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Topic: Parasite load

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	organic agriculture
		Parasite resistance has built up to such a degree to all but a very few wormers that even conventional farms, generally quick to turn to their drug cabinet, are being told to restrict chemical wormer use and instead explore alternative management and controls.
		Youngstock that is born later in the year tends to be more susceptible to parasites, as they have not yet built up an immunity when the parasite load on the pasture is heavy.
		To get a sense of the life of a parasite, we will give you the full detail of H. contortus life cycle: Eggs are shed in the host animal's feces by parasites that are in their adult (fifth) stage of development, while the parasites are attached to the animal's abomasum.
	www.mosesorganic.org /broadcaster/13.6intparisites.htm (3601 words)

	Monarchs in the Classroom
		Parasites are transmitted vertically from infected females to their offspring when females scatter spores on milkweed plants during oviposition.
		Short-term changes in parasite prevalence within migratory populations were examined to test the hypothesis that heavily infected hosts suffer higher mortality during migration or overwintering.
		Parasite loads were evaluated for 12,000 adults from the eastern North American migratory population, 2,141 adults from the western North American migratory population, 446 adults from southern Florida, 105 adults from Central and South America, and 108 adults from Australia.
	www.monarchlab.umn.edu /Research/PNE/infect.html (1838 words)

	[No title]
		A parasite, technically speaking, is any organism that lives on or within a host organism, and causes harm to that host while carrying on the basic functions of its own life.
		The frog is adapted to its parasite load.
		As the parasites continue to produce offspring or eggs, these infectious stages build up in the enclosure and reinfect the frogs, producing a cycle that may result in a extremely high parasite load which the frogs cannot adapt to.
	www.doylesdartden.com /AGD_31.html (915 words)

	Parasites
		If all parasites where to be harmful to their host causing their death than the parasites would eventually bring about an end to their own existence by eliminating the very hosts that they need to survive.
		Heavy parasite burdens in captive reptiles present a threat to the immune system and combined with the added stress of captivity are enough to cause severe illness and in some cases death.
		Since parasites range in their relationship to the host from beneficial to a serious threat to the life of the host animal, identification is the key to proper deworming.
	www.angelfire.com /al/repticare2/page10.html (1824 words)

	Load - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Load is what is carried, or a force.
		Genetic load, a specific form of which is mutational load.
		This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Load (173 words)

	Florida Entomologist, v. 78, n. 2, p. 357
		Unfortunately, the parasitic effect on the most critical and inclusive measure of host fitness, the per capita rate of increase (r), was not determined then because methods of estimating variance in r were not readily available.
		Mite loads were controlled by manipulating mite numbers on fifth instars so that adult females emerged with 1 of 4 parasite loads: 0, 2, 6, and 10 mites per host.
		The effect of the parasitic water mite Hydryphantes tenuabilis on the per capita rate of increase (r) of the host insect Hydrometra australis was determined using the jackknife method of estimating variance in r.
	www.fcla.edu /FlaEnt/fe78p357.html (1000 words)

	Vertebrate Zoology - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		To compare differences in body length between sexes, a t-test was used and differences in parasite load between sexes, a chi-squared test was used.
		All but three individuals had parasites, and although females tended to have heavier parasite loads, the difference was not significant (Fig.
		Parasite loads in females were expected to be higher due to a number of factors.
	www.zoo.ufl.edu /courses/vertzoo/ExampleLabReport.html (1476 words)

	The antileishmanial activity of novel oxygenated chalcones and their mechanism of action -- Zhai et al. 43 (6): 793 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		the ultrastructure of the parasite mitochondria and inhibits
		load in the liver and the spleen was determined.
		parasite load in the liver and the spleen of hamsters infected
	jac.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/43/6/793 (3323 words)

	Aneil Agrawal
		I found that the mutation loads of sexual (but not asexual) populations are very sensitive to the relationship between mutation rate and condition [PDF].
		Relative to asexuals, the mutation load of sexual populations is greatly reduced if mutations are recessive and populations are slightly structured [PDF].
		Consequently, the genetic load of sexual females is reduced relative to that of asexuals [PDF].
	www.zoo.utoronto.ca /afagrawal (1062 words)

	Galeotti, P (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		We initially examined the relationship between blood parasite infections and the time taken to respond by 22 male Tawny Owls to a broadcast hoot.
		Owls with higher parasite loads responded more slowly to an intruder, although this relationship was not significant once condition and vole abundance were controlled for.
		Thus, there was the potential for individuals to assess male parasite load from the speed of response and the structure of the call.
	www.oikos.ekol.lu.se /jab.31.4.abstracts/2332.html (186 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Comparison of paraffin-embedded skin biopsies from different anatomical regions as ...
		Parasites were more readily identified in ear biopsies than in biopsies from nose and abdominal samples, but the parasite load determined by optical microscopy (HE) showed no statistical differences.
		In addition, when we compared the parasite load with the definite clinical status of the animal (without parasite load classification), the numbers of positive symptomatic dogs were higher than asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic ones.
		Parasite load was measured as: (+) discrete, (+) moderate and (+++) intense.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1746-6148/2/17 (4142 words)

