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Topic: Paranthropus robustus

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	Australopithecus robustus
		One specimen may or may not be robustus, since it was found at Sterkfontein, and the presence of robustus and africanus in the same place at basically the same time would cause some phylogentic attribution of the robust australopithecines major problems.
		The robustus crania are many, but fragmentary, with a known cranial capacity for just one individual specimen, SK 1585, an endocast with a 530 cc capacity.
		Clark, R.J. "A new Australopithecus cranium from Sterkfontein and its bearing on the ancestry of Paranthropus.." In Evolutionary History of the "Robust" Australopithecine, ed.
	www.archaeologyinfo.com /australopithecusrobustus.htm (1334 words)

	Paranthropus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Paranthropus is thought to have lived in wooded areas rather than the grasslands of the Australopithecus.
		Paranthropus was more massively built, specialized, and tended to sport gorilla-like sagittal crests on the cranium upon which massive jaws were anchored.
		Paranthropus boisei was discovered by Mary Leakey in 1959 at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania (specimen OH5).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Paranthropus (843 words)

	Varied diet of early hominid casts doubt on extinction theory, says Colorado U study
		The new study shows that Paranthropus robustus, once thought to be a "chewing machine" specializing in tough, low-quality vegetation, instead had a diverse diet ranging from fruits and nuts to sedges, grasses, seeds and perhaps even animals, said CU-Boulder anthropology Assistant Professor Matt Sponheimer.
		Paranthropus was part of a line of close human relatives known as australopithecines that includes the famous Ethiopian fossil Lucy that lived over 3 million years ago.
		Paranthropus stood about four feet tall and probably weighed less than 100 pounds, and its pelvis and leg structure indicate it was bipedal.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-11/uoca-vdo110606.php (756 words)

	Australopithecus/Paranthropus robustus
		However, the specimen is generally accepted as robustus, though it is also considered a type specimen because of this separate species designation.
		One of the more complete robustus specimens is SK 48, a fairly complete crania of what is probably a female.
		STW 252 is considered by those who see more than one species at Sterkfontein as robustus, and as africanus by those that see one species.
	www.modernhumanorigins.net /robustus.html (1405 words)

	Paranthropus
		The paranthropus are distinguishable from the gracile by their large molars and premolars.
		Robustus is thought to have been a sturdily-built, great-jawed hominid.
		Paranthropus is believed to have made use of stone and bone tools.
	hoopermuseum.earthsci.carleton.ca /emily/sixth.html (420 words)

	Paranthropus robustus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Paranthropus robustus was originally discovered in Southern Africa in 1938.
		Paranthropus robustus is generally dated to have lived between 2.0 and 1.2 million years ago.
		The DNH 7 skull of Paranthropus robustus, "Eurydice", was discovered in 1994 at the Drimolen Cave in Southern Africa by Andre Keyser, and is dated to 2.3 million years old, possibly belonging to a female.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Paranthropus_robustus (671 words)

	Prehistoric smorgasbord explodes myths over early human's demise - 14 Nov 2006 - Human science
		The 1.2m, 45kg bipedal hominid Paranthropus robustus lived in what is now South Africa alongside direct ancestors of modern humans, as well as hyenas, sabre-toothed cats, elephants, baboons, antelopes and others.
		Paranthropus may have varied its diets with the seasons, migrating between forests to open savannahs, and because of changes in rainfall levels.
		Paranthropus, with big thick teeth, a strong, heavy jaw and strong chewing muscles, was thought to have specialised in eating low-quality vegetation requiring lots of chewing.
	www.nzherald.co.nz /story.cfm?c_id=5&ObjectID=10410537 (475 words)

	so which is it?Bigfoot: Gigantopithecus or Paranthropus - Ghostly Talk
		Paranthropus is a fossil hominid genus initially assigned by Robert Broom to a robust form of australopithecine found at Kromdraai and Swartkrans in South Africa.
		Paranthropus, at between 5.5 and 7.5 feet, with known sagittal crests, I sense, is a more plausible fossil candidate for the classic PNW Bigfoot, the Neo-Giants.
		Paranthropus is a unique, intriguing-looking primate which fills the bill for what the Pacific Northwest Bigfoot has been and is. The African Paranthropus is clearly been associated to the Asian Meganthropus, which appears to be linked to the American Sasquatch.
	www.ghostlytalk.com /node/974 (1087 words)

