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	Paraquat or Gramaxone
		Paraquat, one of whose commercial names is Gramaxone, is the number one cause of pesticide poisoning in the country.
		When Paraquat is ingested, burns are produced in the mouth and throat; this is followed by a serious irritation of the gastro-intestinal tract which provokes abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
		Paraquat is the agrochemical responsible for the greatest number of poisonings in Costa Rica.
	members.tripod.com /foro_emaus/revparaquat.htm (1217 words)

	CDC \| Facts about Paraquat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Paraquat is a toxic chemical that is widely used as an herbicide (plant killer), primarily for weed and grass control.
		Because paraquat is highly poisonous, the form of it that is marketed in the United States has a blue dye to keep it from being confused with beverages such as coffee, a sharp odor to serve as a warning, and an added agent to cause vomiting if someone drinks it.
		After a person ingests a large amount of paraquat, he or she is likely to immediately have pain and swelling of the mouth and throat.
	www.bt.cdc.gov /agent/paraquat/basics/facts.asp (1292 words)

	Paraquat fact sheet
		Paraquat is one of the most widely used herbicides, and held the largest share of the global herbicide market until recently overtaken by glyphosate.
		Paraquat is used as a desiccant for pineapples, sugar cane, soya beans and sunflower(5).
		Paraquat poisonings are still common in the UK, where a study of pesticide poisoning between 1990-1991 indicates 44 deaths with paraquat responsible for 75%(23).
	www.pan-uk.org /pestnews/actives/paraquat.htm (2655 words)

	Paraquat - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Paraquat is used as a quaternary ammonium herbicide.
		Paraquat was first produced for commercial purposes in 1961 by ICI (now Syngenta) and is today among the most commonly used herbicides.
		Paraquat is non-selective, which means it kills a wide range of annual grasses and broad-leaved weeds and the tops of established perennial weeds.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Paraquat (713 words)

	Free Zone for Paraquat
		"Paraquat continues to be used in the Central American countries because it is effective in killing weeds, but especially because of reasons of a commercial nature," Hermosilla said in a conversation with Tierramérica.
		Farmers use paraquat on a wide range of crops, including cotton, coffee, African palm rice, sugarcane, cacao, and banana, and often fail to take into account its environmental effects, especially on the soil, and its threat to human health.
		Paraquat is what is known as a persistent agro-toxin, which after a series of applications tends to accumulate in the soil, remaining there 16 months (according to laboratory studies in anaerobic conditions) and up to 13 years (in field studies), according to the Emaús Forum.
	www.tierramerica.net /2004/0510/iacentos2.shtml (816 words)

	4.15 Paraquat (057)(T)**
		Paraquat is largely eliminated unchanged; in rats, approximately 90-95% of radiolabelled paraquat in urine was excreted as the parent compound.
		Paraquat elicited renal toxicity, which comprised changes in the proximal tubules of the kidneys (hydropic degeneration, eosinophilia and dilatation) in mice fed with 15.0 mg paraquat ion/kg bw per day in a lifetime study.
		Paraquat is known to produce active oxygen species and the available evidence indicates that it is probably this property that is responsible for its genotoxicity.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/006/Y5221E/y5221e0k.htm (2372 words)

	More about GRAMOXONE®: Â« Paraquat: Syngenta's remarkable herbicide Â»
		Paraquat is popular because it is more effective in key applications than any other herbicide - and far more popular than the backbreaking 'organic' alternative of weeding by hand.
		When paraquat is used as directed, even after accounting for the expected deviations from the label, it poses no serious danger to human health.
		Indeed, paraquat is so remarkable and so well known that it is a prime target for groups opposed to the use of chemical pesticides.
	www.syngenta.com /en/products_services/fact_sheets/gramoxone8.html (689 words)

