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Topic: Parallelism

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	Parallel computing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Parallel computing is the simultaneous execution of the same task (split up and specially adapted) on multiple processors in order to obtain results faster.
		Parallel processor machines are also divided into symmetric and asymmetric multiprocessors, depending on whether all the processors are capable of running all the operating system code and, say, accessing I/O devices or if some processors are more or less privileged.
		Such mechanisms may provide either implicit parallelism -- the system (the compiler or some other program) partitions the problem and allocates tasks to processors automatically (also called automatic parallelizing compilers) -- or explicit parallelism where the programmer must annotate his program to show how it is to be partitioned.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parallel_computing (1297 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - PARALLELISM IN HEBREW POETRY: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It is now generally conceded that parallelism is the fundamental law, not only of the poetical, but even of the rhetorical and therefore of higher style in general in the Old Testament.
		The importance of parallelism as an aid in determining text-critical and lexicographical questions, thus affording the key to the correct interpretation of many passages in the Bible, is evident.
		The parallelism is so inwrought in the nature of Hebrew poetry that it can not be lost in translation; and to this fact is perhaps due not in a small measure the fact that the poetry of the Old Testament has become the common property of mankind.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=67&letter=P (1608 words)

	Parallelism (grammar) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In grammar, parallelism, is a balance of two or more similar words, phrases, or clauses.
		Parallelism may also be known as parallel structure or parallel construction.
		Parallel: Repairing this table can be done in one, two or three steps.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parallelism_(grammar) (201 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Parallelism
		In the hymns of the Assyrians and Babylonians parallelism is fundamental and essential.
		He distinguished three kinds of parallelism: the synonymous, the antithetical, and the synthetic.
		Parallelism may be seen in distichs or tristichs.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11473a.htm (633 words)

	2. Style. The American Heritage Book of English Usage. 1996
		These problems—of parallelism, redundancy, and the like—are more rhetorical than grammatical; that is, they involve choices you must make as a writer trying to create a certain style of expression.
		A basic guideline about parallel constructions is to make sure that all the elements in a balanced pair or in a series have the same grammatical form.
		Sometimes making sure that all the elements in a parallel construction are equivalent is not as clear-cut as it sounds, and parallelism itself can be a matter of debate.
	www.bartleby.com /64/2.html (2563 words)

	Academic Center: Grammar and Punctuation Handouts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Parallelism allows you to show order and clarity and rhythm in a sentence, a paragraph, a section, or a whole document by putting elements that have the same function in the same grammatical form.
		Parallelism is required in lists and series; in compound structures; in every kind of comparison, including those using than or as; and in contrasting elements.
		Parallel structures may be as simple as groups of single words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc.) or as complicated as groups of phrases or clauses within a sentence or headings within a document.
	www.uhv.edu /ac/grammar/parallelism.html (693 words)

	LEO: Parallelism
		Parallel structure is really a matter of balance.
		To be parallel, each phrase should follow the pattern of the first one in the series.
		Here the two prepositional phrases are parallel; they are the same kind of structure.
	leo.stcloudstate.edu /grammar/parallelism.html (489 words)

	Writers' Workshop Writing Tips: Parallelism
		Parallel (grammatically equal) sentence elements regularly appear in lists or in a series, in compound structures, in comparisons using than or as, and in contrasted elements.
		For parallel structure, balance nouns with nouns, prepositional phrases with prepositional phrases, main clauses with main clauses, and so on--in one paper, whole paragraphs can parallel other paragraphs.
		In much current business and technical writing, you'll see parallel lists of points indented and bulleted, while rhetoricians from Lincoln to Martin Luther King used parallel constructions to create emotional suspense in their speeches.
	www.english.uiuc.edu /cws/wworkshop/writer_resources/writing_tips/parallelism.htm (244 words)

	UNIFICATION OF SYNCHRONOUS AND ASYNCHRONOUS MODELS FOR PARALLEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
		In this thesis, a number of existing parallel languages are examined with respect to the precise semantics of the parallel constructs and their impact on the type of parallelism that can be expressed in the programming model.
		Parallel variables in Glypnir are of a fixed size and extent, resulting in parallel data layout that closely resembles the Illiac IV topology.
		The distinction between parallel variables in a synchronous model and private variables in an asynchronous models is therefore one of syntax; the semantics are actually the same.
	www.ece.purdue.edu /~hankd/CARP/XPC/paper.html (19347 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Psycho-Physical Parallelism
		The assertion that all psychical processes have a physiological "parallel" is unwarranted, and scarcely less unwarranted is the assertion that all physiological processes have a psychical "parallel".
		This is admitted by Fechner, Mach, Boltzmann, Höfler, and von Hartmann, the latter being a determinist.
		Parallelism is useless here, if interaction be abolished; nay, more, is incompatible with that very independence on account of which its existence is affirmed.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11474a.htm (1016 words)

