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Topic: Parallel distributed processing

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	Parallel Distributed Processing for Digital Terrain Analysis
		Parallel systems of this type include a transputer parallel sub-system where a network of transputers (each with their own memory) are linked to a host system which provides some shared resources, i.e.
		Parallel processing involves either splitting the process into several sub-processes and performing them on different processors concurrently (algorithmic decomposition), or splitting the data that is to be processed between a number of processors and executing multiple copies of the process simultaneously (domain decomposition).
		Parallel processing of GIS problems is still in its infancy, despite the steady stream of academic conference papers which have addressed the issues over the last 10 to 15 years.
	www.geocomputation.org /1998/25/gc_25.htm (6284 words)

	Information & Communication Technologies » Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		PDP Lab is a collection of faculty and students who study issues in Parallel Distributed Processing as a broad field of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), covering several interrelated areas such as Parallel Processinging, Distributed Systems, Internet and Grid Computing, Intelligent Systems.
		Parallel Distributed Processing is a key term for computational and networking infrastructures of the Information Society, since parallel processing is the most promising approach for achieving high speed computing for large volume of data in the new generation computer systems.
		PDP Lab is involved in several ICT projects, together with other members of staff of the Department and the University, forming a broader ICT Group.
	www.it.uom.gr (254 words)

	Parallel Distributed Processing Models (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This model was developed because of findings that a system of neural connections appeared to be distributed in a parallel array in addition to serial pathways.
		The PDP model has 3 basic principles: a.) the representation of information is distributed (not local) b.) memory and knowledge for specific things are not stored explicitly, but stored in the connections between units.
		Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition.
	penta.ufrgs.br /edu/telelab/3/paralled.htm (263 words)

	Connectionism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		PDP was a neural network approach that stressed the parallel nature of neural processing, and the distributed nature of neural representations.
		PDP's direct roots were the perceptron theories of researchers such as Frank Rosenblatt from the 1950s and 1960s.
		Lashley argued for distributed representations as a result of his failure to find anything like a localized engram in years of lesion experiments.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parallel_Distributed_Processing (2036 words)

	Parallel computing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Parallel computing is the simultaneous execution of the same task (split up and specially adapted) on multiple processors in order to obtain results faster.
		Parallel processor machines are also divided into symmetric and asymmetric multiprocessors, depending on whether all the processors are the same or not (for instance if only one is capable of running the operating system code and others are less privileged).
		Parallel programming is the design, implementation, and tuning of parallel computer programs which take advantage of parallel computing systems.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parallel_computing (1521 words)

	Connectionism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Distributed representations for complex expressions like ‘John loves Mary’ can be constructed that do not contain any explicit representation of their parts (Smolensky 1991).
		The connectionist views mental processing as the dynamic and graded evolution of activity in a neural net, each unit's activation depending on the connection strengths and activity of its neighbors, according to the activation function.
		One of the attractions of distributed representations in connectionist models is that they suggest a solution to the problem of determining the meanings of brain states.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/connectionism (6660 words)

	parallel from FOLDOC
		If process P outputs value v which process Q reads then P must be executed before Q. If both processes write to some variable then its final value will depend on their execution order so they cannot be executed in parallel if any other process depends on that variable's value.
		The processors may either communicate in order to be able to cooperate in solving a problem or they may run completely independently, possibly under the control of another processor which distributes work to the others and collects results from them (a "processor farm").
		Such mechanisms may provide either implicit parallelism - the system (the compiler or some other program) partitions the problem and allocates tasks to processors automatically or explicit parallelism where the programmer must annotate his program to show how it is to be partitioned.
	lgxserver.uniba.it /lei/foldop/foldoc.cgi?parallel (755 words)

	Parallel Processing Text
		This is why parallel processing occupies such a prominent place in computer architecture education and research.
		Some of these books that cover parallel processing in general (as opposed to some special aspects of the field or advanced/unconventional parallel systems) are listed at the end of this preface.
		Coverage of the circuit model and problem-driven parallel machines (Chapters 7-8), some variants of mesh architectures (Chapter 12), composite and hierarchical systems (Chapter 16), which are becoming increasingly important for overcoming VLSI layout and packaging constraints, and the topics in Part V (Chapters 17-20) do not all appear in other textbooks.
	www.ece.ucsb.edu /Faculty/Parhami/text_par_proc.htm (4897 words)

	Parallel and Distributed Processing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The goal of the course is to introduce students to parallel and distributed processing, including both theory and hands-on experience with state-of-the-art hardware.
		Due to the importance of matrix operations in parallel processing, undergraduate linear algebra is strongly recommended.
		The course will for the most part follow the text, with some outside material added on architecture, languages for parallel processing, and systems administration.
	www.csee.umbc.edu /~motteler/parpro/syllabus.html (309 words)

