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Topic: Parallel History Project

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	PHP - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		PHP's ease of use and similarity with the most common structured programming languages – most notably C and Perl (and from version 5, Java) – allows most experienced programmers to start developing complex applications with a minimal learning curve.
		PHP was originally designed as a set of Perl scripts by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994 to display his résumé and collect some data, such as how many hits it was generating.
		PHP 5 introduces a destructor concept similar to that of other object-oriented languages, such as Java: When the last reference to an object is destroyed, the object's destructor (a class method named __destruct() that receives no parameters) is called before the object is freed from memory.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /PHP (1923 words)

	PHP programming language
		PHP 5 introduces a destructor concept similar to that of other object-oriented languages, such as Java: When the last reference to an object is destroyed the object's destructor, which is a class method named __destruct() that receives no parameters, is called before the object is freed from memory.
		PHP was originally designed as a wrapper around Perl by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994 to display his resume information and collect some data, such as how many hits it was generating.
		Due to PHP's popularity, a new breed of programmers has emerged who are only familiar with PHP, which in turn forced open the door towards a command line interface for PHP, along with support for GUI functions, such as Gtk or ncurses support.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/p/ph/php_programming_language.html (1411 words)

	Read about PHP at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research PHP and learn about PHP here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		PHP was originally designed as a small set of Perl scripts, followed by a rewritten set of CGI binaries written in C by the Danish-
		The ease of programming in PHP has made it so these programmers are able to learn the basics of programming and are then able to continue on to other languages such as C/C++ or Perl/Python/Java and then finding themselves back programming in PHP for its speed of development in comparison to other languages.
		PHP does not enforce the declaration of variables, and variables that have not been initialized can have operations (such as concatenation) performed on them; however, an operation on an uninitialized variable does raise an E_NOTICE level error, errors that are hidden by default.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/PHP (2529 words)

	PHP
		PHP logo :''For the "PHP" Cold War history project, see Parallel History Project.'' PHP (a recursive acronym for "'''P'''HP: Hypertext Preprocessor"; actually a retronym (see history)) is a widely-used open-source programming language primarily for server-side applications and developing dynamic web content.
		PHP's ease of use and similarity with the most common structured programming languages—most notably C and Perl (and from version 5, Java)—allows most experienced programmers to start developing complex applications with a minimal learning curve.
		PHP was originally designed as a small set of Perl scripts, followed by a rewritten set of CGI binaries written in C by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994 to display his résumé and collect some data, such as how many hits it was generating.
	www.keywordmage.net /ph/php.html (2642 words)

	Internet Resource Guide - History
		International Institute of Social History - One of the world's largest documentary and research institutions in the field of social history in general and the history of the labour movement in particular; based in the Netherlands; documents and archives are searchable, and an English language collection provided.
		The Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact - Original documents from the US and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, along with documents from the former Soviet Union and its defunct Warsaw Pact.
		History Guide -- An internet-based subject gateway to scholarly relevant information in history with a focus on Anglo-American history and the history of Central and Western Europe.
	www.murraystate.edu /MSML/hislinks.html (1368 words)

	HEI - Library - Resources - Internet - History
		The Cold War International History Project: this project aims at disseminating new information sources which have become accessible after the fall of the Iron Curtain, thanks to the opening of the former Communist countries" archives.
		Avalon Project: the Cold War: on-line documentation (mainly of US origin) on the early years of the Cold War (1945-1962).
		Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact: this Web site, created by several research organizations dealing with Cold War history (such as the National Security Archive or the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Zurich, who hosts the site), aims at publishing on-line declassified documents taken from NATO and Warsaw Pact archives.
	heiwww.unige.ch /bib/historylinks (511 words)

	Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact
		The Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact
		On 30 June, the Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS), a PHP partner, presented to the public the results of its five-year project on Denmark and the Cold War.
		As a result of a joint research project of PHP and the Cold War History Research Center in Budapest (www.coldwar.hu) this collection contributes to the better understanding of the foreign policy coordination in the Warsaw Pact.
	www.isn.ethz.ch /php (679 words)

	nationalhistoryday (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		National History Day is a project sponsored locally by the University of Maryland and is part of a nation wide competition.
		This year's theme, "Exploration, Encounter, Exchange in History" is broad enough in scope to encourage investigation of topics ranging from local to world history.
		Whether a toic is a well known event in world history or focuses on a little known individual from a small community, students should be careful to place them into historical perspective, examine the significance of their topics in history, and show in their projects development over time.
	www.mcps.k12.md.us /schools/northbethesdams/nationalhistoryday2004.htm (754 words)

