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	Parameswara - Definition, explanation
		Parameswara (1344-1424) was a Malay Srivijayan prince who escaped the Majapahit capture of Palembang, on Sumatra in the 1390s.
		In 1400, Parameswara founded the Sultanate of Malacca after fleeing from Palembang via Temasik (Singapore), where he briefly instated himself as the regent of Temasik (Singapore) after killing a Siam representative.
		Parameswara converted to Islam after marrying the princess of Pasai in 1414.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/p/pa/parameswara.php (109 words)

	Parameswara - MSN Encarta
		Parameswara, whose name means both Prince Consort and the bravest man in Palembang-Javanese, left Sumatra around 1390 at a time of strife in the kingdom of Majapahit.
		Parameswara soon found a powerful patron in China, which under the Ming dynasty was expanding its empire.
		Parameswara might have been the same person as Iskander Shah, who died in 1424; however, it is also possible that Iskander Shah was Parameswara's son.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761584264/Parameswara.html (272 words)

	Parameswara (sultan) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Parameswara (1344-1424) was a Malay prince from Srivijaya that founded the Sultanate of Malacca around 1402.
		She married Ranamenggala, and had a son: Parameswara who was born in 1344 during the reign of his great grandmother, Tribuana Tunggadewi, the third leader/queen of Majapahit.
		Parameswara in particular sailed to Temasek to escape persecution and came under the protection of Temagi, Siamese regent in Temasek.
	nba.servegame.org /en/Parameswara.htm (1100 words)

	History of Malacca \| Melaka : journeymalaysia.com
		Parameswara - a young, hot blooded Palembang Prince had a reputation of being a bit of a rebel in the eyes of the Javanese 'overlords'.
		Parameswara later renamed the old city, ' Singapore' after an incident where he spotted a strange beast which he took to be a lion (Singa).
		Parameswara was unhappy with this situation as it was hindering his progress in making his city a major trading centre and himself as the ruler of the straits.
	www.journeymalaysia.com /MHIS_malacca.htm (1391 words)

	Sultanate of Malacca Summary
		Another legend claims that this fugitive king from Singapore was Parameswara, one of the petty princes of a vassal state of the Majapahit empire who had thrown off his allegiance and was forced to flee.
		Parameswara ruled Singapore for five years before being overthrown by dissatisfied natives and forced to flee until he reached the mouth of the Melaka River.
		Parameswara was a Hindu Srivijayan prince allegedly descendant of Macedonian King Alexander the Great.
	www.bookrags.com /Sultanate_of_Malacca (2117 words)

	Parameswara
		About 1400 A.D., the Hindu ruler Parameswara, of the then insignificant island of Singapore known in history as Temasek, ran away with a handful of followers after constant attacks on Singapore by raiders from Majapahit.
		Records of Admiral Cheng Ho's visit to Melaka in 1409 indicate that Parameswara was then still ruler of Malacca, and there are references to the ruler and the people of Malacca as being already Muslims.
		During that early period of its existence, its rulers were in constant fear of Thai attacks, and yearly sent forth tahils of gold to the King of Thailand.
	www.sabrizain.org /malaya/parames.htm (902 words)

	[No title]
		Parameswara Rao left for his native village of Dimili immediately after his PhD to improve the living conditions of the people there.
		Prior to Parameswara Rao's departure, his advisor told him that the doors at UPenn will be open for a long time (unconditionally for two years, and with a prior notice of 15 days subsequently).
		The lesson that Parameswara Rao learnt from this experience: the confidence and the involvement of the people was necessary, and that he may be a mere catalyst.
	pages.cs.wisc.edu /~sastry/asha/parameswara-rao (1238 words)

	tourism melaka\legend1 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It all began when the founder of Malacca, Parameswara, was taking a rest under a tree during a hunt when he saw a mousedeer (kancil) cornered by his hunting dogs.
		According to another version of the story, it was Parameswara's son, Megat Iskandar Shah, who went hunting and saw the incident with the mousedeer and the dogs.
		Parameswara was said to have ruled Malacca from 1401 to 1414.
	www.tourism-melaka.com /legend1.html (362 words)

	Sejarah Malaysia
		Parameswara fled to Tumasek, which was actually old Singapore with his family and followers.
		When Parameswara failed to establish a kingdom at two places in Muar, that is, Biawak Busuk and Kota Buruk, he led his followers to a place known as Sening Ujung or now known as Sungei Ujong.
		In 1414, Parameswara passed away and was believed to be buried on top of a hill in Tanjung Tuan, which was also known as Cape Rachado.
	sejarahmalaysia.pnm.my /portalBI/detail.php?section=sm01&spesifik_id=3&ttl_id=59 (748 words)

	phorum - Hakka Chinese Forum at Asiawind - Yap Ah Loy (2)
		The message to Parameswara was that, "For every gold needle, I have a subject; if you would count their number, then you would know my power." Parameswaro was much impressed.
		Parameswara the Chinese tiles for the roof of his palace.
		When they arrived in Malacca Parameswara gave the entourage of the Princess "the hill without a town" as a private residence and promised that the land they occupied would never be taken away from them.
	www.asiawind.com /forums/read.php?f=1&i=314&t=311 (795 words)

