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Nearctica - Evolution - Systematics - A Simple Introduction to Systematics By monophyletic cladists mean that all of the members of a single group must have a common ancestor. This is not allowed and either "Genus B" must be synonymized with "Genus A" (no longer a separate genus), or all of the branches of the tree must be given a separate generic name. Paraphyly is a common problem in older classification. www.nearctica.com /evolve/simptax.htm   (1462 words)

Principles of systamatics   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03) The paraphyly is a form of the monophyly in wide sense, but it differs from the monophyly after Hennig, i.e. In the definition of the monophyly (as well as in the definitions of the holophyly and the paraphyly) is said that the taxon includes any, at least the nearest of the ancestors common for all members of this taxon. If subsequently paraphyly of this taxon is proved, it is broken, if its holophyly is proved, this taxon is retained. www.bio.pu.ru /win/entomol/KLUGE/syst_I_2.htm   (10142 words)

Paraphyly and sister taxa (was Re: AMARGASAURUS SATTLERI) Paraphyly and sister taxa (was Re: AMARGASAURUS SATTLERI) Newly incarcerated in the innermost fold of the germ layer of Hell, Tech's own Jeffrey Martz wrote: > Paraphyly is implicit at EVERY NODE where the sister taxa are not >identical, which means at every node except where individual specimens >assigned to the same genus and species are sister taxa. Previous by thread: Re: Paraphyly and sister taxa (was Re: AMARGASAURUS SATTLERI) dml.cmnh.org /2000Sep/msg00078.html   (747 words)

Fast Breaking Comment by Daniel J. Funk Our primary discovery was our intensively documented finding that individual species commonly include individuals whose mitochondrial alleles are more closely related to alleles from different species than to those of their own species. That is, species-level non-monophyly (= paraphyly and polyphyly) is common. This is in stark contrast to the common assumption that monophyly is the rule and paraphyly and polyphyly are rare and relatively unimportant. www.esi-topics.com /fbp/2005/april05-DanielJFunk.html   (810 words)

Cladistics Classic examples of paraphyly include Pisces (fishes), whose descendants include tetrapods (amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals), and Reptilia, whose descendants include birds; however, neither tetrapods nor birds are included in the groups named Pisces and Reptilia, respectively. They feel that abandonment of paraphyly leads to loss of information in the classification system about significant changes in organisms' morphology, ecology, or life history. Accordingly, they argue that the notions of clade and taxon should be kept distinct, and that paraphyletic taxa are necessary if every group is going to be broken down completely into subgroups. www.wordlookup.net /cl/cladistics.html   (1200 words)

Amphibian Species of the World - Dendrobatidae Cope, 1865   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03) Evol., 15: 34-40, reported on the molecular phylogenetics of the group: monophyly of Phyllobates, paraphyly of Dendrobates (with respect to Minyobates), Ameerega (as Epipedobates) (with respect to Phobobates), and Colostethus (with respect to Allobates). Soc., 70: 515-540, also reported on molecular systematics of the group, suggesting that Dendrobates is paraphyletic with respect to Minyobates, and that Allobates is the sister taxon of the remaining toxic species. Evol., 3: 215-226, reported on molecular phylogenetics of the group and suggested a specific pattern of paraphyly of Colostethus with respect to Ameerega (as Epipedobates), Allobates, Nephelobates, Mannophryne, Cryptophyllobates, and a clade composed of Dendrobates and Phyllobates. g.msn.com /9SE/1?http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/references.php?id=8308&&DI=6244&IG=069007ba43cb4a6489a4142ec0a1d9bc&POS=6&CM=WPU&CE=6&CS=AWP&SR=6   (726 words)

Fast Breaking Comment by Kevin Omland I began compiling other examples of this "species-level paraphyly" and realized that there were many other examples. Dan Funk and I began to compare notes on this topic several years ago, and we realized that we had encountered very similar patterns of DNA intermixing although we work on very different groups (insects and birds respectively). I continue to be interested in how species-level polyphyly and paraphyly can impact many research fields from basic areas such as phylogenetics to applied areas such as barcoding and wildlife forensics. www.esi-topics.com /fbp/2005/april05-KevinOmland.html   (680 words)

Incongruence between cladistic and taxonomic systems -- Grant 90 (9): 1263 -- American Journal of Botany paraphyly, as cladists often do, they are judging the taxonomic PARAPHYLY VS. MONOPHYLY IN Gilia (Polemoniaceae) is a large, multi-section, and taxonomically paraphyly is a source of incongruence, the incongruence should www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/90/9/1263   (5183 words)