	Article detail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The NATO Archives, working in co-operation with the Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact, has recently placed 250 records relating to the so-called 'Harmel Report' on the World Wide Web.
		The documents placed on the Parallel History Project website include the records on the launching of the study, the work of the four study groups, national contributions and commentary, and the production and release of the final report in December 1967.
		Through the efforts of the NATO Archives Committee and the NATO Archives, these records were declassified and publicly disclosed in 2001.
	nato.usmission.gov /Article.asp?ID=12462DE9-2178-47C8-8C67-44D347D40735 (231 words)

	Academic Directory on Cold War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars sponsors this project, which provides access on its website to a searchable virtual archive and document library of material relating to the Cold War, with an emphasis on documents from the former eastern bloc.
		The objective of the project is to analyze the main security threats in these areas and to study their impact on the national security of Russia and the stability of the Eurasian continent; to this end, the site holds a number of published and working papers on these topics.
		The Harvard Project on Cold War Studies promotes archival research in former east-bloc countries and seeks to expand and enrich what is known about cold war events and themes.
	www.alllearn.org /er/tree.jsp?c=42881 (767 words)

	The (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The conference was cosponsored with The Cold War History Research Center in Budapest and the Institute for European, Russian, and Eurasian Studies at GW and sought to provide a forum for the discussion of new findings on the Cold War in Asia from the archives of the former communist countries of Eastern Europe.
		The PHP is affiliated with the PfP as a member of the Consortium of Defense Academies and Security Studies Institutes and participant in its Archives and Military History working groups.
		The growing international network of PHP partners and associates benefits both the specialist academic community by providing new scholarly perspectives on the recent past and the wider public by multiplying the results of research in a readily accessible form.
	home.gwu.edu /~yvette/coldwar/handbook.htm (3492 words)

	NATO Review - Vol. 49 - No 4 - Winter 2001
		In 1999, an international project entitled Parallel History of NATO and the Warsaw Pact was established bringing together scholars from both East and West to assess the record of the two alliances during the Cold War.
		In the process, key controversies - such as the nature of the threat from the Warsaw Pact, the relative importance of nuclear deterrence and the reasons for the collapse of the Eastern bloc - are being re-examined, with new evidence challenging the conventional wisdom.
		Petr Lunak is outreach editor in NATO's Office of Information and Press and a Czech scholar participating in the "Parallel History of NATO and the Warsaw Pact" project.
	www.nato.int /docu/review/2001/0104-09.htm (2083 words)

	PHP Press Release
		The war plan was declassified by the Czech government at the PHP's request, and the Ivashutin document was photocopied by the late Russian historian, Gen.
		Volkogonov, from the Soviet military archives, and was located by the PHP in his papers deposited at the Library of Congress.
		The web site, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php, is the inaugural publication of the PHP, an international consortium of scholars dedicated to the release of new documents from the Cold War era and the analysis of their significance for present security issues.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB31/press.html (391 words)

	The East Central European Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The journal is meant to broaden the discourse on aspects of national histories that are undergoing change thanks to the availability of new documentation from recently opened archives.
		It is a project of the Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences and Columbia University's East Central European Center.
		The first oral history collection of the Parallel History Project of the Warsaw Pact (PHP), drawing on interviews with Generals Jaruzelski, Siwicki, Tuczapski, and other high-ranking Polish officers of the cold war period as well as on newly declassified documents in several specialized Polish archives.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/sipa/REGIONAL/ECE/newintermar.html (376 words)

	The Scout Report -- Volume 7, Number 46
		The posters cover CERN projects such as the L3 detector and the End-cap Muon system and exhibitions including "Crystals of China" and "Collaborating through the Cold War." They display labeled diagrams of equipment, specifications, and historical facts.
		The Parallel History Project (PHP) began in 1999 in response to the increasing declassification of documents related to the Warsaw Pact.
		PHP's Website is part the International Relations and Security Network (ISN), operated by the Swiss Center for Security Studies and Conflict Research, and affiliated with NATO's Partnership for Peace.
	scout.wisc.edu /Reports/ScoutReport/2001/scout-011207-re.html (1032 words)

	Russia and East Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Project of the Wilson International Center for Scholars provides PDF formatted primary documents, a bulletin and discussion group.
		This site created by UW Professor Waugh provides "links to resources for the teaching and learning of the early history of the areas encompassed primarily by today's Ukraine and the European parts of Russia and some adjoining regions of Eastern Europe." Also see Professor Waugh's Novogorod Resources and Silk Road project.
		Meeting of Frontiers is a bilingual, multimedia English-Russian digital library that tells the story of the American exploration and settlement of the West, the parallel exploration and settlement of Siberia and the Russian Far East, and the meeting of the Russian-American frontier in Alaska and the Pacific Northwest.
	www.lib.washington.edu /subject/History/tm/russia.html (671 words)

