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Topic: Paraponera

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	JIS: Tschinkel 2.12.2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The giant tropical ant, Paraponera clavata, is a good candidate for quantifying predation and examining regional variation because of its large size, abundance in forests where it is found, and predatory effectiveness when compared to other invertebrate predators (Dyer, 1997).
		This ponerine ant is found in lowland tropical rainforests from Nicaragua to the central Amazon (Janzen and Carroll, 1983) and has been assigned to various feeding guilds including generalist predator (Wilson, 1971), opportunistic nectarivore (Hermann, 1975; Young, 1977), herbivore (Breed and Bennett, 1985), and scavenger (Janzen and Carroll, 1983; Young and Hermann, 1980).
		Paraponera clavata foraging is not confined to trees that harbor nests, but at La Selva foraging is most intense on nest trees (personal observations).
	www.insectscience.org /2.18 (5517 words)

	The Natural History of Bullet Ants
		Paraponera clavata is best known for its giant size and unusually severe sting.
		A cerambycid beetle mimics Paraponera (Silberglied and Aiello 1976).
		Weber, N.A. (1939): The sting of the ant, Paraponera clavata.
	www.sasionline.org /antsfiles/pages/bullet/bulletbio.html (2913 words)

	Husbandry of Dinoponera longipes
		Because of its accessibility, the ACEER Canopy Walkway Loop Trail was chosen as a survey baseline, and was measured along its length with a fiberglass measuring tape.
		Nests D-7 and D-8 were found in dense secondary growth vegetation and, judging from the number of surface openings (Table 1) and the excavation of one nest, both contained small or young colonies.
		Paraponera mostly forages high in the canopy, and though predatory, is predominantly nectivorous (Young and Herman, 1980; Bennett and Breed, 1985; Tobin, 1991).
	www.sasionline.org /antsfiles/pages/dino/Husbandry.html (4521 words)

	Guide to Leaf cutter or Leaf cutting Ant
		Attacks by Paraponera clavata on Atta cephalotes was the subject of a paper by James Wetterer (1994), when he found a group of Paraponera attacking and killing a foraging arm of an Atta cephalotes colony that went up a tree.
		In this series of images, one of the "bulldozer-like" Atta cephalotes soldiers tackles a huge Paraponera worker, which is soon joined by her comrades, much to the dismay I'm sure of the lone leafcutter.
		The Paraponera clavata curves her abdomen and stings the Atta soldier, which had locked mandibles with the huge bala ant.
	www.blueboard.com /leafcutters/pics/moro_atta_paraponera3.htm (373 words)

	Research from the Department of Biology
		Apocephalus paraponerae males and females mate, feed and oviposit on injured worker ants.
		The flies seen here have been attracted to an injured Paraponera clavata, but populations of this "species" are also attracted to ants in the genera Ectatomma and Pachycondyla.
		The four populations of Paraponera flies form a monophyletic group, but the Central American populations appear to be well separated from the South American populations.
	www.biology.utah.edu /posters2.php?id=3&area=home (666 words)

	God of Insects - Museum: Paraponera clavata
		The genus Paraponera is unique and contains only one living species: Paraponera clavata.
		Paraponera clavata is fond of “honeydew” and collects this sweet liquid from several ant plants (they also gather water).
		All food and drink is carried back to the colony and shared with other ants inside the nest.
	godofinsects.com /museum/display.php?sid=1401 (271 words)

	Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo - Description of an injury in a human caused by a false ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Description of an injury in a human caused by a false tocandira (Dinoponera gigantea, Perty, 1833) with a revision on folkloric, pharmacological and clinical aspects of the giant ants of the genera Paraponera and Dinoponera (sub-family Ponerinae)
		They are present in the whole country and the most important species are Paraponera clavata (the true Tocandira), Dinoponera australis, Dinoponera grandis and Dinoponera gigantea (false tocandiras).
		They are carnivorous ants that can prey a great amount of animals, including insects, birds and small mammals and they have a poor social organization, living in the basis and cavities of trees.
	www.scielo.br /scielo.php?pid=S0036-46652005000400012&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en (1557 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It is in the ponerine tribe that the world's largest ants are found, namely, the Paraponera and the Dinoponera.
		Their cousins, the Paraponera, are a little smaller, but much more aggressive.
		Ironically, this subterfuge doesn't work against a real Paraponera, which, failing to detect the odor of its nest on the imposter, will probably attack it.
	www.insectia.com /beta/e/iv_c202018.html (451 words)

