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Topic: Paraphyletic

	Paraphyly - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		For example, the class Reptilia as traditionally defined is paraphyletic because that class does not include birds (class Aves), which are descended from reptiles.
		Paraphyletic groups are often erected on the basis of plesiomorphies (ancestral similarities) instead of upon apomorphies (derived similarities).
		In most cladistics-based schools of taxonomy, the existence of paraphyletic groups in a classification are regarded as errors.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Paraphyletic (341 words)

	Paraphyletic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In phylogenetics, a grouping of organisms is said to be paraphyletic (Greek para = near and phyle = race) if all the members of the group have a common ancestor, but the group does not include all the descendants of the most recent common ancestor of all group members.
		For example, the class Reptilia as traditionally defined is paraphyletic because that class does not include two groups of its descendants, birds (in class Aves, birds), and mammals (in class Mammalia).
		The term paraphyletic is also used in historical linguistics, with similar meaning.
	www.marylandheights.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Paraphyletic (393 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In phylogenetics, a grouping of organisms is 6 said to be 2 paraphyletic if all the members of the group 3 have a common 6 ancestor but the group does not include 0 all the descendants of the common ancestor.
		Paraphyletic 4 groups are often 0 erected on the 6 basis of plesiomorphies 7 (ancestral similarities) instead of 4 upon apomorphies (derived 7 similarities).
		In most cladistics-based schools 3 of taxonomy, the existence 1 of paraphyletic groups in 9 a classification are regarded 5 as errors.
	www.prience.com /Paraphyletic_.htm (286 words)

	Encyclopedia: Cladistics
		Similarly, the traditional Invertebrates are paraphyletic because Vertebrates are excluded, although the latter evolved from an Invertebrate.
		In contrast, paraphyletic and polyphyletic groups are both defined based on key characters, and the decision of which characters are of taxonomic import is inherently subjective.
		Paraphyletic taxa are necessary for classifying earlier sections of the tree â“ for instance, the early vertebrates that would someday evolve into the family Hominidae can not be placed in any other monophyletic family.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Cladistics (2712 words)

	Paraphyletic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In phylogenetics a grouping of organisms is said be paraphyletic if all the members of the have a common ancestor but the group does not include all the descendants of the common ancestor.
		For example the class Reptilia as traditionally defined is paraphyletic because class does not include two groups of descendants birds (in class Aves birds) and mammals (in class Mammalia).
		Paraphyletic groups are erected on the basis of plesiomorphies (ancestral instead of upon apomorphies (derived similarities).
	www.freeglossary.com /Paraphyletic (234 words)

	Paraphyletic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Groups whichinclude all the descendants of a common ancestor are commonly termed monophyletic, although this term is sometimes taken to apply to paraphyletic groups as well, in which casethey are called holophyletic.
		For example, the class Reptilia as traditionally defined is paraphyletic because that class does not include two groups of itsdescendants, birds (in class Aves, birds), and mammals (in class Mammalia).
		Paraphyletic groups are often erected on the basis of plesiomorphies (ancestralsimilarities) instead of upon apomorphies (derived similarities).
	www.therfcc.org /paraphyletic-21537.html (265 words)

	Encyclopedia: Paraphyletic
		In biology, Phylogenetics (Greek: phylon = race and genetic = birth) is the taxonomical classification of organisms based on how closely they are related in terms of evolutionary differences.
		Greek clados = branch) or phylogenetic systematics is a branch of biology that determines the evolutionary relationships of living things based on derived similarities.
		Historical linguistics (also diachronic linguistics or comparative linguistics) is primarily the study of the ways in which languages change over time, by means of examining languages which are recognizably related through similarities such as vocabulary, word formation, and syntax, as well as the surviving records of ancient languages.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Paraphyletic (865 words)

	PhyloCode Article 10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Therefore, when establishing the name of a clade, a preexisting name that has been applied to that clade, or to a paraphyletic group stemming from the same ancestor, should generally be selected if such a name exists.
		If more than one preexisting name has been applied to the clade (including those applied to paraphyletic groups stemming from the same ancestor), the name that is most widely and consistently used for it should generally be chosen.
		If there is no preexisting name for the clade (or for a paraphyletic group stemming from the same ancestor), a new name may be established.
	www.ohiou.edu /phylocode/art10.html (495 words)

