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Topic: Parallel communications

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	Parallel Communications Explained
		Parallel communications are used over very short distances; typically inside the computer itself and to printers.
		This is why parallel communications are generally restricted to short distances unless boosters are used.
		As you can send all the bits at once rather than one after the other, parallel communications are fast and accurate, because it's easy to identify which bit is which by knowing what wire it came in on, and when.
	hardwarehell.com /articles/parallel.htm (674 words)

	Parallel communications - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The distinction between a parallel and a serial communication channel is the number of distinct wires or strands at the physical layer used for simultaneous transmission from a device.
		Speed: Superficially, the speed of a parallel data link is equal to the number of bits sent at one time times the bit rate of each individual path; doubling the number of bits sent at once doubles the data rate (see Parallel transmission).
		Creating a parallel port in a computer system is relatively simple, requiring only a latch to copy data onto a data bus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parallel_communications (420 words)

	Art of Assembly: Chapter Twenty-One
		Parallel cables, on the other hand, are generally quite inexpensive and designed for very short connections (generally no more than about six to ten feet).
		Bidirectional communication on a bidirectional parallel port requires an extra set of control lines so the two sites can determine who is writing to the common data lines at any one time.
		The parallel port data register is always located at the base address for a parallel port, the status register appears at the base address plus one, and the control register appears at the base address plus two.
	webster.cs.ucr.edu /AoA/DOS/ch21/CH21-1.html (2079 words)

	Parallel Communication Overview by Quatech
		The parallel port greatly increases transfer speeds by using an eight wire connector which transmits the eight bits in a byte of data simultaneously, thus sending an entire byte of data in the time it takes to send a single bit in a serial system.
		To address this problem, a new standard for parallel communications, known as IEEE 1284 for the committee which established it, was approved in 1994.
		Parallel data transfer was largely performed by software in SPP systems, and thus data transfer rates were limited to 150 kbps.
	www.quatech.com /support/comm-over-parallel.php (636 words)

	Parallel network communications protocol using token passing - Patent 5742812
		In many parallel and distributed systems, the individual messages of a multicast may be required to be received in atomic order.
		The protocol involves communication among the file server nodes to ensure atomicity, and require, for a given request, a number of messages between the file server nodes equal at most to the number of file server nodes.
		For example, in a parallel file system, read and write requests may require separate request component messages to be sent to each file server node which will service a component of the request.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5742812.html (6453 words)

	SPECseis2002 Benchmark Q&A
		Parallel I/O is supported for both a single large file read by multiple process, and a separate file read by each process.
		The parallel processes communicate periodically in phases exchanging small amounts of data and they communicate at the end of the computation for data collection.
		The communication phases are relatively short compared to the computation phases, and this fact allows Seismic application to exploit parallel processors efficiently.
	www.spec.org /hpc2002/docs/seis2002/seis-qa.html (1824 words)

	Hardware description
		This additional document gives extra information about the hardware of the serial communications, and deals mainly with the signal definitions, voltages, the connectors pinouts, and the required cables to connect together different types of devices to ensure a proper operation.
		Parallel ports are typically used to connect a PC to a printer and are rarely used for much.
		In the case a communication is to be achieved without hardware flow control, then a cable with only 3 wires (TD, RD and SG) can be used.
	www.dbase.com /knowledgebase/dbulletin/bu07shar.htm (1608 words)

	Communications
		The goal is to discover the least expensive communications structure that satisfies the bandwidth and latency requirements of the tasks, including changes in the task load that may occur as the SOC’s use evolves over time or across a variety of target systems.
		When the biggest challenge is total communications throughput with flexibility, the preferred structure is a general-purpose parallel communications network.
		When the communication pattern is well known at design time and likely to be stable, the architect can optimize the communications around that particular pattern of data flow.
	www.tensilica.com /methodology/communications.htm (600 words)

	Enhanced Parallel Port (EPP)
		Our tests have shown the communication speed to be up to 16 times faster than on our 5th Generation programmers.
		For the PC to communicate with an EPP programmer, the parallel port on the host PC must be capable of driving the signals needed by the programmer.
		Parallel port characteristics vary greatly among PC vendors.
	www.bpmicro.com /web/techsupp.nsf/59b00a074b7b63ac8625666e0081f70d/c548fbc02b79f7b686256a720068cc2a!OpenDocument (410 words)

