
	Where results make sense

Topic: Paralytic shellfish poisoning

	US FDA/CFSAN - Bad Bug Book - Various Shellfish-Associated Toxins
		Shellfish poisoning is caused by a group of toxins elaborated by planktonic algae (dinoflagellates, in most cases) upon which the shellfish feed.
		The 20 toxins responsible for paralytic shellfish poisonings (PSP) are all derivatives of saxitoxin.
		Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is a foodborne illness caused by consumption of shellfish or broth from cooked shellfish that contain either concentrated saxitoxin, an alkaloid neurotoxin, or related compounds.
	vm.cfsan.fda.gov /~mow/chap37.html (1147 words)

	Disease Listing, Marine Toxins, General Information \| CDC Bacterial, Mycotic Diseases
		Paralytic shellfish poisoning is caused by a different dinoflagellate with a different toxin, than that causing ciguatera poisoning.
		Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning is caused by a third type of dinoflagellate with another toxin that occasionally accumulates in oysters, clams, and mussels from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic coast of the southern states.
		Amnesic shellfish poisoning is a rare syndrome caused by a toxin made by a microscopic, red-brown, salt-water plant, or diatom called Nitzchia pungens.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/marinetoxins_g.htm (1533 words)

	Those who are partially responsible....
		Uptake kinetics of paralytic shellfish toxins from the dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense in the mussel Mytilus edulis.
		Accumulation of paralytic shellfish poisoning in the bivalve Aulacomya ater and two carnivorous gastropods Concholepas concholepas and Argobuccinum ranelliformes during an Alexandrium catenella bloom in southern Chile.
		Paralytic shellfish toxin composition: a quantitative analysis in Chilean mussels and dinoflagellate.
	www.jamestowntribe.org /geoduck/ack.htm (2143 words)

	Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
		It is caused predominantly by the consumption of contaminated shellfish.
		Gonyaulacoid dinoflagellates are the source of PSP marine toxins.These unicellular dinoflagellates develop algal blooms throughout the world for unknown reasons, although a variety of factors have been studied, including change in weather, upwellings, temperature, turbulence, salinity, and transparency.
		RODRIGUE, D.C., R.A. KILBOURNE and P.A. BLAKE: Lethal Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning in Guatemala.
	www.whoi.edu /redtide/illness/psp.html (1680 words)

	Canadian Food Inspection Agency - Fact Sheet - FOOD SAFETY FACTS ON PARALYTIC SHELLFISH POISONING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		PSP) is an illness caused by a group of 18 to 24 marine biotoxins that are derivatives of saxitoxin.
		PSP toxins can accumulate in a number of filter-feeding bivalve molluscan shellfish, such as clams, mussels, scallops and oysters, and in the hepatopancreas or tomalley (liver) of crustaceans such as crabs and lobsters.
		PSP can also occur in tropical areas, and tourists should be aware of local conditions before consuming shellfish abroad.
	www.inspection.gc.ca /english/corpaffr/foodfacts/pspe.shtml (552 words)

	Shellfish Health Warning - Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP), Aotea Harbour, New Zealand
		Levels of the Paralytic Shellfish Poison (PSP) toxin, caused by the toxic algae Gymnodinium catenatum, were found to be particularly high in tuatua and toheroa from the West Coast when the closure was in place last year.
		Symptoms of PSP occur within hours of consuming shellfish, and include numbness and tingling around the mouth, face or extremities; difficulty swallowing or breathing; dizziness; double vision and/or paralysis.
		Health Authorities are concerned about the high levels of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) on the West Coast of the North Island and fear the toxin could cause serious illness or death.
	www.aoteamoana.co.nz /psp/psp.html (2096 words)

	Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
		Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is a potentially life-threatening illness caused by eating shellfish that have fed on toxic microorganisms.
		PSP is potentially fatal because of the toxins contained in the shellfish; it is not the result of an allergic reaction.
		Shellfish served in restaurants, however, are usually safe to eat, because these establishments are required by law to purchase their seafood from certified growers who test regularly for PSP toxins.
	www.overlakehospital.staywellknowledgebase.com /2,198 (509 words)

	Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning - Alaska Peninsula, Kodiak
		Paralytic shellfish poisoning is associated with consumption of bivalve shellfish (oysters, mussels, and clams).
		PSP is caused by neurotoxic substances, known as saxitoxins, found in dinoflagellates.
		Shellfish taken from beaches by approved commercial operations are tested frequently--shellfish sold in stores from commercial beaches are safe.
	www.epi.hss.state.ak.us /bulletins/docs/b1990_10.htm (935 words)

	Seafood Safety
		PSP can be caused by a combination of any of 18 toxins, depending on the species of dinoflagellate, geographic area and type of shellfish involved.
		Hughes, J.M. Epidemiology of shellfish poisoning in the U.S., 1971-1977.
		Radioimmunoassay of paralytic shellfish toxins in clams and mussels.
	www-seafood.ucdavis.edu /Pubs/safety1.htm (16653 words)

	Epidemiologic Notes and Reports Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning -- Massachusetts and Alaska, 1990
		Because shellfish from the four episodes were not available for testing for PSP toxin, samples were collected from the four sites where the shellfish had been harvested.
		Although PSP has traditionally been considered a risk only in shellfish harvested from cold water, the incidence in tropical areas may be increasing: outbreaks have been reported recently from Central and South America, Asia, and the Pacific region (2,6).
		To prevent outbreaks of PSP and other shellfish intoxications, samples of susceptible mollusks are periodically collected in the coastal states and tested for toxin by mouse bioassay.
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001927.htm (1574 words)

	Marine Algal Toxins: Origins, Health Effects, and Their Increased Occurrence
		Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is caused by the consumption of molluscan shellfish contaminated with a suite of heterocyclic guanidines collectively called saxitoxins (STXs) (Figure 1A).
		An ecologic role for PSP toxins as a chemical defense is suggested by the sequestration of PSP toxins in the butter clam, modulation of feeding behavior in sea otters by toxic clams, and a distribution of Alaskan sea otters that coincides with nontoxic clam populations (16,17).
		The causative organism for Indo-Pacific PSP intoxications is Pyrodinium bahamense var.
	ehp.niehs.nih.gov /members/2000/suppl-1/133-141vandolah/vandolah-full.html (8765 words)

	Mutation in clams protects against paralytic shellfish poisoning but raises human health risk
		PSP toxins interfere with nerve function, and the mutation, which changes a single amino acid in a sodium channel, makes nerves less sensitive to those toxins.
		The authors suggest that it has wide ranging implications for the evolution of shellfish in the presence of toxic algae and increases the risk of PSP to people who eat clams by enabling contaminated clams to survive in the presence of toxins.
		In laboratory studies, the investigators exposed clams to PSP toxins and monitored the shellfish for mortality and potentially harmful changes in burrowing behavior.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-04/uom-mic040505.php (594 words)

	eMedicine - Toxicity, Shellfish : Article by Thomas Arnold, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		These shellfish are filter feeders and, therefore, accumulate toxins produced by microscopic algae in the form of dinoflagellates and diatoms.
		Consumption of shellfish harvested outside of regulated areas or during times known to be associated with red tide is dangerous and should be avoided.
		Shellfish gastroenteritis caused by viral agents is at epidemic proportions and, for many, has become an unacceptable risk associated with consumption of raw shellfish.
	www.emedicine.com /EMERG/topic528.htm (2109 words)

	CHEST: Creatine kinase MB elevation in paralytic shellfish poisoning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is due to the ingestion of shellfish contaminated with one of several potent neurotoxins such as saxitoxin and gonyautoxin.
		In future cases of PSP, serial blood samplings should be obtained to define the time course of CK enzyme elevation and its isoenzyme characterization.
		Outbreak of paralytic shellfish poisoning--Pingtung and Kaohsiung Counties.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0984/is_n4_v99/ai_10763976 (872 words)

	Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
		Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning is a well known danger from consuming bivalve mollusks (oysters, clams, sea snails, and mussels).
		If paralytic shellfish poisoning is suspected, save any remaining oysters, clams, sea snails, or mussels so they can be tested for toxin.
		Sea snails have been a usual source of the toxin, and this is the first known outbreak of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning in Alaska associated with sea snails.
	www.epi.hss.state.ak.us /bulletins/docs/b1977_07.htm (626 words)

	Paralytic Shellfish Poision (PSP) in Shellfish - WA State Dept. of Health
		Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is a serious illness caused by eating shellfish contaminated with algae that contains a toxin harmful to humans.
		Paralytic shellfish poison is rarely associated with a red tinge to the water.
		PSP can be present in large amounts even if the water looks clear.
	www.doh.wa.gov /ehp/sf/Pubs/PSPfactSheet.htm (659 words)

	HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS: Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
		Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is a significant problem on both the east and west coasts of the U.S. Caused by several closely related species in the genus
		The offshore waters of George's Bank experienced a serious PSP outbreak several years ago, leading to the extended closure of the surfclam fisheries and the demise of a fledgling roe-on scallop fishery.
		On the west coast, PSP is a recurrent annual problem along the coasts of northern California, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska.
	aquaticpath.umd.edu /toxalg/psp.html (1070 words)

	HABs and Biotoxins: Marine Biotoxins - Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		PSP is not a recent problem but was described over 200 years ago by Captain George Vancouver during his exploration of the waters around Vancouver Island and Puget Sound in Washington State.
		The structure of the most potent component of the PSP toxins is called saxitoxin and referred to as STX.
		Since then, it was found that PSP is caused not by just one toxin but a suite of toxins, based on the backbone structure of the saxitoxin molecule.
	www.nwfsc.noaa.gov /hab/HABs_Toxins/Marine_Biotoxins/PSP (554 words)

	Introduction: Paralytic shellfish poisoning - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Paralytic shellfish poisoning information: Paralytic shellfish poisoning is caused by a different dinoflagellate with a different toxin, than that causing ciguatera poisoning.
		Researching symptoms of Paralytic shellfish poisoning: Further information about the symptoms of Paralytic shellfish poisoning is available including a list of symptoms of Paralytic shellfish poisoning, or alternatively return to research other symptoms in the symptom center.
		Treatments for Paralytic shellfish poisoning: Various information is available about treatments available for Paralytic shellfish poisoning, or research treatments for other diseases.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /p/paralytic_shellfish_poisoning/intro.htm (185 words)

	Tidepool \| Features \| Long Live Sustainability
		Shellfish such as clams and mussels store different potencies of PSPT in their tissues for varying lengths of time, depending on conditions such as water temperature, nutrients in the water, and how the toxin is processed by different species.
		Last February, a man near Port Lions on Kodiak Island (deemed the 'Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Capitol of the World' by experts) was hospitalized overnight after consuming mussels which contained almost twice as much toxin as is considered safe to eat.
		When prepared shellfish samples are introduced to the cultured cells in the kit, they react by either changing color, which indicates there is toxin in the sample, or by staying transparent.
	www.tidepool.org /features/payten.cfm (1810 words)

	Paralytic shellfish toxins cause mutation that allows clams to accumulate 100 times more toxin
		Exposure to toxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning can result in a mutation that makes clams much more resistant to the toxin than other clams, making them more dangerous to humans, according to a study published this week in the journal Nature.
		Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are produced by algae that appear in certain coastal areas in the United States in an event known as an algal bloom, commonly called a "red tide." People who eat clams exposed to the PSTs can suffer the paralytic effects of the toxins, and there is no cure for the poisoning.
		The research was conducted by a collaborative team of scientists from the University of Washington and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Northwest Fisheries Science Center in Seattle, the University of Maine, and the Institute for Marine Biosciences in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-04/uow-pst040605.php (419 words)

