
	Where results make sense

Topic: Parapodia

Related Topics

Zwiesel

Polychaeta

Christopher Shays

King Edwin of Northumbria

Echiura

Annelida

Leech

Worm

LUGNET

In the News (Sun 6 Dec 09)

Northern Trust

Marvin Harrison

Peter Chernin

Gary Locke

Match Play

Penelope Cruz

Mickey Rourke

AR Rahman

Danny Boyle

Hugh Jackman

	Arthropoda - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Probably the chaetae preceded the development of parapodia, and by their concentration and that of the muscular bundles connected with them at the sides of each segment, led directly to the evolution of the parapodia.
		The parapodia of Chaetopoda are never coated with dense chitin, and are, therefore, never converted into jaws; the primitive " head-lobe " or prostomium persists, and frequently carries eyes and sensory tentacles.
		The mandibular parapodia may be supposed during the successive stages of this history to have had, from the first, well-developed rami (one or two) of a palp-like form, so that the change required when the mouth passed away from them would merely consist in the suppression of the gnathobase.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Arthropoda (9659 words)

	Polychaete Parapodia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Polychaetes are defined by the paired appendages called parapodia that are located laterally along the length of their bodies.
		Parapodia may not occur on every segment, and are often diagnostically absent from the most anterior segments.
		Associated with the parapodia are chitinous chaetae of various shapes and sizes.
	www.wm.edu /biology/linnaeuslocus/E2Parapodia.htm (115 words)

	[No title]
		The setae of these parapodia are of two types: on the dorsal ramus - simple, slightly bent, spiny, with transverse patterns, on the ventral ramus - simple, non-spiny, with a marked attenuation at the tip.
		Parapodia on the following segments biramous, with ventral and dorsal cirri, with simple, transversely striated spinigers on the notopodia and compound heterogomph setae on the neuropodia.
		In Victoriella the structure of parapodia and setae, beginning at the second segment, are as in Dysponetus, which allows describing the genus to the family Chrysopetalidae.
	www.tmbl.gu.se /staff/ThomasDahlgren/Trans/Kiseleva_1992.html (1474 words)

	ANNELIDA
		The sexes are separate, and are distinguished by the parapodia on the posterior (sexual) segments.
		These parapodia are uniformly ivory white in the male, but in the female they contain yellow coils, which are the ovaries with their enclosed eggs.
		Cut off one or two parapodia and transfer them to a double layer of cheesecloth (which has been rinsed well in fresh water and then in sea water), allowing the eggs to filter into a fingerbowl of freshly filtered sea water.
	www.mbl.edu /BiologicalBulletin/EGGCOMP/pages/34.html (1431 words)

	The Annelids and Sipunculans (chapter 13) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Parapodia increase the animal’s exposed surface area and, because parapodia are highly vascularized, they function in gas exchange.
		Parapodia also have a locomotory function in many species, being stiffened by the presence of chitinous support rods called acicula.
		Errant polychaetes are levered forward by the action of parapodia, which are operated in a complex pattern as oars.
	bama.ua.edu /~clydeard/bsc376/lecture22.htm (934 words)

	Characteristics of Annelida
		Parapodia are unjointed segmental extensions of the body wall found in many polychaetes, though many do lack these features.
		Parapodia are equipped with musculature derived mainly from the circular muscle layer and usually carry chaetae.
		Parapodia vary in structure but basically can be considered to consist of two elements; a dorsal notopodium and a ventral neuropodium (Fig.
	tolweb.org /articles/?article_id=57 (1147 words)

	Classes of Annelids
		Parapodia use is influenced by feeding habits, differences in habitat and locomotory patterns-all of which are interrelated.
		Sometimes the parapodia are used as paddles, legs, gills, feeding tentacles or holding sacs for mucous.
		Parapodia are extended maximally at the crest of a wave.
	comenius.susqu.edu /bi/322/IZLecture19.htm (5005 words)

	Annelida. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The parapodia, along with undulations of the body, propel the worm in crawling and swimming; parapodia are tipped with bundles of setae, usually made of chitin.
		The parapodia are reduced in the sedentary polychaetes, and the setae of many tube-dwelling forms are hooked to help the worm hold itself to the wall of its tube.
		They are disk-shaped and flattened, with a series of reduced parapodia with hooked setae; they often match the color pattern of the host.
	www.bartleby.com /65/an/Annelida.html (3087 words)

	Elysia obtusa
		The conical projections are white as is the edge of the parapodia.
		The white on the edge of the parapodia tends to be more developed in the inner than the outer edge.
		In some animals the green of the digestive gland causes the parapodia to be dark green in colour but from the range of photos in the Forum it appears that the green colouration is probably a temporary colouration dependent on how recently an animal has been feeding.
	rfbolland.com /okislugs/elysobtu.html (547 words)

	Annelida
		Most species have parapodia, lateral extensions of the body wall that promote gas exchange and often serve a locomotory function, as well.
		Observe the flexures of the body and the successive position of the parapodia.
		In the Nereis slide, identify circular, longitudinal and oblique muscles, the dorsal blood vessel, the ventral vessel and ventral nerve cord, the intestine, and parapodia.
	www.angelfire.com /ak3/invertzoology/LAB5.html (649 words)