	EXTOXNET PIP - PARAQUAT
		Paraquat is a quaternary nitrogen herbicide widely used for broadleaf weed control.
		Acute toxicity: Paraquat is highly toxic via ingestion, with reported oral LD50 values of 110 to 150 mg/kg in rats, 50 mg/kg in monkeys, 48 mg/kg in cats, and 50 to 70 mg/kg in cows [8,87].
		Paraquat may concentrate in lung tissue, where it can be transformed to highly reactive and potentially toxic forms [87].
	extoxnet.orst.edu /pips/paraquat.htm (1468 words)

	Paraquat (HSG 51, 1991)
		Paraquat is poorly absorbed through normal human skin, but the extent of absorption may increase significantly in cases of severe skin damage.
		The toxic effects of paraquat are largely the result of a metabolically catalysed, single-electron, reduction-oxidation reaction, resulting in depletion of cellular NADPH and the generation of potentially toxic forms of oxygen, such as the superoxide radical.
		Paraquat residues disappear rapidly from water by adsorption on aquatic weeds and by strong adsorption on the bottom mud.
	www.inchem.org /documents/hsg/hsg/hsg051.htm (5119 words)

	GRDC - Ground Cover Issue 53 - Paraquat resistance hits ryegrass (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Paraquat is particularly important to growers using minimum or no-tillage, or who have weed populations resistant to glyphosate, because paraquat is a cost-effective substitute for glyphosate.
		Leaf wilting, a clear sign of paraquat damage, was seen in both the treated and untreated leaves of the susceptible plants, and subsequently all the plants died.
		In the resistant plants, the paraquat was retained within the leaf where it was applied, and after 48 hours there were no damage symptoms.
	www.grdc.com.au /growers/gc/gc53/paraquat.htm (545 words)

	Paraquat lung - Evanston Northwestern Healthcare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Paraquat lung is a lung disease caused by the weed killer Paraquat (dipyridylium).
		Paraquat is a highly toxic weed killer once promoted by the United States for use in Mexico to destroy marijuana plants.
		Paraquat causes damage to the body when it touches the lining of the mouth, stomach, or intestines.
	www.enh.org /healthandwellness/encyclopedia/ency/article/001085.aspx (379 words)

	Emergency Medicine
		Paraquat is still a major cause of death and disability in some countries, such as Australia, and it was responsible for at least four deaths from acute poisoning in the United States in 1996.
		Paraquat has an affinity for the lung, in which it is selectively absorbed and accumulates within type I and type II alveolar epithelial cells.
		Diquat, a related agent, is readily available in the U.S. Although its herbicidal and toxic activity is similar to that of paraquat, it is not selectively concentrated in the lung and therefore is less toxic to the pulmonary system.
	www.emedmag.com /html/pre/tox/0502.asp (969 words)

	Paraquat
		Paraquat is easily the most controversial herbicide in the world.
		Paraquat is not approved for use in Switzerland.
		By knowingly marketing their herbicide in countries where experts agree it cannot be safely used, the company is responsible for countless cases of serious or deadly poisoning caused by paraquat.
	www.stop-paraquat.net (205 words)

	Paraquat (PIM 399)
		Paraquat is not metabolized but is reduced to an unstable free radical which is then re-oxidized to reform the cation and produce a superoxide anion.
		Paraquat is thought to cause cell death by lipid peroxidation or NADPH depletion, as in the lung where there is selective accumulation (Smith, 1987).
		Accurate and rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of paraquat in blood and urine is important for the diagnosis and prognosis of a patient poisoned with paraquat.
	www.inchem.org /documents/pims/chemical/pim399.htm (7011 words)

	Herbicide Paraquat Lands in European Court
		Agricultural workers' unions and environmental groups have campaigned for years to ban the use of paraquat, which is responsible for a substantial number of the tens of thousands of annual pesticide related deaths.
		The coalition contends that paraquat is persistent and accumulates in the soil with repeated applications.
		Their lawsuit argues that all of this was ignored by the Commission, whose decision to authorize paraquat came in response to an unprecedented lobbying effort by Syngenta and the wider pesticides lobby in the main EU member states.
	www.ens-newswire.com /ens/mar2004/2004-03-02-02.asp (892 words)