The Origin of Whales Phylogenetic relationships among cetartiodactyls based on insertions of short and long interspersed elements: Hippopotamuses are the closest extant relatives of whales. Study of SINEs and LINEs indicates paraphyly of Artiodactyla and Suiformes, supporting a clade for Cetacea and Hippopotamidae. Entire mitochondrial genome sequences indicate paraphyly of Artiodactyla and Suiformes, supporting a clade for Cetacea and Hippopotamidae. homepages.ius.edu /CDBAKER/Seminars/Originwhalesref.htm   (844 words)

Comparative Anatomy Topic 2 - Phylogenies and Fossils   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03) Polyphyletic group - a group consisting of two or more distantly related species (an extreme of paraphyly); in cladistics, this is an invalid grouping because it does not express evolutionary relationships Paraphyly - a group not consisting of all descendants of their most recent common ancestor; in cladistics, this is an invalid grouping because it does not express evolutionary relationships Polyphyly - a group consisting of two or more distantly related species (an extreme of paraphyly); in cladistics, this is an invalid grouping because it does not express evolutionary relationships. www.auburn.edu /academic/classes/zy/0301/Topic2/topic2.html   (754 words)

Microbat paraphyly and the convergent evolution of a key innovation in Old World rhinolophoid microbats -- Teeling et ... Microbat paraphyly and the convergent evolution of a key innovation in Old World rhinolophoid microbats -- Teeling et al. To date, DNA sequence studies arguing for microbat paraphyly have included only eight bats (14-15). The inability of morphological data to recover microbat paraphyly may be affected by outgroup choice. www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/99/3/1431   (3894 words)

Amphibian Species of the World - Pseudoeurycea Taylor, 1944 J., 13: 21-26, defined the Pseudoeurycea juarezi group and continued the discussion of Pseudoeurycea paraphyly. Evol., 22: 244, regarded the problem of polyphyly of Lineatriton and the attendant paraphyly of Pseudoeurycea "difficult to solve" because of concerns about morphological similarity being incongruent with evolutionary history. Hist., 297: 178, discussed the paraphyly of Pseudoeurycea and as a remedy placed Lineatriton and Ixalotriton in the synonymy of Pseudoeurycea, rendering the latter monophyletic and former Lineatriton merely highly apomorphic members of the Pseudoeurycea leprosa group. research.amnh.org /herpetology/amphibia/references.php?g_id=1156   (545 words)

Glasgow ePrints Service - DNA sequence evidence for speciation, paraphyly and a Mesozoic dispersal of cancellothyridid ... Glasgow ePrints Service - DNA sequence evidence for speciation, paraphyly and a Mesozoic dispersal of cancellothyridid articulate brachiopods DNA sequence evidence for speciation, paraphyly and a Mesozoic dispersal of cancellothyridid articulate brachiopods Luter, C. and Cohen, B. DNA sequence evidence for speciation, paraphyly and a Mesozoic dispersal of cancellothyridid articulate brachiopods. eprints.gla.ac.uk /2935   (490 words)

Kingsnake.com - Herpforum - RE: Hennig and the cladists misunderstand evolution My tolerance of paraphyly is not widely held among systematists. You may be surprised to know that Ashlock and Mayr textbook is not the end of discourse on the subject of paraphyly. Could it really be that the rest of the phylogenetics world has no grounds for considering paraphyly as a peril to classification? forums.kingsnake.com /view.php?id=638645,643495   (303 words)

Integrative Biology 335: Systematics of Plants Define some important terms of phylogenetic methodology, such as monophyly, synapomorphy, parsimony, polyphyly, and paraphyly. Explain why "dicots" are rejected as a formal group in phylogenetic classifications. Paraphyly: a taxonomic group that contains some, but not all, descendants of the most recent common ancestor of that group. www.life.uiuc.edu /plantbio/260/Principles.html   (2212 words)

[No title] There are 2 theories in use today for constructing phylogenies: To understand the differences between the two, you need to understand monophyly, paraphyly and polyphyly: paraphyly: paraphyletic taxa include the most recent common ancestor of a group, but not all of its descendents. www.marietta.edu /~mcshaffd/invert/classificationp.html   (1170 words)

The Mitochondrial Genome of the House Centipede Scutigera and the Monophyly Versus Paraphyly of Myriapods -- Negrisolo ... paraphyly of the myriapods with respect to the chelicerates. rejecting (1) the monophyly of the Myriapoda, (2) the paraphyly Paraphyly of the Myriapoda in the context of the Mandibulata mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/21/4/770   (5584 words)