	Open Directory - Society: History: By Time Period: Twentieth Century: Cold War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact - Provides access to declassified documentation and information about the development of NATO and the Warsaw Pact, their threat perceptions, and their military plans.
		War of Ideas: A History of the Cold War - Includes biographies of the principal Cold Warriors in the West and East, detailed reports on the different facets of the Cold War, a chronology of major Cold War events, and links to external resources.
		When the Iron Curtain Fell: The Fall of Communism in Russia and East Europe - History of the Cold War that discusses the origins of Communist rule and Stalin's dictatorship, the American response to the Communist challenge, the fall of the communism in East Europe.
	dmoz.org /Society/History/By_Time_Period/Twentieth_Century/Cold_War (937 words)

	Fletcher-Ginn-General International Relations
		The Project encourages the inclusion in a truly international history of perspectives and documentation from communist and formerly communist countries, by supporting full and prompt release of historical materials by governments on all sides." Its current and past full-text issues are available online for free in various formats.
		Avalon Project A project of Yale Law School, this site includes the text of documents in law, history and diplomacy, from the 17th century to the present.
		History Out Loud Audio clips of speeches and other recordings from Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt, Lyndon Johnson, John F. Kennedy and Bill Clinton as well as Winston Churchill and George Marshall.
	fletcher.tufts.edu /inter_resources/dhpgenresources.html (1263 words)

	ASU Libraries: Social Movement of the Sixties
		This is the essential abstract index for literature on American history.
		Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact - provides documentation about the development of NATO and the Warsaw Pact during the Cold War.
		Oral History Project and the Virtual Vietnam Archive.
	www.asu.edu /lib/hayden/ref/his/hst498socialmove60's.htm (809 words)

	ENG 497/8 - Politics of US Imperialism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Once you identify articles you need make sure you have the complete citation (author, title, journal name, volume, pages and year), then look in the UW Libraries Catalog for the journal name to see if and where the journal is kept (library location and call number).
		U of Virginia's Sixties Project began as a collective of humanities scholars working together on the Internet to use electronic resources to provide routes of collaboration and make available primary and secondary sources for researchers interested in the Sixties.
		Project based at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars includes transcribed documents dealing with the Cold War.
	www.lib.washington.edu /subject/English/BI400/ENGL497USImperialism.html (1530 words)

	Military World Links: History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact (PHP)- The PHP began in 1999 to collect declassified documents from east and central European archives and to encourage declassification of additional documents in these countries.
		The PHP is sponsored by the Swiss Center for Security Studies and Conflict Research in Zurich, the National Security Archive in Washington, the Machiavelli Center for Cold War Studies in Florence, and the Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies in Oslo.
		The Associates of Military History- The Associates of Military History was founded in December 1997 by Tristan Abbey.
	www.militaryworld.com /dir/History (779 words)

	Central European University Press
		Editors: Vojtech Mastny is a Senior Fellow at the National Security Archive, where he coordinates the Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact (PHP).
		This is the first book to document, analyze, and interpret the history of the Warsaw Pact based on the archives of the alliance itself.
		Most of the 193 documents included in the book were top secret and have only recently been obtained from Eastern European archives by the PHP project.
	www.ceupress.com /books/html/ACardboardCastle.html (739 words)

	The Tangled Web of Cold War Studies
		The Journal of Cold War Studies, the new journal of the Harvard Project on Cold War Studies is available in digital format through Project Muse, a database of 50 journals established by Johns Hopkins University.
		The Harvard Project on Cold War Studies hosts The Journal of Cold War Studies, including abstracts, the full text of one recent article (more are promised), and a brief discussion forum on its first issue (which originally appeared on H-Diplo).
		The Parallel History Project, which includes both the National Security Archive and the Cold War International History Project among its partners, focuses on the documentation and study of NATO and the Warsaw Pact during the Cold War.
	www.american.edu /bgriff/cwweb/cwweb.htm (5834 words)

	IALHI News Service: Romania and the Warsaw Pact (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Cold War International History Project (CWIHP) is pleased to announce the publication of CWIHP e-Dossier No. 6, "New Evidence on Romania and the Warsaw Pact, 1955-1989," by Dennis Deletant, Professor of Romanian Studies at University College, London (UK) and CWIHP Senior Scholar.
		The documents were also published as a CD Rom by the Institute of Political Studies of the Ministry of Defense in preparation for the international conference "Romania and the Warsaw Pact," co-sponsored in October 2002 by the Institute, CWIHP and the Parallel History Project (Zurich).
		The Cold War International History Project is a clearinghouse and research institute for international Cold War history based at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C. CWIHP collects, translates, and publishes declassified documents from former Communist world and other archives.
	www.iisg.nl /~ialhi/news/i0301_21.html (286 words)

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