	[No title]
		Parameswara Rao left for his native village of Dimili immediately after his PhD to improve the living conditions of the people there.
		Prior to Parameswara Rao's departure, his advisor told him that the doors at UPenn will be open for a long time (unconditionally for two years, and with a prior notice of 15 days subsequently).
		The lesson that Parameswara Rao learnt from this experience: the confidence and the involvement of the people was necessary, and that he may be a mere catalyst.
	www.cs.wisc.edu /~sastry/asha/parameswara-rao (1238 words)

	The tree and the mousedeer
		Strangely, the mousedeer managed to fight off the dogs and Parameswara, amazed by the bravery of the mousedeer, decided this was where he wanted to settle down.
		According to another version of the story, it was Parameswara's son, Megat Iskandar Shah, who went hunting and saw the incident with the mousedeer and the dogs.
		Parameswara was said to have ruled Malacca from 1401 to 1414.
	www.nst.com.my /Weekly/Travel/article/TTales/20050414142630/Article/pp_index_html (342 words)

	Islam Watch - "History of the Jihad against Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand " by History of ...
		Parameswara was a scion of the Sri Vijaya dynasty and ruled from Palembang.
		Parameswara had a dispute with the Majapahit ruler and was forced to shift his capital from Palembang to the relatively safer Temasek island - now Singapore.
		Parameswara incidentally did not have any heir from his Queen but his new love told him, that she was carrying his child.
	www.islam-watch.org /HistoryOfJihad/Jihad-against-Malaysia-Indonesia-Thailand-Philippines.htm (7589 words)

	Bintan Island, Indonesia: About Cakes And Gods : ThingsAsian
		Parameswara, chased out of his kingdom by enemies, was given refuge in Temasek where he soon killed his benefactor to make himself ruler.
		Parameswara escaped northwards to Melaka in what is today Malaysia where he founded a new kingdom.
		The Chinese fleet of Zhenghe was to be grandly received by Parameswara in Melaka which marked off the beginning of a Chinese-Malay alliance which enhanced the status of Melaka as an international trading port and its growing stature as a new maritime empire in Southeast Asia.
	www.thingsasian.com /stories-photos/2918 (3886 words)

	Parameswara (Site not responding. Last check: )
		'''Parameswara''' (1344-1414/1424 was a Malay Srivijayan prince who escaped the Majapahit capture of Palembang, on Sumatra in the 1390s.
		In 1402, Parameswara founded the kingdom of Melaka by settling down on Muar after fleeing from Palembang via Singapore, where he briefly instated himself as the regent of Singapore but was later chased out by the Malay natives there.
		Parameswara converted to Islam after marrying the princess of Pasai in 1414.
	www.keywordmage.net /pa/parameswara.html (114 words)

	Asha-Madison: 1999 Events: Dr B V P Rao's visit
		Parameswara Rao left for his native village of Dimili immediately after his PhD to improve the living conditions of the people there.
		Prior to Parameswara Rao's departure, his advisor told him that the doors at UPenn will be open for a long time (unconditionally for two years, and with a prior notice of 15 days subsequently).
		The lesson that Parameswara Rao learnt from this experience: the confidence and the involvement of the people was necessary, and that he may be a mere catalyst.
	www.ashanet.org /madison/events/prao99.html (1388 words)

	[No title]
		Parameswara or also known as Raja Iskandar Shah, the fugitive prince from Pelembang in Sumatra was resting under a tree at the mouth of the River Batam near the coast of the settlement.
		The chief Pa-ti-su-ra (Parameswara) sent a return mission to china in 1405 and was given a commission, a seal, silk clothes and a yellow umbrella.
		Parameswara died in 1414, and was succeeded by his son Sultan Megat Iskandar Syah who married a daughter of the Sultan of Pasai and embraced Islam.
	members.lycos.co.uk /han2yk (716 words)

	Malaysia historic city state : History of Malacca (Melaka)
		That s Sumatran prince, named parameswara, was credited with the founding of the city and naming it Melaka in not disputed.
		Parameswara was so taken up by the courage of the mouse-deer that he decided on the spot to found a city on the ground he was sitting on.
		Parameswara, incidentally, was the first Malay prince to become a Muslim and inevitably, Islam became the religion of Malays in the Peninsular (now West Malaysia).
	www.melaka.net /history1.htm (320 words)

