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Topic: Parallel Random Access Machine

	Parallel Random Access Machine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		PRAM stands for Parallel Random Access Machine, which is an abstract machine for designing the algorithms applicable to parallel computers.
		The operation of a synchronous PRAM can result in simultaneous access by multiple processors to the same location in shared memory.
		There are several variants of our PRAM model, depending on whether such simultaneous access is permitted or prohibited.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parallel_Random_Access_Machine (127 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The in parallel for statement is typical code for a PRAM, where we assume that n processors simultaneously read n different array positions in A[1:n], but we don't care or specify which processor reads which array position (we merely assume that we have enough processors to do the job at the same time).
		There are three models of CW PRAMS that are commonly used in the literature when designing parallel algorithms, where each model differs as to how write conflicts are resolved.
		A third model of write-conflict resolution assumes that a parallel algorithm is correct only when all the processors that are concurrently attempting to write to a given location are all writing the same value.
	www.ececs.uc.edu /~jpaul/471/lec18.html (1663 words)

	A Survey of Parallel Algorithms for Shared-Memory Machines
		The principal computation that we consider is the parallel random-access machine (PRAM), in which it is assumed that each processor has random access in unit time to any cell of a global memory.
		This model permits the logical structure of parallel computation to be studied in a context divorced from issues of interprocessor communication.
		Section 2 surveys efficient parallel algorithms for bookkeeping operations such as compacting an array by squeezing out its "dead" elements, for evaluating algebraic expressions, for searching a graph and decomposing it into various kinds of components, and for sorting, merging and selection.
	sunsite.berkeley.edu /TechRepPages/CSD-88-408 (379 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Parallel Random Access Machine (PRAM) is a popular model for writing parallel algorithms.
		A parallel program is not very different from a sequential (imperative) program, but there is a special "for i pardo Pi" structure that allows for parallel execution of subprograms.
		PRAM is a very simple model of parallel computation that helps algorithm designers to focus in the essence of parallelism.
	www.cs.uku.fi /research/parallel/tekstiprinciples.htm (229 words)

	Encyclopedia: Parallel Random Access Machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Parallel computing is the simultaneous execution of the same task (split up and specially adapted) on multiple processors in order to obtain faster results.
		Shared memory refers to a (typically) large block of Random access memory that can be accessed by several different central processing units (CPUs) in a multiple-processor computer system.
		Computational models In contrast to algorithms that protect access to shared data with locks, lock-free and wait-free algorithms are specially designed to allow multiple threads to read and write shared data concurrently without corrupting it.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Parallel-Random-Access-Machine (332 words)

	PRAM - Parallel Random-Access Machine, Parameter Random Access Memory
		Parallel Random-Access Machine is not the only word formed from PRAM.
		(Parameter Random Access Memory) This type of memory is found in Macintosh computers, and powered by a battery.
		PRAM stores date and time settings and other system preference data.
	www.auditmypc.com /acronym/PRAM.asp (334 words)

	NESL: A Nested Data-Parallel Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Parallelism is supplied through a simple set of data -parallel constructs based on vectors, including a mechanism for applying any function over the elements of a vector in parallel and a rich set of parallel functions that manipulate vectors.
		Nested parallelism is important for implementing algorithms with complex and dynamically changing data structures, such as required in many graph and sparse matrix algorithms Nesl also provides a mechanism for calculating the asymptotic running time for a program on various parallel machine models, including the parallel random access machine (PRAM).
		This is useful for approximating running times of algorithms on actual machines and, when teaching algorithms, for supplying a close correspondence between the code and the theoretical complexity.
	pitecan.com /bib/Blelloch_CMUCS92103.html (502 words)