	Publications
		Fewell, J. H., Harrison, J. F., Lighton, J. Breed, M. Foraging energetics in of the ant, Paraponera clavata.
		Breed, M.D., Harrison, J. Arboreal nesting in the giant tropical ant, Paraponera clavata.
		Bennett, B. Breed, M.D. The nesting biology, mating behavior and foraging ecology of Peridita opuntiae.
	spot.colorado.edu /~breed/CV.html (1697 words)

	Individual constancy of local search strategies in the giant tropical ant, Paraponera clavata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Individual constancy of local search strategies in the giant tropical ant, Paraponera clavata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).
		Paraponera clavata workers engage in a period of local search after encountering a small amount of artificial nectar.
		Local search is a function of individual strategies, which remain relatively constant in the short term.
	trophort.com /information/data/B01/S64/BRE96IND6730692.html (159 words)

	BIO.COM: Biotechnology & Pharmaceutical News, Jobs, Software, Reports, Books, Events (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It is Paraponera clavata, otherwise known as the bullet ant.
		Poneratoxin, a novel peptide neurotoxin from the venom of the ant, Paraponera clavata
		Pharmacological characterization and chemical fractionation of the venom of the ponerine ant, Paraponera clavata
	www.bio.com /realm/features.jhtml?realmId=6&cid=ci398220 (694 words)

	Jonathan Gonzalez Santos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		I was stung by a giant ant of the species called Paraponera, or Bullet Ants..
		These ants are called giants because they are bigger than all the other ants, are around one and a half inches in length, fl in color, and have a very big stinger on the tip of the abdomen.
		The worst thing is that there is nothing you can do to avoid this pain, just wait for a while, 3 to 4 hours, if you have been stung by only one of these ants, as happened to me.
	www.csam.montclair.edu /ceterms/rainforest/jonathan.html (1606 words)

	Amazon Animals invertebrates - leafcutter ants photo
		Some species, such as the pomerine ants, are quite large, reaching up to one inch in length, with a painful sting.
		The most notorious of these is the so-called bullet ant or "conga" (Paraponera spp.).
		A number of other animals depend on ants, notably the anteater and antbirds.
	www.junglephotos.com /amazon/amanimals/aminvertebrates/leafcutterants.shtml (217 words)

	Placing an omnivore in a complex food web: dietary contributions to adult biomass of an ant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		University of Colorado, EPO Biology, Boulder, CO Workers of Paraponera clavata, a common neotropical ant, collect both nectar and insect prey.
		Previous reports show that nectar accounts for up to 90% of the ants’ food loads, while calculations suggest that nectar contributes only 10% of colonies’ energy supply.
		The importance of nectar as a source of metabolic carbon in adult worker biomass, coupled with the high frequency of nectar collection, supports the conclusion that omnivory is a key to supporting this species’ biomass in neotropical wet forests.
	esa.confex.com /esa/2003/techprogram/paper_12380.htm (230 words)

	Alcoa: Environment: 2003 Earthwatch Diaries: Rainforest Caterpillars
		Paraponera clavata (giant tropical ants) are a natural enemy of caterpillars.
		The experiment is designed to screen for chemical defenses present in both plants and caterpillars.
		Two vials of nectar, one as a control and the other with either a plant or caterpillar extract, are placed along the feeding path of the Paraponera.
	www.alcoa.com /global/en/environment/diary_cicela.asp (5029 words)

	Organization for Tropical Studies
		Bennett, B. and Breed, M. On the association between Pentaclethra macroloba (Mimosaceae) and Paraponera clavata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) colonies.
		Breed, M. and Harrison, J. Arboreal nesting in the giant tropical ant, Paraponera clavata.
		Brown, B. and Feener Jr., D. Life history parameters and description of the larva of Apocephalus paraponerae (Diptera: Phoridae), a parasitoid of the giant tropical ant Paraponera clavata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).
	www.ots.duke.edu /es/library/ls_biblio.shtml (8009 words)

	New Page 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		We assisted Dr. Gentry in his continuing research concerning various plant toxins and their effects on the evolution of herbivores.
		Bala ants, or Paraponera clavata, are normally about one inch long and are found in the area between the Amazon basin and Nicaragua.
		These ants are the largest in Central America, and their sting causes excruciating pain, much like that of a bullet piercing the skin; hence the name Bala ant, which is Spanish for bullet.
	courses.ncssm.edu /abio/EXP.htm (293 words)

