1456 words)

	Crimes Of War Project > Magazine > Alternative Justice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The legal foundation for the lawsuits against these leaders stems from a little known but increasingly relevant law called the Alien Tort Claims Act, which was passed by the first U.S. Congress in 1789.
		The law lay hidden in the books — and was largely unused — until 1978, when a Paraguayan man named Dr. Joel Filartiga heard from a group of Paraguayan immigrants in Brooklyn, New York that the policeman who tortured to death his 17-year-old son was in the United States.
		Unfortunately, the Filartigas were never able to collect damages, and U.S. immigration officials deported the Paraguayan officer.
	www.crimesofwar.org /tribun-mag/mag_relate_alternative.html (310 words)

	Miniature Wargaming: Free Miniature Wargames Rules, Wargaming Resources, Miniature Wargames Terrain, Painting Advice ...
		The Great Paraguayan War—also known as the War of the Triple Alliance—is one of the most underrated conflicts of the western hemisphere.
		The coutry lost between 50% and 90% of its pre war population during the conflict.
		If you’ve wanted to try out some of the outstanding western games that are in print these days, but don’t hvae the figures, you could download and print these sheets of 19th century western gunfighters, animals and other assorted things.
	www.miniaturewargaming.com /index.php/mwg/C33/P4 (704 words)

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