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Topic: Parallel evolution

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	Evolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The modern synthesis understands evolution to be a change in the frequency of alleles within a population from one generation to the next.
		The claim that evolution results in moral progress is not part of modern evolutionary theory – that claim is associated with Social Darwinism, which held that the subjugation of the poor, and of minority groups, was favored by evolution.
		Here is the "tree of life" showing the evolution by reassortment of H5N1 that created the Z genotype in 2002 and here is evolution by antigenic drift that created dozens of highly pathogenic varieties of the Z genotype of avian flu virus H5N1, some of which are increasingly adopted to mmammals.
	www.dictionpedia.com /en/Evolution (8773 words)

	DARWINISM-WATCH.com - Responding Evolutionist Propaganda in the Media
		The parallel evolution claim assumes that any given feature (colour pattern, for instance) in species assumed to be descended from a common ancestor evolved from different branches, albeit in parallel, in other words through stages that brought about the same evolutionary feature.
		Parallel evolution, regarding which the article in Science seeks to give the impression that it is backed up with this finding, actually consists of an invented scenario.
		However, since evolutionists support evolution as a dogma, not because it is a scientific thesis that can be amended in the face of the evidence but for purely philosophical reasons, instead of admitting this dilemma they seek to cover it up with invented stories.
	www.darwinism-watch.com /science_7_04.php (1579 words)

	PALEAUTONOMY.COM: Evolution
		Human evolution is the process of change and development, or evolution, by which human beings emerged as a distinct species.
		The word "evolution" has been used to refer both to a fact and a theory, and it is important to understand both these different meanings of evolution, and the relationship between fact and theory in science.
		Evolution consists of two basic types of processes: those that introduce new genetic variation into a population, and those that affect the frequencies of existing variation.
	www.paleautonomy.com /evolution.html (7829 words)

	SparkNotes: Patterns of Evolution: Types of Evolution
		On a large scale, divergent evolution is responsible for the creation of the current diversity of life on earth from the first living cells.
		On a smaller scale, it is responsible for the evolution of humans and apes from a common primate ancestor.
		Parallel evolution usually occurs between unrelated species that do not occupy the same or similar niches in a given habitat.
	www.sparknotes.com /biology/evolution/patternsofevolution/section1.html (275 words)

	Evolving Multi-cellular Artificial Life
		In most current parallel architectures, the same holds: since memory is not shared, there is an area of memory associated with each processor (cell), and there must be at least one copy of the program code in the memory of each processor.
		The basic approach to parallelizing the single celled ancestor was to split immediately after allocating space for the daughter cell and to perform a join immediately before the divide.
		This increase in parallelism is even more obvious when examining the graph of reproduction efficiency (the average number of clock cycles necessary to copy a single instruction from mother to daughter) versus time (bottom).
	www.thearling.com /text/alife4/alife4.htm (4772 words)

	WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY AT PARKERSBURG
		Examples of a morphological series within a group in the fossil record are important lines of evidence for evolution because they show the sequential change of homologous structures, from ancestor to descendant, to perform different functions (examples: evolution of the horse hoof, amphibian legs from the fins of lobe-finned fish, etc.).
		Parallel Evolution in the elephant and wooly mammoth (From: Evolution - The Evidence at http://bioserve.latrobe.edu.au/vcebiol/cat3/u4aos2p4.html#Divergent)
		As with parallel evolution, this is in response to adapting to similar habitats and niches.
	www.wvup.edu /ecrisp/biolgeol397evidenceofevolution.htm (1736 words)

	Evolution
		Evolution is a scientific theory that has explained the factual evidence of scientists for more than a century.
		Evolution is not merely a common theory or "only a theory" as some people state in their commentaries.
		Evolution is a scientific theory because it is based on an abundance of empirical data, even though the precise mechanisms remain open to tests, revision, and tentative acceptance or rejection.
	waynesword.palomar.edu /evolutio.htm (8526 words)

	Evolution, Entropy, and Parallel Computation
		The study of evolution has recently begun to be explored in a number of frameworks far afield from natural biology.
		During these experiments evolving parallel computation, it was discovered that detectable changes in the entropy of instruction sequences would correspond to changes in self-reproduction efficiency.
		In the results presented by Ray [1,2], evolution optimized the creatures by reducing their size (the number of instructions in the genome) thus increasing their ability to self-reproduce (smaller creatures can reproduce faster than larger creatures since there are fewer instructions to copy).
	www.thearling.com /text/physcomp94/physcomp94.htm (3116 words)