	Paraphyletic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In phylogenetics, a grouping of organisms is said to be paraphyletic if all the members of the group have a common ancestor but the group does not include all the descendants of the common ancestor.
		Groups which include all the descendants of a common ancestor are commonly termed monophyletic, although this term is sometimes taken to apply to paraphyletic groups as well, in which case they are called holophyletic.
		This page was last modified 20:39, 19 Aug 2004.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Paraphyletic (274 words)

	Evolution - A-Z - Paraphyletic group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A paraphyletic group contains some, but not all, of the descendants from a common ancestor.
		The members included are those that have changed little from the ancestral state; those that have changed more are excluded: a paraphyletic group contains the rump of conservative descendants from an ancestral species.
		Reptiles are a paraphyletic group: in terms of appearance a crocodile has more in common with lizards than birds and both crocodiles and lizards are classed as reptiles.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /ridley/a-z/Paraphyletic_group.asp (185 words)

	Animal - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Lophotrochozoa also include the Nemertea or ribbon worms, the Sipuncula, and several phyla that have a fan of cilia around the mouth, called a lophophore.
		These were traditionally grouped together as the lophophorates, but it now appears they are paraphyletic, some closer to the Nemertea and some to the Mollusca and Annelida.
		They include the Brachiopoda or lamp shells, which are prominent in the fossil record, the Entoprocta, the Phoronida, and possibly the Ectoprocta or moss animals.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /animal.htm (1980 words)

	TAXON (IAPT International Association for Plant Taxonomy) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A phylogenetic tree can be subdivided according to a monophyletic hierarchical model, in which only monophyletic units figure, or according to a "Linnaean" hierarchical model in which both mono- and paraphyletic units occur.
		Since, however, the monophyletic model is unable to cope with reticulate evolutionary relationships, it is unsuited for the classification of nature.
		This renders the acceptance of paraphyletic supraspecific taxa inevitable.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/ibc99/iapt/46_075.htm (113 words)

	Intro
		The majority were paraphyletic taxa, in other words, families which did not include all descendants of their basal taxon.
		Paraphyletic families then are defined by pseudoextinctions, times of evolutionary transformation or partial extinction.
		If this were the case, it could be argued that paraphyletic taxa are preferable since they document species-level behaviour that evolutionists really wish to understand better than monophyletic families.
	palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk /Essays/databases/default.html (11898 words)

	Glossary
		This is the meaning of a minority of systematic biologists, who favor a classification philosophy that permits or even encourages paraphyletic groups.
		A paraphyletic group is a grade and is erected on the basis of symplesiomorphy.
		In N.T. textual criticism, the Neutral and Western text-types are paraphyletic because the Byzantine text-type is thought, at least by Westcott and Hort, to descend from them.
	www.mindspring.com /~scarlson/tc/glossary.htm (1678 words)

	Is it true that birds are "obviously" not dinosaurs?
		Their most frequently used paraphyletic group is a Dinosauria that does not include Aves, or birds.
		They argue that formal paraphyletic groups are necessary to demonstrate what they consider vast evolutionary differences between ancestor and descendant.
		The message behind those statements is that the morphology, or anatomical characteristics, of birds and dinosaurs is so vastly different that even a child, without the keen powers of observation of an adult, when presented with a bird and dinosaur side by side, would state that the bird is not a dinosaur.
	www.dinosauria.com /jdp/archie/poll.htm (2492 words)

	Spermatophyta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Angiosperms are now thought to have evolved from a gymnosperm ancestor, which would make the gymnosperm taxon paraphyletic.
		Modern phylogeny seems to indicate that the monocots and dicots are not sister taxa, but that the monocots are descended from a primitive dicot ancestor, which would make the dicots a paraphyletic group.
		Under this scheme, the palaeodicots are still a paraphyletic taxon, which includes roughly a half-dozen monophyletic clades.
	www.wikiverse.org /spermatophyta (359 words)

	Monophyletic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In phylogenetics a group is monophyletic (greek: of one stem) if all organisms in that group are known to developed from a common ancestral form and descendants of that form are included in group.
		Taxonomic groups that contain organisms but their common ancestor are called polyphyletic and groups that contain some but all descendants of a given form are paraphyletic.
		It should be noted that sometimes the holophyletic is used for the sort of discussed here and monophyletic is used to holophyletic or paraphyletic.
	www.freeglossary.com /Monophyletic (111 words)