Re: Paraphyly and sister taxa Jeff Martz wrote: is implicit at EVERY NODE where the sister taxa are not identical, which means at every node except where individual specimens assigned to the same genus and species are sister taxa. Taxonomy is useless WITHOUT implicit paraphyly.> An end result is not a taxon from which stems subsequent taxa; the forms recognized as taxa cannot comprise groups of other taxa, for they are biologically unique. Next by thread: Re: Paraphyly and sister taxa dml.cmnh.org /2000Sep/msg00031.html   (788 words)

Amazon.com: "Higher-Level Elasmobranch Phylogeny": Key Phrase page   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03) C H A P T E R 3 Higher-Level Elasmobranch Phylogeny, Basal Squaleans, and Paraphyly MARCELO R. DE CARVALHO Department of Herpetology and Ichthyology American Museum of Natural History New York,... De Carvalho, M.R. Higher-level elasmobranch phylogeny, basal squaleans, and paraphyly, in Interrelationships of Fishes (eds M.L.J. Stiassny, L.R. Parenti and G.D. Johnson), Academic Press, San Diego,... De Carvalho, M. Higher-level elasmobranch phylogeny, basal squaleans, and paraphyly. www.amazon.com /phrase/Higher_Level-Elasmobranch-Phylogeny   (548 words)

Kingsnake.com - Herpforum - RE: A few Questions.... Actually, what WW meant was that whether Cannia is recognizable as a valid genus will depend on whether Pseudechis is paraphyletic or not. In the case of the green tree python, Kluge thought that it was necessary to include Chondropython viridis as a member of the genus Morelia so as not to [gasp] recognize a paraphyletic Morelia. Instead of invalidating Lampropeltis, Pituophis, Arizona, Bogertophis, Cemophora, Stilosoma and Rhinocheilus and transferring all the species within these genera back to Elaphe in order to eliminate paraphyly, they instead splintered Elaphe into a dozen or so genera (which are morphologically indistinguishable from one another) to eliminate paraphyly instead. forums.kingsnake.com /view.php?id=633586,637028   (423 words)

Arthropoda   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03) Mitochondrial genes collectively suggest the paraphyly of crustacea with respect to insecta. Arthropod phylogeny based on eight molecular loci and morphology. The mitochondrial genome of the house centipede Scutigera and the monophyly versus paraphyly of myriapods. g.msn.com /9SE/1?http://tolweb.org/Arthropoda/2469&&DI=6244&IG=069007ba43cb4a6489a4142ec0a1d9bc&POS=8&CM=WPU&CE=8&CS=AWP&SR=8   (1253 words)

Taxonomic characters and phylogenetic reconstruction Be prepared to use information about the characters of organisms to produce a cladogram. Key Words: phylogeny, characters, homology, analogy, outgroup comparison, clads, synapomorphy, nested hierarchy, cladogram, phylogenetic tree, comparative morphology, comparative biochemistry, monophyly, paraphyly, polyphyly, adaptive zone, grade, biological species, evolutionary species, phylogenetic species Which of the following would best test the hypothesis that two populations of very similar squirrels, isolated from contact with each other by a canyon, are different species? homepages.culver.edu /faculty/mjones/classif.htm   (298 words)

Systema Angiospermarum I think that acception of paraphyly is not old-fashioned, but is the core feature of taxonomy as the expert science. The objections are often restricted to the fact that it is hard to take the description of paraphyly. I define paraphyletic taxa as taxa that include all common ancestors of given subgroups, but only some descendants of them. herba.msu.ru /shipunov/ang/ang-en.htm   (623 words)

Paraphyly Trade at Supply Directory   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03) Also Try: paraphyly, paraphyly supply, paraphyly wholesale, paraphyly drop shipping more... Also Try: paraphyly, paraphyly supply, paraphyly wholesale, paraphyly drop shipping, paraphyly directory, paraphyly sources, paraphyly for sale, paraphyly trade, paraphyly retailers, paraphyly store, paraphyly news,paraphyly articles,more... Use of this Web site constitutes acceptance of the Supply Directory Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. www.supplydirectory.net /search/paraphyly_trade.html   (164 words)

Basal cactus phylogeny: implications of Pereskia (Cactaceae) paraphyly for the transition to the cactus life form -- ... Basal cactus phylogeny: implications of Pereskia (Cactaceae) paraphyly for the transition to the cactus life form -- Edwards et al. the implications of Pereskia paraphyly should be considered The first hypothesis of Pereskia paraphyly dates back to Berger www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/92/7/1177   (6325 words)

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