	Introduction to Evolution
		In addition, the evidence for the fact of evolution tends to be macroevolutionary (evolution occurring above the level of the species) while the evidence for the theory of evolution by natural selection tends to be microevolutionary (evolution occurring below the level of the species).
		Instead, rightly or wrongly the existance of evolution (often by natural selection) is usually taken as a given, either explicitely or implicitely, by almost all biologists as they embark on their study of biological systems.
		Evolution is an extremely useful metaphor, a tool, that is wielded by biologists with the same confidence and assurance that you have when, for example, you take pen to paper to write.
	www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu /~sabedon/biol1510.htm (9180 words)

	Evidence for Evolution (Page 14)
		This form of evolutionary change is referred to as convergent evolution, or sometimes, parallel evolution.
		In the best known case of convergent evolution, two major groups of mammals, marsupials and placentals, have evolved in a very similar way, even though the two lineages have been living independently on separate continents.
		The similarity between some individual members of these two sets of mammals argues strongly that they are the result of convergent evolution, similar forms having evolved in different, isolated areas because of similar selective pressures in similar environments.
	www.txtwriter.com /Backgrounders/Evolution/EVpage14.html (403 words)

	Apologetics: Is Evolution True?
		With no transitional fossils, and mathematically probability rendering evolution impossibility those holding such a view are operating under blind faith with little logic behind the position.
		Yet, somehow, if the evolution model is valid, wings have “Evolved” four different times (in insects, flying reptiles, birds and bats) eyes have “evolved” independently at least three times.
		The evolution of life therefore must have involved somehow the accidental synthesis of the first such DNA molecule.
	www.truthnet.org /Christianity/Apologetics/Evolutiontrue4 (4329 words)

	James Meritt's General Anti-Creationism FAQ: Evolution
		Evolution doesn't explain abiogenesis or how genes are expressed.
		Evolution operating on the amplification and diminution of structures is well known.
		Since evolution is, by definition, a change in the frequency of genes in a population, then this statement is equivalent to saying that selection cannot cause evolution.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/faq-meritt/evolution.html (5293 words)

	ScienceDaily: Parallel Evolution: Proteins Do It, Too
		Even after clearly demonstrating parallel evolution in this case, Zhang believes the phenomenon is uncommon at the protein sequence level.
		Ideas About Fossil Horses Undergo Evolution In Thinking (March 21, 2005) -- The old gray mare, she ain't what she used to be, says a University of Florida researcher whose findings show that the evolution of horses had more twists and turns than previously...
		Parallel evolution -- Parallel evolution is the independent evolution of similar traits, starting from a similar ancestral condition.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/06/060612184925.htm (2170 words)

	Evolution vs. Intelligent Design
		The amount of time is quite large and the change can be very small, but change must occur for evolution to occur.
		An example of parallel evolution is marsupials and placental mammals.
		There are also four types of evidence that support the theory of evolution.
	www.eden.rutgers.edu /~kristij/evolution.htm (551 words)

	newCreationism.org's Design Watch Blog: Parallel evolution: proteins do it, too
		For some, the extent to which evolution repeats itself has some bearing on whether or not it is a teleological progression.
		For example, paleontologist Simon Conway Morris believes that evolution is a highly constrained process which navigates over a limited set of forms.
		But scientists have debated whether examples of so-called adaptive, parallel evolution also can be found at the level of genes and proteins.
	www.newcreationism.org /2006/06/parallel-evolution-proteins-do-it-too.html (352 words)

	James Meritt's General Anti-Creationism FAQ
		It is impossible to believe the Bible and to believe in evolution.
		The doctrine of evolution is atheistic and therefore immoral.
		The occurrence of parallel evolution, in which similar structures evolve
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/faq-meritt.html (619 words)

	Evolution - The Evidence
		The evidence upon which the current theories of evolution are based is varied in its origins, and it is this multi-faceted approach which, taken together provides the strength of the theory.
		Study of the biogeography of islands is also instructive in the study of evolution as initially barren locations (such as the island remaining after the eruption of Krakatoa) have given valuable information about succession in such environments.
		This type of diagram reflects the theory that evolution has not ocurred at a constant rate, rather it has occurred in short bursts with long periods of stability between.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/library/cat-removed/u4aos2p4.html (2208 words)

	Different Trajectories of Parallel Evolution During Viral Adaptation -- Wichman et al. 285 (5426): 422 -- Science
		Parallel adaptive evolution cultures of Escherichia coli lead to convergent growth phenotypes with different gene expression states.
		Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Evolution during Alternation between Persistent Infection in Insect Cells and Acute Infection in Mammalian Cells Is Dominated by the Persistence Phase.
		Parallel genetic basis for repeated evolution of armor loss in Alaskan threespine stickleback populations.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/285/5426/422 (807 words)

	parallel definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		It's easy to draw a parallel between their two careers.
		geography line parallel to equator: an imaginary line around the Earth that lies parallel to the equator and represents a specific degree of latitude from the equator
		in parallel (with somebody or something) in conjunction with and at the same time as somebody or something else
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861723685 (436 words)