	Parapodia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Parapodia are paired, lateral appendages extending from the body segements.
		This type of parapodia and setae are modified for a burrowing polychaete.
		This type of parapodia and setae are modified for a tube dwelling polychaete.
	dbsdb.nus.edu.sg.cob-web.org:8888 /epic/feet.html (210 words)

	Ragworms (The Polychaeta)
		In some forms the parapodia of the first 1 or 2 segments may be transformed into cirri, long thin appendages like antennae or tentacles.
		The nervous system consists of a brain, which is found in the prostomium and connected to the ventral nerve cord, and the sub-pharyngeal ganglia, by a special set of nerves called the circum-pharyngeal connectives.
		In the errant forms the parapodia are particularly well supplied with blood vessels and are important organs for gaseous exchange.
	www.earthlife.net /inverts/polychaeta.html (3434 words)

	External Morphology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Each segment has a pair of parapodia which function in locomotion and increase the surface area of the body for respiratory purposes.
		Within the parapodia are supporting rods called the acicula to support the setae fascicle and confer rigidity to it.
		If a pair of parapodia has a pair of acicula and a pair of fascicles, it is termed as biramous.
	dbsdb.nus.edu.sg /epic/general.html (287 words)

	Marine biodiversity: polychaetes
		These polychaetes tend to be grazers or carnivores and have jaws, obvious parapodia and bodies that are relatively similar throughout their length.
		The Sedentaria are mostly tube-dwelling or burrowing polychaetes having reduced parapodia with some of their setae modified into hooks called uncini which help anchor the worms in their tubes.
		Morphological features including the structures of the prostomium and peristomium (the head and mouth regions), the shapes of the branchiae, parapodia, setae, and of internal features such as the proboscis (a reversible pharynx used for feeding in errant polychaetes) must usually be examined closely with microscopes to identify specimens.
	www.bioaqua.net /MNP/biodiversidad/polychaetes.asp (594 words)

	How To Describe A Nereid
		On the forms, we ask you to observe setae and parapodia from the anterior part, the mid section and the rear end of the worm.
		In a typical biramous parapodia, the main notopodial features are: the presence, shape and length of the dorsal cirrus (Figure 3-D.C>; the shape and relative position of the notopodial ligule - Figure 3-1a, for example, is it swollen or the same size as the inferior ligule?
		Setal structures in nereids are important taxonomic characters and combinations of the different types and their occurrence in the different parts of the parapodia are useful generic characters.
	www.nhm.ac.uk /research-curation/projects/taxinfo/help/howto_ne.htm (1064 words)

	Polychaetes by Rob Toonen August 1997 Aquarium.Net
		These parapodia are pressed against the wall of the tube or burrow, and hold a mucous 'net' or 'bag' through which all pumped water must pass (see Ron Shimek's Aquarium.Net article Segmented and Vermiform, it's a way of life for a discussion of how ciliary mucous feeding works).
		Once the mucous bag/net begins to clog with organic debris from the filtered water, the modified parapodia release it, roll it into a ball and pass it along a groove to the mouth, where it is ingested.
		If you were to remove one of these animals from their tube, you would also see that they have a series of several modified parapodia to hold mucous bags/nets and several sets of "fan" parapodia which would confirm that it was indeed a chaetopterid.
	www.reefs.org /library/aquarium_net/0897/0897_5.html (2142 words)

	Polychaete Annelid Identification, or “You Can Always Tell A Bristle Worm by Ronald L. Shimek, Ph.D. - ...
		Even though they don't bend or flex, they nonetheless may look quite "leggy." Some aquarists, on viewing some of the bristle worms for the first time, have said that they are reminded of centipedes because of the segments and the "legs" off of each side.
		These appendages are the parapodia, and while they are not found on either the prostomium, the peristomium or the pygidium (the last body segment which contains the anus), they are found on all other segments of polychaete worms.
		In some worms, particularly the scavenging fireworms common in aquaria, the parapodia are large and evident.
	reefkeeping.com /issues/2003-03/rs/index.htm (2769 words)

	Sunbathing Sea Slugs That Steal The Ways To Use The Rays by William Capman, Ph.D. - Reefkeeping.com
		A close-up of the parapodia of a lettuce sea slug.
		The resemblance of the lettuce sea slug's parapodia to leaves is more than just a coincidence, since these structures, and indeed much of the surface of the animal, function somewhat like leaves.
		There, the stolen chloroplasts continue to function, using energy from sunlight to build energy-rich food molecules from carbon dioxide and water, but rather than feeding the algal cells that produced these chloroplasts, the food molecules that are produced feed the sea slug.
	www.reefkeeping.com /issues/2002-06/bcap/feature/index.php (4782 words)