	Early human relative ate 'combo meals'-The United States-World-NEWS-The Times of India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The four-foot-tall (1.2 metres), 45-kg bipedal hominid Paranthropus robustus lived in what is now South Africa alongside direct ancestors of modern humans, as well as hyenas, saber-toothed cats, elephants, baboons, antelopes and others.
		They said Paranthropus may have varied its diets with the seasons of the year, migrating between forests to open savannas, and due to changes in rainfall levels.
		Paranthropus, with big thick teeth, a strong, heavy jaw and strong chewing muscles, previously was thought to have specialised in eating low-quality vegetation requiring lots of chewing.
	timesofindia.indiatimes.com /articleshow/401156.cms (496 words)

	afrol News - Early hominids eradicated African competitor
		Paranthropus stood about 1.20 metres tall and probably weighed less than 50 kilograms, and its pelvis and leg structure indicate it was bipedal.
		The new study however shows that Paranthropus - often thought to be a "chewing machine" specialising in tough, low-quality vegetation - instead had a diverse diet ranging from fruits and nuts to sedges, grasses, seeds and perhaps even animals, said Mr Sponheimer.
		Mr Sponheimer speculated some Paranthropus individuals were moving back and forth between forested areas rich in fruits to a savannah and grassland landscape, perhaps along sedge-rich waterways.
	www.afrol.com /articles/22554 (878 words)

	A catalogue of hominid species
		Paranthropus aethiopicus is dated to between 2.5 to 2.3 m.y.a.
		Paranthropus boisei is dated to between 2 and 1.2 m.y.a.
		Paranthropus robustus is dated to between 1.9 and 1.3 m.y.a.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Sciences/Paleontology/Paleozoology/FossilHominids/Humankind/Humankind.htm (1187 words)

	Rocky Mountain News: Local
		A chemical analysis of four Paranthropus teeth by CU researcher Matt Sponheimer indicates Paranthropus had a diverse diet ranging from fruits and nuts to sedges, grasses, seeds and perhaps even animals.
		The new study shows that Paranthropus robustus, once thought to be a "chewing machine" specializing in tough, low-quality plant foods, instead had a diverse diet ranging from fruits and nuts to sedges, grasses, seeds and perhaps even animals, according to CU anthropologist Matt Sponheimer.
		Paranthropus was part of a line of early human relatives known as australopithecines that includes the famous Ethiopian fossil Lucy that lived more than 3 million years ago.
	www.rockymountainnews.com /drmn/local/article/0,1299,DRMN_15_5131671,00.html (291 words)

	deseretnews.com \| Ancient teeth offer diet clues
		The report is "Isotopic Evidence for Dietary Variability in the Early Hominin Paranthropus robustus," published in today's issue of Science, the magazine of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
		A museum in South Africa loaned four teeth of members of the species for testing in the lab of Thure Cerling, a distinguished professor geology and biology at the U. Tiny bits of enamel were taken from the teeth and then analyzed with a mass spectrometer.
		According to the U., the scientists found that Paranthropus robustus ate different things at different seasons, from leaves and fruit, to seeds, roots, tubers and maybe even grazing animals.
	deseretnews.com /dn/view/0,1249,650205888,00.html (553 words)

	A. Robustus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Paranthropus robustus first appeared about 1.8 million years ago and disappeared around 1 million years ago.
		robustus was noted to have a somewhat larger cranial capacity (450-530 cc) than earlier hominids and thicker jaws with larger molars and premolars but similar incisors.
		robustus died out around 1 million years ago and is not ancestral to the Homo genus.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/biology/humanevolution/robustus.html (226 words)