	Paraquat product stewardship
		Paraquat has almost no vapor pressure and spray droplets are too large to enter the lung and is poorly absorbed through the human skin (the predominant route of exposure in occupational use).
		Effects from contact with paraquat during spray operations can occur due to an irritant action of paraquat as a result of poor working practice and hygiene (Howard, 1980).
		This indicates that paraquat is not associated with the development of restrictive or obstructive lung disease and supports the continued safe use of paraquat under existing label conditions.
	www.paraquat.com /Default.aspx?tabid=179 (1012 words)

	CDC \| Facts about Paraquat (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Worldwide, paraquat is still one of the most commonly used herbicides.
		Paraquat poisoning is also possible after skin exposure.
		After paraquat enters the body, it is distributed to all areas of the body.
	www.bt.cdc.gov.cob-web.org:8888 /agent/paraquat/basics/facts.asp (1292 words)

	Paraquat intoxication in Korea Archives of Environmental Health - Find Articles
		The annual estimated incidence of fatal paraquat poisoning is 20 deaths/million population.
		Although researchers have attempted to implement intensive therapeutic modalities to improve the prognosis for paraquat poisoning, there is controversy about the effects of secondary detoxification procedures.6 All of the applicable current paraquat intoxication modalities (i.e., antioxidant, cytotoxic drug, Fuller's earth, and emergency hemoperfusion) have been included in the current study.
		Paraquat was used for suicide in 73.4% (113/154) of individuals, among whom 58.4% (66/113) drank alcohol before ingestion of paraquat.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0907/is_2_57/ai_90792033 (905 words)

	SSNC - Time to phase out paraquat - Syngenta's controversial pesticide
		The use of paraquat is associated with the risk of harm and death for thousands of people, especially in poor countries where people are unable or do not know how to protect themselves when using the pesticide.
		The agribusiness company Syngenta is using the EU approval of the dangerous pesticide paraquat to put pressure on Malaysia to lift the ban and phase out of paraquat the country has decided on.
		Between 1993 and 1996 a decrease of 40 per cent in paraquat injuries was observed following an ecolabelling programme: "the obvious reason is that less paraquat was used in 1996 than in 1993," said Hernan Hermosilla Barrientos of Foro Emaus in Costa Rica.
	www.snf.se /snf/english/nyh-paraquat-syngenta.htm (901 words)

	MALAYSIA: Return of Paraquat - Activists Aghast
		Paraquat sales in China especially have been soaring in recent years and the Asian market is considered hugely important.
		Syngenta said paraquat is ‘‘so remarkable'' and ‘‘so well known'' that it is a prime target for groups opposed to the use of pesticides.
		It is a well-known fact that paraquat is one of the most highly toxic herbicides to be marketed over the last 60 years, said PAN in a statement.
	www.ipsnews.net /news.asp?idnews=35148 (1164 words)

	Asia Times - Malaysia pesticide ban could be reversed
		But for a plantation worker and weed-sprayer named Anggamah, to know paraquat - and she is intimate with it - is to hate it.
		But "the farmers fail to mention that paraquat is a dangerous poison, not only to users but also to the environment and to everyone in the food chain", said Irene Fernandez, director of the non-government Tenaganita group.
		The government had banned paraquat, classified here as Class 1(B) because it is a highly toxic poison, responsible for 70 percent of all workplace poisoning, and because less-toxic alternatives are available.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Southeast_Asia/EG25Ae03.html (1005 words)

	paraquat dichloride
		Paraquat dichloride manufacturing concentrate must also contain sufficient stenching agent to produce an offensive smell and a blue or green colourants.
		Based on the known chemistry, for paraquat produced via dimerisation of N-methylpyridinium chloride, the toxicological impurities (4,4’-bipyridyl and 2,2’:6’2”-terpyridine) are unlikely to form, and therefore the limits for 4,4’-bipyridyl and 2,2’:6’2”-terpyridine are not applicable for paraquat dichloride manufactured using this chemical process.
		The analytical method used for the determination of the active constituent and toxicological significant impurities must be validated in accordance with the APVMA guidelines for the validation of analytical methods.
	www.apvma.gov.au /actives/standard_paraquat_dichloride.shtml (295 words)