	Saturday School Searchable Archive
		Then I play Parallel Evolution, which will make a copy of the token that is copy of my creature.
		The same goes for Parallel Evolution – when the tokens come into play, life must be paid for each token, setting their power and toughness.
		By contrast, if you had cast Artificial Evolution on the token itself, you wouldn't be changing its printed values - a copy of that token will ignore the effect of the Evolution.
	www.wizards.com /default.asp?x=mtgcom/satschoolarchive&term=Parallel_Evolution (505 words)

	CiteULike: Parallel evolution of chimeric fusion genes. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		All three genes underwent rapid adaptive amino acid evolution shortly after they were formed, followed by later quiescence and functional constraint.
		Our data indicate that shifting away from ancestral functions may be a critical step early in the evolution of chimeric fusion genes.
		We suggest that the patterns we observed are both general and predictive.}, address = {Department of Biology and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
	www.citeulike.org /user/dchughes/article/335051 (462 words)

	Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics
		CAPE is designed to test convergent and parallel evolution at the amino acid sequence level.
		You should also know the system of the notation of interior (ancestral) nodes because you will be asked to input the branches (by two nodes of a branch) on which convergent and parallel evolution is to be examined.
		The deepest node (the trification node specified in your expression of the tree topology) is denoted by N+1, where N is the number of sequences in the tree.
	www.bio.psu.edu /people/faculty/nei/lab/converge-readme2.htm (673 words)

	Parallel Changes in Global Protein Profiles During Long-Term Experimental Evolution in Escherichia coli -- Pelosi et ...
		Parallel Changes in Global Protein Profiles During Long-Term Experimental Evolution in Escherichia coli -- Pelosi et al.
		Parallel evolution is defined as the independent evolution of
		, 2005 Widespread parallel evolution in sticklebacks by repeated fixation of ectodysplasin alleles.
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/173/4/1851 (8562 words)

	John Hawks Anthropology Weblog : The bitter taste of parallel evolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Oops, sorry, that should be "the parallel evolution of bitter taste"...
		Humans and chimpanzees share variable taste sensitivity to bitter compounds mediated by PTC receptor variants, but the molecular basis of this variation has arisen twice, independently, in the two species.
		Independent evolution of bitter-taste sensitivity in humans and chimpanzees.
	johnhawks.net /weblog/reviews/genetics/diet/bitter_taste_parallel_evolution_wooding_2006.html (294 words)

	Evolution
		Explain Lamark’s mechanism of evolution and give evidence as to why it is false.
		Be able to give the contributions of various scientists to the field of evolution.
		Website dedicated to the famous trial in which the teaching of evolution in public schools was challenged in a court of law.
	personalpages.tdstelme.net /~bbolvin/evolutio.htm (755 words)

	Moshe Sipper, Evolution of Parallel Cellular Machines
		Employing simple yet versatile parallel cellular models, coupled with evolutionary computation techniques, this volume explores the issue of constructing man-made systems that exhibit characteristics such as those manifest by their natural counterparts.
		Parallel cellular machines hold potential both scientifically, as vehicles for studying phenomena of interest in areas such as complex adaptive systems and artificial life, as well as practically, enabling the construction of novel systems, endowed with evolutionary, reproductive, regenerative, and learning capabilities.
		This self-contained volume examines the behavior of such machines, the complex computation they exhibit, and the application of artificial evolution to attain such systems.
	www.moshesipper.com /pcm (153 words)

	Worse case of parallel evolution I’ve ever seen
		One of the few exceptions is evolution and in that religion tends to get mixed in with its own theories with little evidence to back it up.
		A new direction of thought is probably what makes some parts of the world more progressive than others even if it takes some sort of revolution to make the change.
		It might not always be the right direction but it does allow a certain amount of social evolution and society has changed rapidly in the past few decades..
	www.computercrowsnest.com /articles/editorial/2002/nz6008.php (2706 words)

	Mark Logic CEO Blog: Parallel Evolution: ECM and BI
		Until recently, BI and ECM evolution were striking similar.
		But the evolution of the markets and the drivers of that evolution were viritually identical.
		If BI continues to evolve in parallel fashion to ECM, then perhaps soon the speculators will be proven right.
	marklogic.blogspot.com /2006/08/parallel-evolution-ecm-and-bi.html (1001 words)

	Definition of parallel - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		1 a : extending in the same direction, everywhere equidistant, and not meeting rows of trees> b : everywhere equally distant parallel>
		3 a (1) : similar, analogous, or interdependent in tendency or development (2) : exhibiting parallelism in form, function, or development evolution> b : readily compared :
		Learn more about "parallel" and related topics at Britannica.com
	www.m-w.com /cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=parallel (145 words)

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