	Parallelism Research Group - Objectives
		Parallel platforms can be constructed from "commodity" hardware, such as PC clusters linked by high speed networks, or may be more specialist high-performance systems at the top-end of the performance (and price) range.
		Parallel, object-oriented databases are likely to be a valuable tool for the e-scientist, and the design and implementation of such databases and their availability in Grid-based environments are key research interests of the group.
		The world's first parallel, object-oriented database server was developed jointly by the Universities of Manchester and Newcastle in the Polar project.
	www.parallelism.cs.ncl.ac.uk (832 words)

	Focusing Sentences Through Parallelism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Parallel structures include word or phrase patterns that are similar.
		Effective parallelism creates symmetry in sentences and adds force to your writing; it emphasizes the likeness between two or more ideas.
		When sentences are truly parallel, and the verbs are used exactly the same in each phrase, they do not need to be repeated.
	writing2.richmond.edu /writing/wweb/parstruc.html (317 words)

	The UVic Writer's Guide: Parallelism
		Faulty parallelism, on the other hand, produces an effect in your reader similar to changing gears without using the clutch.
		Parallelism is especially effective for thesis sentences, because you can incorporate all the sections of your argument in a unified manner:
		The parallel structure provides a clarity and balance which sharpens your thesis; in this instance the parallels also point the way to the three paragraphs you will be writing to support the thesis.
	web.uvic.ca /wguide/Pages/SentParallel.html (435 words)

	Protocol Parallelization
		We conclude that protocol processing itself may not benefit greatly from parallelization, and that parallelizing the control and feedback may prove beneficial in increasing channel utilization and reducing latency.
		Parallelization uses replicates to perform the work of a single entity, and involves considering replication dimension, mapping function, scale limitations, replicate interference, overhead, and expected gain.
		The result was 4-way parallelism, with no further decomposition proposed.They concluded that the protocol definitions were not conducive to further parallel decomposition, especially because of the overlap of functions between layers.
	www.isi.edu /touch/pubs/pfhsn94.html (4528 words)

	BMC Software (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Sysplex query parallelism is an extension of the CP parallelism delivered in DB2 Version 4.1.
		Because Sysplex query parallelism is designed to reduce elapsed time at some cost, the RLF is a convenient way to reduce the use of parallelism for a subset of system processes when CP utilization gets very high.
		Sysplex query parallelism is an excellent way to reduce the elapsed time in queries involved in maintaining a data warehouse or supporting a decision support system.
	www.bmc.com /technews/971/971tn5.html (1753 words)

	Instruction Level Parallelism
		The amount of parallelism available within a basic block (a straight-line code sequence with no branches in and out except for entry and exit) is quite small.
		The simplest and most common way to increase the amount of parallelism available among instructions is to exploit parallelism among iterations of a loop.
		A loop is parallel unless there is a cycle in the dependecies, since the absence of a cycle means that the dependencies give a partial ordering on the statements.
	www.cs.iastate.edu /~prabhu/Tutorial/PIPELINE/instrLevParal.html (338 words)

	The Nuts and Bolts of College Writing
		Parallelism is one of the most useful and flexible rhetorical techniques.
		One other problem with parallelism is fairly common, though this is a stylistic rather than a grammatical lapse.
		One spin is inversion or chiasmus, in which parallel elements are carefully reversed for emphasis.
	www.nutsandboltsguide.com /rhetoric.html (2818 words)

	Quantum Parallelism
		Quantum parallelism arises from the ability of a quantum memory register to exist in a superposition of base states.
		It would seem that this sort of parallelism is not useful, as the more we benefit from parallelism the less likely we are to measure a value of a function for a particular input.
		Some clever algorithms have been devised, most notably by Peter Shor which succeed in using quantum parallelism on a function where there is interest in some property of all the inputs, not just a particular one.
	alumni.imsa.edu /~matth/quant/433/shor-par/node11.html (354 words)

	Is Parallelism for You?
		Parallelism is introduced with multiple CPUs participating in one iteration, each applying the calculations to a data subset (see Figure 4).
		The fourth style of parallelism is illustrated by a related application, which models the diffusion of contaminants through groundwater (Figure 5).
		Parallelism involving even moderate numbers of CPUs tends to be bounded in performance by the communication speed (typically comparable to that of a workstation cluster).
	web.engr.oregonstate.edu /~pancake/papers/IsParall (7446 words)