	Most complete ape-man skull found - but he is a she
		The pair of fossils dates back 1.5 to 2 million years and have been identified as Paranthropus robustus, an early line of hominids that just didn't quite have the Darwinian edge.
		Keyser is confident, however, that Paranthropus was also a dexterous tool-maker and user, based on some of the recent excavations.
		But a baby is a very chewy thing, if a leopard or something caught a human baby it would eat it up on the spot." Keyser feels that because so many teeth and bone tools have been found, these hominids probably lived in the caves and shed their teeth there.
	exn.ca /html/templates/mastertop.cfm?ID=20000427-55 (800 words)

	Human Ancestors Hall: The Robust Debate
		You may be saying "Hey, those last two species were called "Paranthropus robustus" and "Paranthropus boisei" in the phylogenetic tree!" And you're right.
		Yet, because of the extreme heavy chewing adaptations of the "robust" forms, it is thought that they represent a group of species (or clade) separate from that which led to modern humans, and eventually this clade became extinct.
		As such, many researchers believe that they should be placed in their own genus Paranthropus, separate from the australopiths that gave rise to later humans.
	www.mnh.si.edu /anthro/humanorigins/ha/robust.html (487 words)

	Scientific American: Tooth Enamel Indicates that Early Hominid Had a Varied Diet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The early hominid Paranthropus robustus might not be as specialized an eater as researchers thought.
		robustus, including the isotope, were incorporated into the enamel of the hominid's permanent teeth as they formed.
		robustus relied on a flexible diet, then its food was not the reason it went extinct.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=CE64977C-E7F2-99DF-34E7375AA8152A2A (443 words)

	Paranthropus - evolucion humana la historia de los primates
		Las especies esteafricanas, Paranthropus aethiopicus y Paranthropus boisei, han aparecido en yacimientos situados a lo largo del gran Rift valley, mientras que de la especie sudafricana (Paranthropus robustus) solo se conocen yacimientos en cuevas, adonde llegaron debido a la acción de depredadores como los leopardos.
		Paranthropus robustus para los fósiles de Kromdraai y la especie Paranthropus crassidens (crassidens: dientes fuertes, robustos, en latín) para los fósiles de Swartkrans.
		En la actualidad, Paranthropus boisei es una especie razonablemente bien conocida cuyos fósiles más antiguos son un resto de mandíbula y piezas dentales de cerca de 2'3 millones de años de antigüedad hallados en los yacimientos del valle del río Omo.
	perso.wanadoo.es /aldaketa/paranthropus.htm (5420 words)

	A buffet for early human relatives
		If a sample has a relatively low ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12, it means Paranthropus was eating C3 plants, including the leaves and fruits of trees and shrubs, as well as forbs, which are broadleaf herbs that are not grasses.
		Analyses of the Paranthropus teeth revealed that the early human relatives had diets that varied in the proportion of C3 and C4 plants both seasonally and from year to year.
		The researchers noted that Paranthropus often has been portrayed as a specialist that lacked a varied diet, and that has been used to explain why Paranthropus went extinct as Africa became drier, while tool-wielding Homo — with a highly varied diet — survived and evolved.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-11/uou-abf110306.php (1192 words)

	Human Ancestors Hall: Paranthropus robustus
		In recent years, many researchers have sought to emphasize the uniqueness of the heavy-chewing adaptations seen in at least three separate species of ealry human.
		Many favor the separation of these species into a robust genus of early human, for which the name Paranthropus was the first used, and therfore has seniority over all other names.
		Itis this classification that we favor here, but it should be noted that there is, as yet, no consensus among paleoanthropologists on this issue.
	www.mnh.si.edu /anthro/humanorigins/ha/rob.htm (404 words)

	Geological Society - News - Remains of South African veggie burgher found
		The skulls (one more or less complete and female, the other a male lower jaw) were found at Drimolen, South Africa, in cave deposits, are of australopithecine apes that lived in the Drimolen area (Sterkfontein, 200km NE of Johannesburg) between 1.5 and 2Ma ago.
		Paranthropus was not a direct ancestor of humans - rather a "kissing cousin".
		The find of a male and female together (though there is no evidence that they were related, knew each other, or even lived at the same time) led the discoverers to name them Orpheus and Eurydice after the Greek myth of the lovers separated in the Underworld.
	www.geolsoc.org.uk /template.cfm?name=Eurydice (319 words)