	Phorid flies - list of published papers of Brian V. Brown
		Life history parameters and description of the larva of Apocephalus paraponerae (Diptera: Phoridae), a parasitoid of the giant tropical ant Paraponera clavata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).
		Behavior and host location cues of Apocephalus paraponerae (Diptera: Phoridae), a parasitoid of the giant tropical ant, Paraponera clavata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).
		Evidence for a cryptic species complex in the ant parasitoid Apocephalus paraponerae (Diptera: Phoridae).
	www.phorid.net /phoridae/phorpub.html (1183 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		I have explored this issue, using the giant tropical ant, Paraponera clavata as a model.
		Fewell, J. H., Harrison, J. F., Stiller, T. M., Breed, M. A cost benefit analysis of distance effects on foraging and recruitment in the giant tropical ant, Paraponera clavata.
		Fewell, J. H., Harrison, J. F., Lighton, J. B., Breed, M. Foraging energetics in of the ant, Paraponera clavata.
	spot.colorado.edu /~breed/research-trop.html (409 words)

	abstract1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Deciphering the complex foraging patterns of Atta cephalotes has been a challenge to many researchers.
		The primary goal of this project, which was carried out at the La Selva Biological Station during the first two weeks of December 1998, was to examine the hypothesis proposed by Wetterer (1994) that Paraponera clavata influence A.
		This attack correlated with the cessation of A.
	www.acad.carleton.edu /curricular/BIOL/classes/bio361/1998-99/Group1abs.html (231 words)

	Diversity Rules (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Distribution and Dynamics of a Neotropical Ant Paraponera clavata within the Barro Colorado Island Forest Dynamics Plot
		In this article, we describe the results of our study on the ecology of the neotropical ant Paraponera clavata within the 50-ha plot on Barro Colorado Island (BCI) in the Republic of Panama.
		Paraponera clavata (Smith, 1958) [Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae] is a neotropical ant of giant proportions (approximately 26 mm in length) that is distributed from Brazil and Paraguay through South and Central America to the Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua.
	www.ctfs.si.edu /newsletters/inside2000 (9813 words)

	Phorid flies of La Selva
		This species is known also from other lowland sites in Costa Rica, and from Peru.
		Females of this species seek out injured Paraponera clavata and oviposit in them.
		Life history parameters and immature stages of Apocephalus paraponerae (Diptera: Phoridae), a parasitoid of the giant tropical ant Paraponera clavata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).
	www.phorid.net /phoridae/phorselva (2285 words)

	Bites of passage - Endpaper - man stung by bala ant while trying to study insect Natural History - Find Articles
		I arrived at the station with little understanding of what compelled this scientific tribe to seek increasingly peculiar forms of academic exercise.
		I'd come to La Selva to work with the dreaded bala ant (Paraponera clavata), also known as the bullet ant.
		These insects are inch-long behemoths whose stings feel like gunshots.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1134/is_8_111/ai_92284532 (416 words)

	1984 / Projects / La Selva Biological Station
		Ecology & behavior of the large ponerine ant, Paraponera clavata
		Foraging ecology of jaguar & mountain lion in lowland tropical rain forest
		Feeding habits of the anoline lizard, Norops capito
	www.ots.ac.cr /es/laselva/projects/1984.shtml (772 words)

	Genus Paraponera (Subfamily Ponerinae) - Online Catalog of Ants of North America (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		You do not have to restart your browser or your computer after you do this.
		Genus Paraponera (Subfamily Ponerinae) - Online Catalog of Ants of North America
		This genus has but one species, a giant ant that is commonly encountered in the New World tropics.
	www.cs.unc.edu /~hedlund/dev/ants/GenusPages/Ponerinae/Genus203-paper.html (178 words)

	Notes from Underground-members
		We currently are keeping Atta cephalotes (leaf-cutting ants), Paraponera clavata (bullet ants), and Myrmecocystus mendex (honey ants).
		Atta and Paraponera have been on public exhibit for a number of years and are among the most popular of all our insect displays.
		We plan on developing a display for Myrmecocystus this coming winter.
	www.notesfromunderground.org /archive/vol912/members/morgan.html (237 words)

	Living on Earth: Ant Patrol
		And I got variously nailed by all kinds of ants and was sort of trying to figure out who was the worst.
		But there was an ant in Costa Rica and in much of South America called paraponera.
		The Costa Ricans call it the bala, which I think means spear.
	www.loe.org /shows/segments.htm?programID=05-P13-00027&segmentID=6 (2762 words)

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