	Clinical Pathology, Animals -- Encylopedic Reference of Parasitology
		Some parasites are known to induce severe, sometimes highly fatal clinical syndromes, and have a recognized economical importance.
		It is also generally accepted that the plane of nutrition of the animal affects its overall response to the infection, either by affecting the rate of establishment of the parasite or modifying the effects of the infection.
		Caution is needed when applying the results of experimental infections with individual parasites to the field situation in which animals normally acquire several parasite species concurrently.
	parasitology.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de /login/n/h/2110.html (1129 words)

	Managing Internal Parasites in Sheep and Goats
		These parasites are difficult to manage because on some farms they have developed resistance to all available commercial dewormers.
		Mature parasites breed inside the host and “lay eggs,” which pass through the host and are shed in the feces.
		Certain signs of parasitism are seen when the parasite load becomes excessive or when the animal’s immunity can no longer overcome the adverse effects of the parasitism.
	attra.ncat.org /attra-pub/parasitesheep.html (3134 words)

	parasite
		Comparisons across seasons and habitats revealed that parasite loads were significantly higher during the dry season than the wet season, but were not different between the dry-deciduous and dry-thorn forests in either season.
		This nematode is closely related to S. dinniki, a parasite of the fl rhinoceros Diceros bicornis in Africa, but differs from it in the number of cuticular spines surrounding the mouth, the arrangement of the cloacal papillae and the measurements of the spicules, gubernaculum and microfilariae.
		Asian elephants have been observed to be susceptible to various parasitic diseases such as helminthiasis, trypanosomiasis and ectoparasitic infestations, bacterial diseases such as tetanus, tuberculosis, haemorrhagic septicemia, salmonellosis and anthrax, viral diseases such as foot and mouth disease, pox and rabies and non-specific diseases like impaction of colon, foot rot and corneal opacity.
	www.elephantcare.org /parasite.htm (10382 words)

	Parasites Types And Definitions
		Since the presence of the female and her eggs usually makes the anus itch, sleep is often disrupted by the urge to scratch, which results in transferring the eggs to the fingertips.
		Ascaris lumbricoides is a parasitic roundworm that invades the gastrointestinal tract.
		Parasites can penetrate the skin of persons who are wading, swimming, bathing, or washing in contaminated water.
	www.puristat.com /parasites/parasitedefinitions.asp (2187 words)

	Double Trouble
		That's why producers should consider delaying vaccination for two to four weeks after parasite control is administered on moderate to heavily parasitized calves and yearlings, says a USDA researcher.
		A moderate to heavy parasite load can suppress an animal's immune system, leaving it less able to fight off infection or fully respond to vaccination.
		Gasbarre stresses that a lightly parasitized herd on a good nutritional plane is not at risk.
	beef-mag.com /mag/beef_double_trouble/index.html (838 words)

	Parasite control in horses...
		Of course this is on the back of every horse owner's mind on keeping the parasitic load to a minimum in our horses.
		It maintains a symbiotic (balanced) relationship with the parasites in it's bowel, at a level that stimulates a natural immunity to the parasite without overwhelming the host.
		Given that the average lifespan of a wild horse is 6 years and that their "turn-out" could be measured in square miles per horse I doubt parasite load is much of an issue with them.
	p076.ezboard.com /Parasite-control-in-horses/fthehorsecommunityveterinaryhealthandfarrierissues.showMessage?topicID=413.topic (726 words)

	Experimental Evaluation of Second-Line Oral Treatments of Visceral Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania infantum -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Parasite load on day 20 in the liver and spleen of L.
		Parasite loads on days 20 and 60 in the liver and spleen of L.
		parasite burdens were at an undetectable level in the liver.
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/43/1/172 (1476 words)

	Darren Naish: Tetrapod Zoology: The war on parasites: a pigeon’s eye view
		And as we’re going to see here, parasites might be so important to some tetrapods that their presence has exerted a significant evolutionary pressure.
		Simply grabbing the parasite and biting on it (therby exerting vertical force onto the animal) isn’t good enough, and Clayton & Walther (2001) proposed that the birds have to generate a shearing force in order to kill a captured parasite.
		But trimming did have a major impact on parasite load: trimmed birds were unable to keep their parasite loads down and exhibited a significant increase in feather damage relative to untrimmed birds.
	darrennaish.blogspot.com /2006/07/war-on-parasites-pigeons-eye-view.html (1691 words)

	Western Illinois University - Undergraduate Research Day 2005
		Parasites depend on other organisms to complete their lifecycle, usually harming their hosts in the process.
		Studies concerning parasites are relevant to everyone because all animals, including humans, are susceptible to infection by many different parasites.
		The harm that parasites cause their hosts is usually correlated with the “intensity” of parasite infection, which is the number of parasites in a host.
	www.wiu.edu /users/miuhon/researchday/abstract03.php?id=43 (206 words)