	5.4 Parallelization
		In this model a parallel program is treated as a set of copies of a single program executing asynchronously and independently on different processors and which communicate using library calls.
		The model is completed by the addition of a library of communications routines which allow the separate parts of the calculation to be assembled to give the full, desired result.
		That is a function of the granularity of the problem with respect to communications latency and volume of data with respect to communications bandwidth.
	asce.cwru.edu /moldy/node38.html (1797 words)

	Parallel Operating Environment (POE)
		Before running your parallel job, it is important to know a few details regarding the SP system you intend to use.
		Establishing authorization in terms of POE means insuring that you are permitted to run parallel jobs on the nodes you intend to use.
		The Parallel Environment software provides several X Windows based tools which can be used to analyze your parallel program's execution behavior.
	www.mhpcc.edu /training/workshop/poe/MAIN.html (5086 words)

	Serial communications - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In telecommunications and computer science, serial communications is the process of sending data one bit at one time, sequentially, over a communications channel or computer bus.
		This is in contrast to parallel communications, where all the bits of each symbol are sent together.
		Serial communications is used for all long-haul communications and most computer networks, where the cost of cable and synchronization difficulties make parallel communications impractical.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Serial_communications (521 words)

	The PC's Parallel Port
		Jan's Parallel Port FAQ has answers to frequently asked questions about using, interfacing, and programming the parallel port in all of its modes.
		NFPT (No-Frills Parallel Transfer) includes a DOS program with source code and instructions for building an ECP test cable for transferring files between two PCs using ECP mode.
		There are various ways for applications to access the parallel port and other I/O ports in PCs, including directly accessing port addresses, communicating with a driver that accessing port addresses and using Windows' built-in drivers.
	www.lvr.com /parport.htm (2302 words)

	Introduction to Parallel Computing
		Parallel computing is an evolution of serial computing that attempts to emulate what has always been the state of affairs in the natural world: many complex, interrelated events happening at the same time, yet within a sequence.
		In parallel computing, granularity is a qualitative measure of the ratio of computation to communication.
		With the Message Passing Model, communications are explicit and generally quite visible and under the control of the programmer.
	www.llnl.gov /computing/tutorials/parallel_comp (8237 words)

	ANSDIT - The letter "P" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In data communications, a sequence of bits arranged in a specific format, containing control data and possibly user data, and that is transmitted and switched as a whole.
		Processes may be similar or dissimilar; the emphasis is on the common purpose; for example: the transmission, in parallel, of the bits of a computer word.
		A computer that has multiple arithmetic and logic units that are used to accomplish parallel operations or parallel processing.
	www.ncits.org /tc_home/k5htm/p1.htm (2574 words)

	LinuxDevCenter.com -- Energizing Grid Computing
		Embarrassingly parallel problems are things like SETI@home, where you have a whole lot of data that you’re applying some kind of analysis to, but it doesn't really mater where you break up the data.
		Deeply parallel problems are those in which most, if not all, of the calculations are intertwined with some other part of the computational process, either as an input or a potential side effect.
		These deeply parallel problems can take vast amounts of time to get right if coded by hand: there are just too many things that have to be done exactly right, from networking decisions and communications libraries to the decomposition of the algorithms themselves.
	www.linuxdevcenter.com /pub/a/linux/2002/04/25/enterprise.html (1528 words)

	Parallel process communications terminal and network (US4902881)
		A communications terminal and network of such terminals offering simultaneous real time or delayed document and voice services through a host processor with overall control, including accounting functions based upon credit card billing.
		A pair of common communications channels, such as public telephone subscriber network lines, allow connection of the terminal to a hub.
		first and second public telephone communications channels, said first channel communicating with said voice transceiver module and said second channel communicating with said facsimile module, said first and second channels arranged for simultaneous communication.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn10=US04902881 (306 words)