	Monophyletic, Polyphyletic, & Paraphyletc Taxa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		One type of monophyletic taxon is a paraphyletic taxon, which includes an ancestor and a group of organisms descended from it [as in (c)].
		Another unfortunate circumstance for the student is that the two schools use the same terms, but in different ways, and often refuse to recognize the alternative usage.
		Both schools reject the use of polyphyletic taxa, although most phylogenetic taxonomists would use that term to included paraphyletic taxa.
	www.mun.ca /biology/scarr/Taxon_types.htm (318 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In phylogenetics, a group is monophyletic (greek: of one stem) if all 8 organisms in that 1 group are known 3 to have developed from 1 a common ancestral form, 1 and all descendants of 5 that form are 1 included in the group.
		For example, all organisms in the genus Homo are believed to have 6 come from the 9 same ancestral form 3 in the family 9 Hominidae, and no 5 other descendants are 1 known.
		It should be noted 4 that sometimes the term 1 holophyletic is used for the sort of 3 groups discussed here, and 2 monophyletic is used 5 to mean holophyletic or paraphyletic.
	www.prience.com /Monophyletic_.htm (225 words)

	Tree of Life Glossary
		The group is paraphyletic as it fails to include some taxa derived from heterokonts.
		An interaction between organisms in which one organism (the parasite) lives in or on the living tissue of another organism (the host), deriving nutrients at the expense of the host.
		A paraphyletic group consisting of those eukaryotes which are not animals, true fungi or green plants.
	tolweb.org /tree/home.pages/glossary.html (5247 words)

	A molecular phylogeny of the monogeneans inferred from 28S rDNA sequences
		The presence of eyes is one of the characters generally proposed as a synapomorphy for the group, but a recent review has questioned the validity of this character because of the lack of ultrastructural evidence of homology [8], and concluded that a reappraisal of morphological synapomorphies should be undertaken.
		For the outgroups corresponding to the hypotheses of paraphyletic monogeneans (Fig.
		Numbered columns indicate taxa used as ingroups (i) or outgroups (o) for a general analysis (column 0), an analysis of the monopisthocotyleans (column 1, paraphyletic monogenean hypothesis; column 2, monophyletic monogenean hypothesis), an analysis of polyopisthocotyleans (column 3, paraphyletic monogenean hypothesis; column 4, monophyletic monogenean hypothesis), and an analysis of the non-polystomatid polyopisthocotyleans (column 5).
	www.mnhn.fr /mnhn/bpph/Data/Mollaret2000/mollaret2000.html (5536 words)

	Rare Deep-Rooting Y Chromosome Lineages in Humans: Lessons for Phylogeography -- Weale et al. 165 (1): 229 -- Genetics
		that the Asian YAP subgroup is not paraphyletic and thus
		paraphyletic relative to one or both of groups D and E (Fig 2).
		(c) DE* is not paraphyletic but is still an outgroup to D and E. (d and e) DE* is neither paraphyletic nor an outgroup to D and E. In principle, the pattern of similarities of microsatellite
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/165/1/229 (2917 words)

	Systematics of the Synapsida (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Synapsid classification has undergone tremendous change in recent years; most of the traditional groupings have been discovered to be paraphyletic.
		To represent this, we have used multiple lines drawn to paraphyletic groups in the cladogram above.
		Current hypotheses about early synapsid diversification suggest that "pelycosaurs" are the basal-most synapsids, and are certainly paraphyletic.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /synapsids/synapsidasy.html (197 words)

	Chapter 19 Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		An alternative view is that bats are paraphyletic, with megabats more closely related to the primates + (dermopterans + plesiadapids) clade, than they are to microbats.
		But recent analyses have supported tarsiers as the sister taxon of anthropoids ("monkeys" and apes) and thus the prosimian grouping as paraphyletic (i.e., including the ancestry of primates and all descendants except anthropoids.
		Recent biologists have generally converted to classifications that are cladistic (i.e., they only recognize monophyletic groupings, or clades, that are thought to include an ancestor and all of its descendants).
	biology.fullerton.edu /life/hol/rq/rq19.html (424 words)

	Learn more about Paraphyletic in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Learn more about Paraphyletic in the online encyclopedia.
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	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /p/pa/paraphyletic.html (316 words)

	Zoology 404, Chapter 14 notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A paraphyletic group consists of an ancestral species and some but not all of its descendents.
		Operationally, a paraphyletic group is defined by a suite of ancestral traits which have been modified or lost in the excluded species.
		The paraphyletic groups are distinguished by exclusion of one or more derived groups which have undergone significant divergences from the shared common ancestor.
	www.science.siu.edu /zoology/king/404/mr14.htm (1483 words)

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