	Guidelined (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This is a prestigious journal in the area of parallel processing.
		It is a relatively new journal aimed to the increasingly important field of parallel and distributed processing.
		Parallel and distributed processing has been a very hot research area in the past twenty years.
	www.csam.iit.edu /~sun/html/report.html (964 words)

	Parallel and Distributed Processing at CSI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Linda is a parallel processing model developed originally by a research team at Yale University, and now offered commercially by Scientific Computing Associates.
		The Linda model utilizes a distributed data structure topology (called 'tuple-space' in Lindaspeak) which can be implemented utilizing either Fortran or C. The Linda 'language' consists of a small library of functions that allow the user to control access to the distributed memory system, as well as to start and stop processes.
		MPI, or the Message Passing Interface, refers to the attempt, undertook by the International MPI Forum, to standardized vendor specific implementations of parallel and distributed processing packages which utilizes Message Passing as their primary means of interprocess communication.
	unlser1.unl.csi.cuny.edu /~rigbyc/parallel.html (547 words)

	Home - PDPTA'05 - The 2005 International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications
		The 2005 International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications (PDPTA'05) will be held in Las Vegas, Nevada, June 27-30, 2005.
		Parallel/Distributed architectures: Clusters and parallel systems of various topologies, supercomputers, shared memory, distributed memory, general- and special-purpose architectures, instructional level parallelism,...
		Parallel/Distributed algorithms: Algorithms exploiting clusters and general-purpose distributed and parallel systems, new vector/pipeline issues, shared memory, distributed memory, virtual memory,...
	www.world-academy-of-science.org /IMCSE2005/ws/PDPTA (480 words)

	Parallel and Distributed Processing
		Parallel machines based on the hypercube and the mesh topologies have been available commercially, and they exhibit a high potential for the parallel execution of various algorithms.
		Traffic density over links in an incomplete hypercube has been analyzed under uniform message distributions and found to be bounded by a constant 2, independent of the system size and despite its structural non-homogeneity.
		After repeated subcube allocation and deallocation in a hypercube, fragmentation tends to develop and cannot be eliminated without task migration, which is a process for relocating active tasks by migrating them to respective target subcubes so as to create a large free subcube.
	www.cacs.louisiana.edu /~tzeng/projects/par_dis.html (1420 words)

	International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS'2003)
		Parallel and distributed algorithms, including communication and synchronization protocols.
		Parallel and distributed architectures, including signal and image processors, network processors, other special purpose processors, nontraditional processor technologies, network and interconnect architecture, and performance modeling and evaluation.
		Parallel and distributed software, including parallel programming languages and compilers, operating systems, runtime, middleware, libraries, programming environments and tools for parallel and distributed computing.
	www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be /~dirk/ada-belgium/events/03/030422-ipdps.html (1629 words)

	What is distributed processing? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary
		Most distributed processing systems contain sophisticated software that detects idle CPUs on the network and parcels out programs to utilize them.
		Another form of distributed processing involves distributed databases, databases in which the data is stored across two or more computer systems.
		The database system keeps track of where the data is so that the distributed nature of the database is not apparent to users.
	www.webopedia.com /TERM/D/distributed_processing.html (421 words)

	Parallel Processing research. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Parallel processing is running a (sequential) program on multiple processors to get the job done in less time.
		Today, enthusiasm has been replaced by scepticism, as both the development cost of parallel software and the maintenance cost of a parallel machine has proven to be out of reach for most.
		Parallel Processing using Linux at the university of Mannheim
	parallel.vub.ac.be /research/parallel_processing/index.html (393 words)

	Books: Parallel Distributed Processing - Vol. 1
		Although thought and problem solving have a sequential character when viewed over a time frame of minutes or hours, the authors argue that each step in the sequence is the result of the simultaneous activity of a large number of simple computational elements, each influencing others and being influenced by them.
		describes their work in developing a theoretical framework for describing this parallel distributed processing activity and in applying the framework to the development of models of aspects of perception, memory, language, and thought.
		It introduces the approach and the reasons why the authors feel it is a fruitful one, describes several models of basic mechanisms with wide applicability to different problems, and presents a number of specific technical analyses of different aspects of parallel distributed models.
	cognet.mit.edu /library/books/view?isbn=026268053X (254 words)

	What is parallel processing? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary
		With single-CPU computers, it is possible to perform parallel processing by connecting the computers in a network.
		However, this type of parallel processing requires very sophisticated software called distributed processing software.
		Note that parallel processing differs from multitasking, in which a single CPU executes several programs at once.
	www.webopedia.com /TERM/P/parallel_processing.html (385 words)

	NewsForge \| Call for parallel and distributed processing conference papers:
		With the 2003 International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications February 17 call-for-papers deadline approaching, Rajat P. Garg, Ph.D. with Sun Microsystems, encourages the open source community to file submissions and offers some suggested topics.
		The 2003 International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications (PDPTA'03) will be held in Las Vegas, Nevada, June 23 - 26, 2003.
		The purpose of this session is to bring together reseachers and practitioners from industry engaged in the diverse topics that encompass the field of high performance computing, especially parallel and distributed computing.
	www.newsforge.com /os/03/02/12/141246.shtml?tid=23 (932 words)