	New pastures in production medicine - December 15, 2006
		The emergence of multiple-drug-resistant gastrointestinal nematode parasites in sheep and goats underscores the need to move away from control through frequent administration of anthelmintic drugs.
		Management must address the increased susceptibility to parasites that results from raising species that are inappropriate for the climate or terrain.
		The Southern Consortium for Small Ruminant Parasite Control, at www.scsrpc.org, was formed in response to the critical state of the small ruminant industry associated with the emergence of anthelmintic-resistant worms.
	www.avma.org /onlnews/javma/dec06/061215j_pf.asp (1547 words)

	Parasite load - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Parasite load is a measure of the number and virulence of the parasites that an organism has.
		In evolutionary biology, parasite load has important implications for sexual selection and the evolution of sex.
		This page was last modified 22:44, 11 May 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parasite_load (59 words)

	BayerEquineConnection.com - Parasite Control
		The effects of internal parasites range from a dull haircoat and unthriftiness to colic and death.
		Internal parasites lower the horse’s resistance to infection, rob the horse of valuable nutrients and in some cases, cause permanent damage to the internal organs.
		In most cases, colic caused by these parasites is relatively mild, but severe infections can result in loss of blood supply to a portion of the intestine, leading to severe and potentially fatal colic.
	www.yourhorseshealth.com /Main/General_Care/parasite_control.cfm (2022 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| In vivo involvement of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in Leishmania infantum infection
		Figure 6 shows that whereas hepatic amastigote loads in depleted and control groups were similar, in the spleen the parasite load increased 12-fold in neutrophil depleted mice as compared to controls.
		It is noteworthy that in mouse liver amastigote load is initially larger than that in spleen but it resolves spontaneously, while the spleen supports a sustained parasite load [33].
		We hypothesise, that the neutrophil-generated early destruction of Leishmania, although beneficient for the host in terms of the early control of parasite growth, might be also responsible for induction of inflammatory pathology in the spleen which subsequently contributes to the lack of parasite clearance and chronicity [33].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2180/1/17 (3999 words)

	The Gecko Spot---Leopard Gecko Care
		A parasite is an organism that lives (sheltering, feeding, growing and in many cases, reproducing) on or in the body of a different organism (the host) while contributing nothing to the survival of the host.
		Parasites are normally much smaller than the host and have a shorter life cycle.
		Infestations of parasites with a direct life cycle can build up very quickly within the host, and can be spread from one infected animal to others.
	www.thegeckospot.net /parasites.html (713 words)

	SkyLines Farm Organic Internal Parasite Control
		When this occurs, the internal parasites start using too many of the nutrients that the animal takes in, and her health begins to suffer.
		Many livestock producers use what are called "chemical wormers" to keep the parasite population under control in their animals.
		Of course, regardless of the pasture management methods, a major drawback to killing these parasites with chemicals is that they tend to mutate very quickly in order to survive the onslaught, so new and more powerful chemicals have to be developed to kill them, and the cycle continues.
	www.skylinesfarm.com /parasitecontrol.htm (1875 words)

	doxdesk.com: parasite: definitions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The term ‘parasite’ was coined by DOXdesk as a catch-all term to cover the range of unwelcome software targetted by the detection script when it was released in 2001.
		Who may then have their own bundling arrangements, leading to a chain reaction of parasites loading parasites that can eventually paralyse a computer.
		Another trick used by backdoors is to lower the system’ security settings, allowing other parasites to install much more easily, for example by lowering Internet Explorer security options so that it runs all code without asking, or adding attackers to a list of sites or software publishers intrinsically trusted by the system.
	www.doxdesk.com /parasite/definitions.html (1459 words)

	Vermont Crops and Soils : University of Vermont
		Low numbers of parasites dont cause a problem and are needed to develop and maintain animals immunity to reinfection after their first year of life.
		Young animals should not be forced to graze close to the ground or near dung, because the highest concentration of parasite larvae are in those locations.
		Good nutrition helps animals resist parasites and disease, so clean drinking water and salt with trace minerals including selenium (deficient in NE soils) must be available to grazing livestock at all times.
	www.uvm.edu /pss/vtcrops/?Page=research/pasture/Parasites.html (1172 words)

	Early in vitro priming of distinct Th cell subsets determines polarized growth of visceralizing Leishmania in ...
		After culture, non-adherent cells and parasites were removed, and Schneider medium was added to the cultures.
		parasite growth in macrophages is due to the activity of distinct
		After 7 days, primary T cell proliferation (A and C) and resulting intracellular parasite load (B and D) were assessed.
	intimm.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/12/9/1227 (3350 words)

	Spring Means Peak Parasite Loads on Pasture
		This first rids the heifers of the initial worm burden obtained during the early warm days of spring when parasite loads are beginning to peak in the heifers and on the pastures.
		Typically by early July pasture parasite loads will begin to decrease due to hot weather and decreased moisture.
		This would eliminate parasites in the intestines and external parasites (grubs and lice) obtained during the summer and decrease the parasite load prior to winter feeding.
	www.ext.vt.edu /news/periodicals/dairy/1998-04/parasite.html (405 words)

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