	Phylum Annelida (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Study the parapodia both in whole worms and slides.
		The water is passed through a mucus bag that is continuously secreted by a pair of large, dorsal, notopodial lobes on segment 12.
		Oligochaetes are characterized by segments that have but two small clumps of chaetae and lack parapodia; they also lack the various head appendages found in polychaetes.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /malacology/IZ2005/LabNotes/Lab7/lab7.htm (3094 words)

	Polychaete Research 17.4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Normally in anterior parapodia there are a larger number of thinner acicula than in parapodia further along the body.
		Generally only one or two acicula are present in post-proventricular parapodia, and these may include some very stout forms (much thicker than the chaetal shafts) which may also protrude through the tissue of the parapodia - stout emergent acicula.
		In certain cases, where the usual pattern of several thin acicula in anterior parapodia does not occur, then the shape of the acicula in these segments may also be of significance.
	www.cf.ac.uk /biosi/associates/bioline/poly4.html (5194 words)

	Anellida
		Oligochaetes lack parapodia, because parapodia and long setae would interfere with their burrowing lifestyles.
		The surface area of the intestine is increased substantially by a dorsal fold of the lumenal epithelium
		Parapodia are supported by chitinous rods, and numerous setae project from the parapodia, giving them their class name.
	www.snow.edu /~allans/biology1320/anellida.html (1392 words)

	Annelids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It and other members of the class Oligochaeta lack parapodia and head appendages.
		Annelid worms with parapodia and chaetae arranged laterally along the length of their bodies are polychaetes, also known as bristle worms.
		But polychaetes can appear plain or ornate, depending on how elaborate the parapodia and head appendages may be.
	www.wm.edu /biology/linnaeuslocus/E2Annelids.htm (421 words)

	The Sea Slug Forum - Chelidonura sp. 6
		001 has no spots on body and parapodia, and tips of tails are red in color.
		I had wondered about some of these animals which were in your Kerama Island book.
		I guess its possible that for some reason the northern Pacific population has become more variable in colour but since 'typical' specimens were first described from Japan this seems unlikely.
	www.seaslugforum.net /display.cfm?id=10133 (424 words)

	Polychaeta
		The parapodia themselves are arranged in pairs in a paddle-like fashion along each side of the worm's body, one pair to each segment.
		The best way to begin learning the polychaetes is by learning to determine to which family an individual belongs by using taxonomic keys.
		As we survey the communities of the Bay, we hope to uncover changes in distribution patterns and document introductions of polychaete species to the ecosystem.
	www.calacademy.org /research/izg/SFBay2K/Polychaeta.htm (596 words)

	Natural History Collections: Polychaeta
		Polychaetes are common marine annelids (5300 species) with paddle-like appendages or parapodia bearing numerous bristles or chaetae and often gills.
		Nereis virens, the ragworm uses its parapodia to swim or to crawl on surfaces.
		Some polychaetes make tubes to protect their soft bodies, to serve as lairs for catching passing prey, to provide clean oxygenated water in sandy or muddy substrates, or to allow worms to live attached to rocks, shells and sea-weed.
	www.nhc.ed.ac.uk /index.php?page=24.25.312.329.359 (407 words)

	UCMP Glossary: P (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		parapodia -- A sort of "false foot" formed by extension of the body cavity.
		Polychaetes and some insect larvae have parapodia in addition to their legs, and these provide extra help in locomotion.
		An organism that lives on or within a host (another organism); it obtains nutrients from the host without benefiting or killing (although it may damage) the host; parasitic- adj.; parasitism- n.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu.cob-web.org:8888 /glossary/glossary_P.html (1993 words)

	Exam 2 Key
		Hirudinea: anterior, posterior suckers for inch-worm locomotion; absent are segmented coelom, parapodia, setae
		Function of anterior parapodia as anchors in tubes, as gills.
		Function of posterior parapodia for swimming in epitokes, gills, or reduced to absent.
	www.wsu.edu /~dybdahl/exam2key.html (651 words)

	lb7pg3
		Each body segment bears a pair of lateral parapodia, fleshy paddlelike appendages that may be used as legs in crawling or as oars for swimming.
		The parapodia are well vascularized and are the major sites of gas exchange (Figure 2 and 3).
		In addition, the movement of the parapodia keeps fresh water with a high oxygen concentration constantly moving over the respiratory surface.
	io.uwinnipeg.ca /~simmons/16cm05/16lab05/lb7pg3.htm (511 words)

	Augsburg College Biology - Photo of Month - March 2002
		This animal is commonly known as the lettuce sea slug, so named because when the animal is at rest the parapodia make this snail without a shell look a lot like a small head of ruffled lettuce.
		The resemblance of the lettuce sea slug's parapodia to leaves is more than just a coincidence, since these structures, and indeed the entire surface of the animal, function somewhat like leaves.
		There the stolen chloroplasts continue to function, using energy from sunlight to build energy-rich food molecules (sugars) from carbon dioxide and water, but rather than feeding the algal cells that made these chloroplasts, the sugar that is produced feeds the sea slug.
	www.augsburg.edu /home/biology/photoofmonth/lettuceseaslug.html (689 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)