	ALA Distributed Processing
		A distributed processing system called "tuple-space", loosely modeled on the Linda distributed programming system developed at Yale, allows design of parallel programs that can be distributed over a heterogeneous mix of machines connected by a reasonably fast network (unshared 10Mb/s ethernet works reasonably well).
		The "tuple-space" system will be used to distribute an application so that processes run locally on machines at UAB, remotely on a supercomputer at a national supercomputer center, and remotely on computers at collaborating sites.
		To achieve routine solutions of these problems three-dimensional grids, parallelized and vectorized simulations have been developed by BME researchers to be compatible with existing supercomputer architectures.
	www.uab.edu /internet2/ala_distributed_processing.html (1389 words)

	Parallel and Distributed Processing 1995 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Distributed parallel computers versus PVM on a workstation cluster in the simulation of time dependent partial differential equations.
		Distributing code in a parallel fine grain machine using the actor model.
		PAVE: parallel algorithms visually explored, a prototype tool for the investigation of data structures in parallel numerical iterative algorithms.
	www.informatik.uni-trier.de /~ley/db/conf/pdp/pdp1995.html (668 words)

	UCF: Concepts of Parallel and Distributed Processing -- Fall2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A multicomputer is a distributed memory multiprocessor in which the nodes and network are in a single cabinet.
		Note that a network of workstations is a form of distributed memory multiprocessor.
		Distributed, shared memory refers to a distributed implementation of the shared memory model.
	www.cs.ucf.edu /courses/cop4520/NotesFall2005.html (3025 words)

	Parallel Processing
		Parallel Processing Systems (in Greek), Athens 1994, Symmetry Publications, G. Papakonstantinou, Th.
		Fundamentals of Parallel Processing, H. Jordan, and G. Alaghband, Prentice Hall 2003.
		Parallel Programming, Techniques and Applications Using Networked Workstations and Parallel Computers, B. Wilkinson, and M. Allen, Prentice Hall, 1999.
	agent.csd.auth.gr /~karatza/mathimata/parallel-uk.html (424 words)

	IPDPS - IEEE International Parallel & Distributed Processing Symposium (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Authors are invited to submit manuscripts that present original unpublished research in all areas of parallel and distributed processing, including the development of experimental or commercial systems.
		Parallel and distributed algorithms, focusing on issues such as: stability, scalability, and fault tolerance of distributed systems, communication and synchronization protocols, network algorithms, and scheduling and load balancing.
		Parallel and distributed software, including parallel programming languages and compilers, runtime systems, operating systems, resource management, middleware, libraries, data mining, and programming environments and tools.
	ipdps.org.cob-web.org:8888 /ipdps2007/2007_cfp.html (756 words)

	Parallel Distributed Processing : An Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This is an introductory note on Parallel Distributed Processing, sometimes referred to as Neural Networks or Connectionism.
		One characteristic of some PDP systems, is that the weightings can vary due to a learning process.
		The designer of the PDP network describes the factors described here, and then the user takes a "blank" network, adds units and connections, and them presents the network with a series of training examples.
	www.scism.sbu.ac.uk /inmandw/tutorials/pdp/pdpintro.html (2690 words)

	ICS Parallel & Distributed Processing (ICS 471) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The course concentrates on parallel program to be executed not only on special multiprocessor systems or supercomputers, but also on networked workstations (linux) or PCs using freely available parallel software tools such as Message Passing Interface (MPI) and Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM).
		Parallel programming techniques will be introduced as a natural extension to sequential programming, developing the basic techniques of message-passing parallel programming and then studying problem-specific algorithms in both non-numeric and numeric domains.
		Applications areas such as numerical algorithms, image processing and searching and optimization etc. will be covered.
	www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa /~qureshi/ICS471-syl.htm (204 words)

	Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications 2003
		Hamid R. Arabnia, Youngsong Mun (Eds.): Proceedings of the International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications, PDPTA '03, June 23 - 26, 2003, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, Volume 1.
		Khoshafian: The Use of Parallel Processing to Achieve Decentralized Control of a Segmented Reflector Telescope.
		Zenon J. Pryk, Walter A. Koziarz, Charles Pedersen: Parallelizing a Kalman Filter Based Depth Estimator Operating on a Sequence of Images.
	www.sigmod.org /dblp/db/conf/pdpta/pdpta2003-1.html (1283 words)

	Research
		International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (Workshop on Massively Parallel Processing), Rhodes, Greece, April 2006.
		International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (Workshop on Massively Parallel Processing), Denver, CO, April 2005.
		International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (Workshop on Advances in Parallel and Distributed Computing Models), abstract on page 266, full text on CDROM, Nice, France, April 2003.
	www.cs.kent.edu /~mscherge/research.htm (415 words)

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