	History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Parameswara later renamed the old city, ' Singapura' after an incident where he spotted a strange beast which he took to be a lion (Singa).
		Parameswara and his followers spent 5 years at Temasik where they eked out a living growing rice, fishing and pirating passing ships.
		The refugees settled first at Muar, but they were quickly driven away by a vast and implacable horde of monitor lizards; the second spot chosen seemed equally inauspicious, as the fortress that the refugees began to build fell to ruins immediately.
	www.mlab.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp /~ylfoo/History.html (432 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Beyond the Monsoon (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Parameswara's choice of location is attributed to a charming, possibly apocryphal tale that while he was resting on the shore his dog attacked a kantjil, or mouse deer, which fiercely returned the attack and gave the dog a most unexpected drubbing.
		Parameswara decided that this must be a propitious spot, where even the tiny mouse deer was fearless.
		Parameswara was also astute enough to see that the Sukhotai kingdom to the north was no less ruthless than the Majapahits.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/200104/beyond.the.monsoon.htm (3787 words)

	Malacca's History Chronology
		The history of Malacca is largely the story of the city for which it is named, and the story of the city of Malacca begins with the fascinating and partly legendary tale of the Hindu prince Parameswara.
		The Malay Annals relate that Parameswara was a fourteenth-century Palembang prince who, fleeing from a Javanese enemy, escaped to the island of Temasik (present-day Singapore) and quickly established himself as its king.
		Shortly afterward, however, Parameswara was driven out of Temasik by an invasion by the Siamese, and with a small band of followers set out along the west coast of the Malay peninsula in search of a new refuge.
	planet.time.net.my /CentralMarket/melaka101/chrono.htm (1794 words)

	Discount Melaka Hotels Malaysia at Special Rate! : Asia-Discovery.com
		While in exile, Parameswara chose Melaka as his new kingdom because here, near the hill and along the river bank, a small but aggressive white mousedeer caught his attention when the mousedeer so intimidated his hunting dogs that they turned and fell into the water.
		The place where the weak can triumph over the strong, Parameswara decided, would be a good location for a settlement.
		The original inhabitants of Melaka were fishermen and when Parameswara settled at Melaka in about 1400, he was soon joined by other refugees from Palembang and then he became the first ruler of the famed Melaka Sultanate.
	www.asia-discovery.com /malaysia/melaka (1013 words)

	Malaysian Architecture: Melaka, Malaysia
		Legend attributes the founding of the city to Parameswara, a prince from Palambang, who settled here after spotting a mousedeer kick a pursuing dog into the river.
		Meanwhile Parameswara converted to Islam in 1414 and married a Muslim prince of Pasai in Sumatra.
		Parameswara died in 1424 and was succeeded by Muhammad Shah, an able (but poorly documented) ruler who was able to repulse the Siamese despite China's inability to assist.
	www.orientalarchitecture.com /melaka/MELAKAMAP.htm (967 words)

	Parameswara Vinnagaram Vaikuntha Naathan Temple - Divya Desam
		Parameswara Vinnagaram Vaikuntha Naathan Temple - Divya Desam
		The Divya Desams revered by the Alwars in Vishnu Kanchi are Attigiri (the vast Varadaraja Perumal temple), Ashtabuyakaram, Tiruttankaa, Tiruvelukkai and Tiruvegkaa, while those in Shiva Kanchi are Tiru Oorakam (Ulagalanda Perumaal Koyil), Tiru Neeragam, Tiruppaatakam, Nilaattingal Tundam, Tirukkaaragam, Tirukkaarvaanam, Tirukkalvanur, Tiruppavalavannam and Parameswara Vinnagaram.
		The vast Ekambreswarar temple(Prithvi Stalam) revered by the Tevaram hymns, is located in Periya (Shiva) Kanchi, as are the Kamakshiamman and the Kumara Kottam temples.
	www.templenet.com /Tamilnadu/df056.html (355 words)

	Parameswara - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Malacca, Kingdom of, historic Southeast Asian state on the southern coast of the Malay Peninsula (in modern Malaysia), on the Strait of Malacca....
		User Profile for: Bala Parameswara Rao Upadhyayula Name: Bala Parameswara Rao Upadhyayula...
		The Sultanate of Malacca was a Malay sultanate founded by Parameswara in 1400.
	encarta.msn.com /Parameswara.html (155 words)

	history
		Records of Admiral Cheng Ho's visit to Malacca in 1409 indicate that Parameswara was then still the ruler of Malacca and there are references to the ruler and the people of Malacca as being already Muslim.
		During the early period of its existance, its rulers were in constant fear of Siamese attacjs, and yearly sent forth tahils of gold to the King of Thailand.
		Parameswara laid the foundation of the Malay court prodedures, that were to be adopted by succeeding Malay Royalties all over the peninsula in centuries to come.
	www.geocities.com /aizaris/history (1163 words)

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