	Parallelism Research Group - Research Project - HiPPO: 2000 - 2003
		The parallelism will be automatically extracted from the notations used, and the engineer will not be concerned with the detail of specifying and controlling parallelism, nor with tailoring software to run on a particular parallel system.
		The intention is that a parallel software system can be automatically generated from the graph representing a program's design, and executed efficiently on a parallel platform built from commodity hardware.
		One particular applications area of interest is numerical algorithms, where the use of object-oriented techniques is one important research area, and where of course the desire for high-performance through the use of parallelism is paramount.
	www.parallelism.cs.ncl.ac.uk /projects/hippo (521 words)

	Composition. Strunk, William, Jr. 1918. Elements of Style
		Contrast with them the sentences in the paragraphs quoted under Rule 10, or in any piece of good English prose, as the preface (Before the Curtain) to Vanity Fair.
		This principle, that of parallel construction, requires that expressions of similar content and function should be outwardly similar.
		But apart from this, he should follow the principle of parallel construction.
	www.bartleby.com /141/strunk5.html (4130 words)

	The Writing Center at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs - Parallelism Handout (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Within sentences, one may find compound elements of speech; a sentence may have multiple subjects, verbs, or phrases, and in order for the sentence to flow smoothly, those elements need to be "alike both in in use and in form," (Coats, Sandel 276) or parallel.
		In each of the examples of faulty parallelism, one of the elements doesn't follow the form of the other parts of speech.
		The parts of speech must be coordinated or "balanced noun for noun, modifier for modifier, clause for clause" (277).
	www.uccs.edu /~wrtgcntr/handouts/parallelism.html (300 words)

	MacKiDo/Hardware/Parallelism
		All the techniques used in the first RISC were to get more parallelism and performance out of a single stream of execution.
		The scope of this type of multi-stream parallelism (loose-grained) is far easier and more understood than the single stream parallelism (fine-grained) -- especially beyond a few execution units.
		For multi-stream parallelism, you just make a core, then mirror it a few times, and then just add some connection logic to allow the different cores to talk and share cache and so on.
	www.mackido.com /Hardware/Parallelism.html (4209 words)

	Parallelism
		It provides examples of the right and wrong uses of parallelism and refers to other elements of grammar, such as modifiers and coordinating conjunctions.
		I was a little confused as to what parallelism even was, but this definitely helped me understand this.
		This section doesn’t show quite as many examples, but I think once you’ve understood the concept of simple parallelism, it is easy to see where connectors would be used.
	www.bhsu.edu /artssciences/asfaculty/sstrand/english_306/Website_reviews/Parallelism.htm (434 words)

	Parallel Structures
		Parallel structure means using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance.
		The usual way to join parallel structures is with the use of coordinating conjunctions such as "and" or "or."
		Parallel: The teacher said that he was a poor student because he wait
	owl.english.purdue.edu /handouts/grammar/g_parallel.html (465 words)

	Parallel Form
		Students are also familiar with Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, which abounds with examples of parallel form.
		It is true that in repeating a statement in order to emphasize it writers may have need to vary its form.
		The inherent vice of capitalism is the unequal sharing of blessings; the inherent virtue of socialism is the equal sharing of miseries.
	grammar.ccc.commnet.edu /grammar/parallelism.htm (527 words)

	Parallelism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It is parallel in its structure, and thus musical and rhythmical to read and to hear spoken aloud.
		The second example is also parallel, just in a different pattern.
		Those two slanting lines (//) indicate the editor has spotted faulty parallelism in that line of text, and the editor wants the author to fix it.
	web.cn.edu /kwheeler/gram_parallelism.html (490 words)

	Sam Ruby: Parallelism Done Right
		Sam, are you disagreeing with the statements "One thing that does seem likely is that most opportunities for parallelism will be wasted." and "parallelism won't pervade the programs that are written in a hundred years"?
		Gordon, what I am disagreeing with is "parallelism will be something that is available if you ask for it explicitly, but ordinarily not used.".
		Similarly, in languages with "yield" statements, the thought isn't to make something parallel, but simply to let the compiler manage the state and context.
	www.intertwingly.net /blog/1340.html (399 words)

	Grammar Handbook: Parallelism
		Parallelism occurs when compound verbs or verbals express an action taking place at the same time or in the same tense.
		When such is the case, the verb and/or verbals must be in the same, or parallel, form.
		("Sings" and "dances" are parallel forms of the verb.)
	www.english.uiuc.edu /cws/wworkshop/writer_resources/grammar_handbook/parallelism.htm (92 words)

	parallelism from FOLDOC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The maximum number of independent subtasks in a given task at a given point in its execution.
		(c + d) the expressions a, b, c and d can all be calculated in parallel giving a degree of parallelism of (at least) four.
		If process P outputs value v which process Q reads then P must be executed before Q. If both processes write to some variable then its final value will depend on their execution order so they cannot be executed in parallel if any other process depends on that variable's value.
	foldoc.org /?parallelism (199 words)

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