	1.2 A Parallel Machine Model
		In multiprocessors,   all processors share access to a common memory, typically via a bus or a hierarchy of buses.
		Access to this cache is much faster than access   to the shared memory; hence, locality is usually important, and the differences between multicomputers and multiprocessors are really just questions of degree.
		Two classes of computer system that are sometimes used as parallel computers are the local area network (LAN), in which computers in close physical proximity (e.g., the same building) are connected by a fast network, and the wide area network (WAN), in which geographically distributed computers are connected.
	www-unix.mcs.anl.gov /dbpp/text/node8.html (1033 words)

	parallel_processors
		Parallel and distributed computing has been offered as a way of advancing computing power beyond these limits.
		The Parallel Random Access Machine or PRAM is a theoretical model of parallel computation in which an arbitrary but finite number of processors can access any value in an arbitrarily large shared memory in a single time step.
		The PRAM is popular because it is theoretically tractable and because it gives algorithm designers a common target.
	campus.murraystate.edu /academic/faculty/bob.pilgrim/405/parallel_processors.html (1699 words)

	parallel processing from FOLDOC
		Memory may be either shared memory (all processors have equal access to all memory) or private (each processor has its own memory - "distributed memory") or a combination of both.
		Such mechanisms may provide either implicit parallelism - the system (the compiler or some other program) partitions the problem and allocates tasks to processors automatically or explicit parallelism where the programmer must annotate his program to show how it is to be partitioned.
		The terms "parallel processing" and "multiprocessing" imply multiple processors working on one task whereas "concurrent processing" and "multitasking" imply a single processor sharing its time between several tasks.
	foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk /foldoc/foldoc.cgi?multiprocessing (433 words)

	[No title]
		The in parallel for statement is typical code for a PRAM, where we assume that n processors simultaneously read n different array positions in A[0:n-1], but we don't care or specify which processor reads which array position (we merely assume that we have enough processors to do the job at the same time).
		On the parallel side, Batcher, while working at a tire company in Akron, Ohio, designed EvenOddMergeSort, which is still the most practical parallel sorting algorithm, and is again to close enough to being optimal that it may well never be replaced by a more practical parallel sorting algorithm.
		While theoretically better parallel comparison-based sorting algorithms using at most n processors have been found, the constants involved in these algorithms are so large as to render their use impractical.
	www.ececs.uc.edu /~jpaul/472/book15.html (5551 words)

	[No title]
		The depth of a computation of a PRAM, and its depth and size complexity are defined with respect to the length n of the inputs in a similar way to that for parallel programs.
		The time requirement of a computation of a PRAM and its time complexity, under the uniform and logarithmic cost criteria, are defined in the obvious way.
		When no confusion arises, because of the obvious relationship between the number N of values in the input and the length n of the input, N and n are used interchangeably.
	www.cse.ohio-state.edu /~gurari/theory-bk/theory-bk-sevense2.html (702 words)

	1 Introduction
		For truly large parallel computers, however, computer engineers may be hard pressed to implement networks with the communication bandwidth demanded by this assumption, due in part to packaging constraints.
		In the PRAM model, a set of memory accesses is presumed to take unit time, reflecting the assumption that all sets of messages can be routed through the network with comparable ease.
		Section 7 gives short, efficient, parallel algorithms for tree and graph problems, most of which are based on treefix computations.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/phrensy/pub/papers/LeisersonM88/node11.html (939 words)

	Parallel Models of Computation
		Developing a standard parallel model of computation for analyzing algorithms has proven difficult because different parallel computers tend to vary significantly in their organizations.
		In either case, the work roughly captures the actual cost to perform the computation, assuming that the cost of a parallel machine is proportional to the number of processors in the machine.
		To get the best performance out of a parallel machine, it is often helpful to model the communication capabilities of the machine, such as its latency, explicitly.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /~scandal/html-papers/short/node2.html (677 words)

	Pram - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The electronica band Pram formed in the 1990s
		Michael Pram Rasmussen - CEO of Topdanmark and chairman of the board of A.P. Moller-Maersk Group.
		This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pram (114 words)

	PARALLEL RANDOM ACCESS MACHINE
		(PRAM) An idealised parallel processor consisting of P processors, unbounded shared memory, and a common clock.
		Each processor is a random access machine (RAM) consisting of R registers, a program counter, and a read-only signature register.
		Specialty definitions using "PARALLEL RANDOM ACCESS MACHINE": pm2.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /pa/parallel+random+access+machine.html (203 words)

	Last Advances in Computer Science: Parallel Language Processors
		The Parallel Random Access Machine (PRAM) is a well-known parallel programming model that denotes a synchronous MIMD parallel computer with a sequentially consistent shared memory.
		Although the PRAM was often claimed to be unrealizable, a very powerful PRAM variant (Combining Priority CRCW PRAM) with 2048 processors (from the programmer's point of view) is currently being built in hardware by the SB-PRAM group of Prof.
		Also, Fork is used by researchers in parallel algorithmics as a tool for the verification and comparison of the practicality of PRAM algorithms.
	nereida.deioc.ull.es /~cleon/plp/pl.html (1458 words)