	PARALYTIC SHELLFISH POISONING LINKS
		Shellfish Eating shellfish has been related to a number of diseases, including those caused by bacteria, such as vibrios, a variety of viruses including hepatitis A and Norwalk agent, and those caused by toxins.
		Shellfish foodborne infections caused by bacteria and viruses can be prevented by cooking seafoods thoroughly, storing them properly, and protecting them from contamination after.
		GOVERNMENT ACTS ON SHELLFISH TOXIN A ban on fishing for certain live bivalve molluscs in an area of water around Orkney, because of a build-up of naturally occurring Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning toxins, was announced today by The Scottish Office..
	www.scuba-doc.com /psplnks.htm (1048 words)

	Marine biotoxins
		Paralytic shellfish poisoning in Haliotis tuberculata from the Galician coast: geographical distribution, toxicity by lengths and parts of the mollusc.
		Chen, C.Y. and Chou, H.N. Transmission of the paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins from dinoflagellate to gastropod.
		Simultaneous occurrence of diarrhetic and paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in Spanish mussels in 1993.
	www.fao.org /docrep/007/y5486e/y5486e0t.htm (13747 words)

	Harmful Algae Digital Library
		Economic impact of paralytic shellfish poison on the oyster industry in the Pacific United States.
		Paralytic shellfish poisoning in shellfish aquaculture: the state regulatory problem.
		The uptake, distribution and modification of PSP toxins in intertidal organisms (thesis abstract).
	nsgd.gso.uri.edu /bloom.html (444 words)

	Symptoms of Paralytic shellfish poisoning - WrongDiagnosis.com
		This signs and symptom information for Paralytic shellfish poisoning has been gathered from various sources, may not be fully accurate, and may not be the full list of Paralytic shellfish poisoning signs or Paralytic shellfish poisoning symptoms.
		Furthermore, signs and symptoms of Paralytic shellfish poisoning may vary on an individual basis for each patient.
		Symptoms of Paralytic shellfish poisoning: Symptoms are generally mild, and begin with numbness or tingling of the face, arms, and legs.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /p/paralytic_shellfish_poisoning/symptoms.htm (318 words)

	Fish and shellfish poisoning
		Ciguatera (from the Spanish word for a poisonous snail) is a food-related illness that causes abdominal and neurological symptoms.
		Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is a nervous system disease caused by eating cooked or raw shellfish that contain environmental toxins.
		PSP diagnosis is based on symptoms after eating shellfish, even if the shellfish are adequately cooked.
	www.healthatoz.com /healthatoz/Atoz/ency/fish_and_shellfish_poisoning.jsp (1544 words)

	Endangered Northern Right Whales Exposed to Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
		In high doses, the PSP toxicity syndrome in mammals is characterized by respiratory difficulties, which may cause death in the absence of ventilatory support.
		"Although PSP toxins do not tend to accumulate in most mammalian tissues, chronic effects of repeated PSP toxin exposure will be seen in measures of diving capabilities, including dive times, swimming speeds while at depth, and frequency of dives," added Durbin.
		For example, recovery from dives during periods of PSP exposure would likely be longer than normal, and increased time at the surface would increase a whale’s chances of being hit by a ship.
	www.uri.edu /news/releases/html/03-0109.html (504 words)

	PSP - Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
		The first paragraph tells you all about where and when to harvest shellfish from the beach, and that water temperature and algae blooms, among other things, can affect the toxin levels of filter-feeders like clams and mussels.
		Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) is what the toxin is called.
		The page then tells you that PSP kills people by numbing and paralyzing the tongue or lips before it spreads to the rest of your body, and when it reaches your lungs and heart, that's it.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/slices_northern_life/76176 (488 words)

	Human Illness associated with HABs
		With the increase in interstate and international transport of seafood, as well as international travel by seafood consumers, there are virtually no human populations that are free of risk.
		Shellfish beds are closed to harvesting when the domoic acid concentration reaches 20 µg/g shellfish meat.
		PSP is prevented by large-scale proactive monitoring programs (assessing toxin levels in mussels, oysters, scallops, clams) and rapid closures to harvest of suspect or demonstrated toxic areas.
	www.whoi.edu /redtide/illness/illness.html (825 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)