	Paraquat definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		The form of paraquat marketed in the US has a blue dye to keep it from being confused with beverages such as coffee, a sharp odor to serve as a warning, and an added agent to cause vomiting if someone drinks it.
		The ingestion of a large amount of paraquat is likely to cause immediate pain and swelling of the mouth and throat.
		Ingestion of small to medium amounts of paraquat within several days to several weeks later may lead to development of liver failure, kidney failure, heart failure, and lung scarring.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=38399 (489 words)

	Paraquat and Parkinson's Disease
		Paraquat + maneb-induced reductions in locomotor activity and motor coordination were age dependent, with 18-month-old mice most affected and exhibiting failure to recover 24 h post-treatment.
		Numbers of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons were reduced in all age groups following paraquat alone and paraquat + maneb exposure, but these losses, along with decreases in striatal tyrosine hydroxylase protein levels, were progressive in 18-month-old paraquat and paraquat + maneb groups between 2 weeks and 3 months post-exposure.
		It is not only the synergism of the use of Paraquat in combination with other toxins in relation to the incidence rates of Parkinson's Disease that should concern us but that Parkinson's Disease affects men and women disproportionately.
	www.fathersforlife.org /health/paraquat_and_PD.htm (1894 words)

	Berne Declaration - Paraquat: unacceptable health risks for users
		This is vital in view of the number of fatal poisonings that have occurred with undiluted and diluted paraquat and the inadequate work safety standards due to lacking resources and tropical climates.
		As poisonings with paraquat at the workplace also occur in the North, paraquat clearly presents a serious hazard to humans and the environment wherever it is used.
		A number of countries have already decided to ban paraquat or severely restrict its availability, and many companies have prohibited its use in crops they grow or purchase, showing that, showing that there are less hazardous alternatives to paraquat.
	www.evb.ch /en/p10285.html (379 words)

	PANNA: Paraquat - A Dangerous Poison
		Paraquat has been a subject of a campaign by PAN International for decades as one of the "Dirty Dozen" pesticides that must be eliminated worldwide.
		Epidemiological studies link the long-term exposure to low doses of paraquat to decreases in lung capacity and the herbicide was associated with an increased risk for developing Parkinson's disease.
		Animal studies show that paraquat damages dopamine-producing brain cells; insufficient production of dopamine is known to be one of the major factors in the development of Parkinson's disease.
	www.panna.org /resources/documents/sygentaBackgrounder.dv.html (463 words)

	Oil-palm plantations: No sustainability possible with Paraquat
		They also permit the continued use of paraquat, a full-range herbicide widely used on palm oil plantations and known to poison thousands of plantation workers and small farmers every year.
		Paraquat is responsible for a substantial number of the tens of thousands of annual pesticide-related deaths.
		There is a trend in certification of sustainable production in the agricultural sector to rule out the use of the most highly toxic pesticides including paraquat.
	www.wrm.org.uy /bulletin/100/Paraquat.html (428 words)

	Operation Paraquat - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Paraquat was the unofficial name given to Operation Paraquet, the code-word for the British military operation to recapture the Island of South Georgia from Argentine military control in April 1982.
		This operation, a subsidiary of the main Operation Corporate (recapture of the Falkland Islands from Argentina) was successful, leading to the island being restored to British rule on April 25, 1982.
		Paraquat was substituted for Paraquet (an alternative spelling of Parakeet) by troops in the South Atlantic who feared the operation would prove as lethal to them as the weedkiller.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Operation_Paraquat (292 words)

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