	La dieta de los P. Robustus no fue la culpable de su extinción :: Noticias :: esmas.com
		Robustus, especialista en dietas, únicamente mascaba plantas de baja calidad.
		Robustus probablemente son, por lo menos, dramáticas simplificaciones y posiblemente incorrectas’’, agregó.
		Robustus no. ‘‘Sería muy interesante encontrar en el estudio que la diferencia principal simplemente radica en que nosotros pudimos procrear más rápido, como si fuéramos conejos, mientras que los P.
	www.esmas.com /nationalgeographic/noticias/583540.html (816 words)

	Lasers vaporize ancient diet mysteries : Science-and-Environment : Boulder Daily Camera
		The technique, called laser ablation, was done on four tooth fragments from a rugged beast called Paranthropus robustus, which split from the human branch about 2.5 million years ago.
		Sponheimer says it means Paranthropus was eating different foods at different times of the year, and thus had a varied diet.
		He said the results indicate the "robustness" of Paranthropus may have evolved because it was needed in hard times.
	www.dailycamera.com /news/2006/nov/10/lasers-vaporize-ancient-diet-mysteries (669 words)

	Paranthropus: Boisei.Robustus.Crassidens.Aethiopicus.
		Paranthropus Boisei était bipède mais avait encore les bras assez longs.
		Paranthropus doit sa dénomination robustus à sa face imposante et ses énormes mâchoires.
		Paranthropus robustus était assez habile de ses mains pour utiliser des outils.
	www.dinosoria.com /paranthropus.htm (531 words)

	Paranthropus robustus
		Paranthropus robustus was discovered by Robert Broom in 1938, in the South African caves.
		Again, in Paranthropus robustus, we see sexual dimorphism, with the males weighing, on average, 10 kg more than the females.
		robustus hand bones indicates that they were capable of the fine manipulation necessary for the manufacture of stone tools.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Galaxy/1508/P_robustus (402 words)

	Book of Life: Chapter 6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A female Paranthropus probably weighed about 70 lb (32 kg) and stood some 3 ft 6 in (1.1 m) tall; a male about 90 lb (40 kg) and 4 ft 4 in (1.35 m) tall.
		These key features of the skull, jaws, and teeth were taken still further in the Paranthropus species of East Africa, famously typified by the skull discovered by Mary Leakey at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, in 1959, and first named as "Zinjanthropus boisei" ("Boise's East African man"), after a backer of the Leakeys, Charles Boise.
		But it has been suggested recently that the non-human biped Paranthropus made and used simple tools, and since such behavior is also recorded among wild chimpanzees, toolmaking can no longer be counted as the exclusive ticket to being human.
	oscar.ctc.edu /access/geology100/life6.html (14429 words)

	Ancestor’s diet changed seasonally
		The massive facial and dental “architecture” of Paranthropus lead scientists to believe that they were vegetarians specialising in extremely hard plant foods that required a lot of crushing.
		Analyses of the fossil Paranthropus teeth revealed that their diets varied in the proportion of C3 - and C4 — derived carbon both seasonally and from year to year.
		The researchers noted that Paranthropus has often been portrayed as a specialist that lacked a varied diet, and that has been used to explain why Paranthropus became extinct as Africa became drier, while tool-wielding Homo — with a highly varied diet — survived and became more successful.
	www.innovationsreport.de /html/berichte/studien/bericht-73784.html (536 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - The evolution of man
		Paranthropus boisei developed an enormous jaw with massive chewing muscles and huge back teeth to help him grind down these tough plant foods.
		Since the teeth of robustus show it did not graze on grass, Lee-Thorp suggests it was consuming grass-eating insects, including termites.
		Paranthropus boisei would eventually pay for being a specialist in a changing world.
	www.bbc.co.uk /sn/prehistoric_life/human/human_evolution/food_for_thought1.shtml (1105 words)

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