	Animatics - Integrated Motion Control. Animatics is the pioneer and recognized leader of integrated motion control. We ...
		The DIN-RS232 is a DIN rail mount breakout for SmartMotor™ RS-232 communications.
		The eight communications links to each of the SmartMotor™ breakouts are electrically isolated from the master, and are individually powered by its associated SmartMotor™.
		For this reason, the user must treat the eight SmartMotors on this unit as if they were on a parallel communications bus, like RS-485.
	www.animatics.com /web/dinrs232.html (355 words)

	Architecture for a process complex of an arrayed pipelined processing engine (US6442669)
		Parallel computer system including arrangement for transferring messages from a source processor to selected ones of a plurality of destination processors and combining responses
		Parallel computer system including efficient arrangement for performing communications among processing node to effect an array transposition operation
		Parallel computer system including request distribution network for distributing processing requests to selected sets of processors in parallel
	www.delphion.com /details?pn=US06442669__ (1282 words)

	Techworld.com - Insight - Drive to the future
		System and component vendors have realised that serial communications are faster than parallel communications, serial cables are smaller and longer than parallel ribbons, and serial interconnects are much simpler – meaning fewer pins – than parallel ones.
		Intel is energetically promoting the parallel to serial transition as a vehicle for standardising and commoditising in-chassis interconnects and opening up a new market for its chips.
		Choosing the right email solution may not change the way businesses communicate, it will deliver dramatic savings—not just in the areas of budget and infrastructure, but also in the time and resources of IT professionals and their organizations.
	www.techworld.com /features/index.cfm?fuseaction=displayfeature&featureID=90 (1117 words)

	Printing in the Solaris Environment: More Tips and Ideas
		Some older SPARCstation 20 models have a defective built-in parallel port that requires either a motherboard replacement or use of an Sbus card in place of its built-in parallel port.
		The mode field reflects the IEEE 1284 mode that the parallel port is currently configured to.
		The DMA hardware may be tested by conducting DMA transfers from memory to the parallel port FIFO.
	developers.sun.com /solaris/articles/print/sol_lp2.html (6260 words)

	IEEE-1284 Parallel printer cables, A, B, C connectors, Centronics
		We are one of the leading manufacturers of cables and adapters in the world and provide products for some of the leading computer and communications hardware suppliers.
		The IEEE-1284 standard was created because there existed no defined standard for bi-directional parallel communications between personal computers and printing peripherals.
		This standard was developed to provide an open path for communications between computers and more intelligent printers and peripherals.
	www.connectworld.net /cadessys/cade12.htm (282 words)

	Infrared Communications with IrDA
		The Infrared Data Association is an industry-based group of over 160 companies that have developed communication standards especially suited for low-cost, short-range, cross-platform, point-to-point communications at a wide range of speeds.
		Communications protocols deal with many issues, and so are generally broken into layers, each of which deals with a manageable set of responsibilities and supplies needed capabilities to the layers above and below.
		Suppose we have two applications communicating on their respective LMP channels with counterparts on another device.
	www.embedded.com /2000/0006/0006ia3.htm (4570 words)

	HardwareGuys.com - Parallel Communications Picks
		However, if you need to add a parallel port—either to replace an older, less capable port or because you need a second parallel port to run a second printer—buy one of the inexpensive (~$20) parallel/serial port cards commonly sold by computer stores and mass marketers.
		We’ve used many different ones, all of which seem to work fine and none of which is noticeably better than any of the others.
		Nowadays, the only parallel cable you are likely to need is a printer cable, which is a standard off-the-shelf model.
	www.hardwareguys.com /picks/parallel.html (219 words)

	The Kent C++CSP Library: csp::ParallelComm Class Reference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This is a class for performing parallel communications repeatedly, usually in a loop
		It can best be thought of as a container for an array of parallel communication items (ParCommItem) that can then perform these communications in parallel any number of times
		Performs all the communications in parallel, not returning until they are all complete.
	www.twistedsquare.com /cppcsp/docs/classcsp_1_1ParallelComm.html (353 words)

	Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The PortMaster PM-11 is a high performance serial and parallel communications expander.
		PortMaster allows asynchronous communications devices such as terminals, Personal Computers, printers, modems, host computers, and other RS-232-C or parallel devices to be easily attached to a Sun Workstation.
		The parallel port provides standard Centtonics parallel communications for many printers.
	www.pimpworks.org /livingston/pm11/intro.html (445 words)

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