	Topic Report: P-RAM Models - 3 of 10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The P-RAM is a central model used to conceptualize parallel computation and parallel machines.
		The parallel random-access machine (P-RAM) is an idealized parallel computer used as a formal model for parallel computation.
		For example, a data retreive operation will always take the same amount of time no matter what processor it retrieves to or where the data is. In actual machines the time for data retrieval or other operations may differ according to where the data is or other aspects of a given situation.
	home.wlu.edu /~whaleyt/classes/parallel/topics/P-RAM/node1.html (213 words)

	The Queue-Read Queue-Write PRAM Model: Accounting for Contention in Parallel Algorithms - Gibbons, Matias, Ramachandran ...
		265 Parallel algorithms for shared-memory machines (context) - Karp, Ramachandran - 1990 ACM DBLP
		137 A Synthesis of Parallel Algorithms (context) - Reif - 1993
		An Optimal EREW PRAM Algorithm For Minimum Spanning..
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /52849.html (1133 words)

	A nearly optimal deterministic parallel Voronoi diagram algorithm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It describes an n-processor, O(loglog(n)) time parallel algorithm which constructs the Voronoi deagram of a set of n points in the plane.
		The model of computation is a CRCW (concurrent-read, concurrent write) PRAM (parallel random-access machine), capable of exact integer arichmetoc in constant time.
		The paper remarks that our methods cannot be adapted to exclusive-write machines in the same run-times.
	www.maths.tcd.ie /~odunlain/abstracts/parvor.html (169 words)

	IBM Research \| Israel \| Seminars \| Explicit Multi-Threading (XMT) for Instruction Parallelism
		Research over the last two decades by academic algorithm designers has produced a huge knowledge-base of parallel algorithmic methods, which is arguably second in its magnitude only to serial algorithms.
		The model of parallel computation used for developing this knowledge-based is called PRAM (for parallel-random-access machine, or model).
		XMT is a fine-grained parallel computational paradigm covering the spectrum from algorithms through architecture to implementation.
	domino.research.ibm.com /comm/wwwr_seminar.nsf/pages/sem_abstract_35.html (246 words)

	The Queue-Read Queue-Write PRAM Model: Accounting for Contention in Parallel Algorithms - Gibbons, Matias, Ramachandran ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Abstract: This paper introduces the queue-read, queue-write (qrqw) parallel random access machine (pram) model, which permits concurrent reading and writing to shared memory locations, but at a cost proportional to the number of readers/writers to any one memory location in a given step.
		Prior to this work there were no formal complexity models that accounted for the contention to memory locations, despite its large impact on the performance of parallel programs.
		135 A Synthesis of Parallel Algorithms (context) - Reif - 1993
	citeseer.lcs.mit.edu /52849.html (1091 words)

	ERCW PRAMs and Optical Communication - MacKenzie, Ramachandran (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Our results for these two models are of importance because of the close relationship of the ERCW model to the OCPC model, a model of parallel computing based on dynamically reconfigurable optical networks, and of BFO circuits to the OCPC model with limited...
		265 Parallel algorithms for shared-memory machines (context) - Karp, Ramachandran - 1990
		6 A complexity theory for unbounded fan-in parallelism (context) - Chandra, Stockmeyer et al.
	citeseer.lcs.mit.edu /54740.html (820 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Parallelism is supplied through a simple set of data-parallel constructs based on vectors, including a mechanism for applying any function over the elements of a vector in parallel, and a broad set of parallel functions that manipulate vectors.
		Nested parallelism is important for implementing algorithms with complex and dynamically changing data structures, such as required in many graph or sparse matrix algorithms.
		NESL also provides a mechanism for calculating the asymptotic running time for a program on various parallel machine models, including the parallel random access machine (PRAM).
	www.cs.cmu.edu /~scandal/papers/CMU-CS-92-103.abstract (279 words)

	Talk:Cart - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		I really don't think that pushchair and perambulator should redirect here.
		Even worse is the redirect for pram (Parallel Random Access Machine).
		Anyone think of a decent collective term for these so that a new article could be created?
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Cart (81 words)

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