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Topic: Parasitic drag

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Induced drag

Profile drag

Skin friction

Drag coefficient

Wave drag

Drag equation

Transonic

Winglet

Dimensionless number

Boeing 747

Form drag

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	Parasitic drag -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Parasitic drag is (The phenomenon of resistance to motion through a fluid) drag caused by moving a solid object through a fluid.
		Parasitic drag is made up of many components, the most prominent being (additional info and facts about form drag) form drag.
		In aviation, (additional info and facts about induced drag) induced drag tends to be greater at lower speeds because a high (The acute angle between the direction of the undisturbed relative wind and the chord of an airfoil) angle of attack is required to maintain lift.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pa/parasitic_drag.htm (233 words)

	Form drag - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In aerodynamics, form drag, profile drag, or pressure drag, is a component of parasitic drag.
		The general size and shape of the body is the most important factor in form drag; bodies with a larger apparent cross-section will have a higher drag than thinner bodies.
		Form drag follows the drag equation, meaning that it rises with the square of speed, and thus becomes more important for high speed aircraft.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Form_drag (115 words)

	Articles - Parasitic drag (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Parasitic drag is made up of many components, the most prominent being form drag.
		Skin friction and interference drag are also major components of parasitic drag.
		In aviation, induced drag tends to be greater at lower speeds because a high angle of attack is required to maintain lift.
	www.dcustom.com /articles/Parasitic_drag (196 words)

	PPRuNe Forums - Parasite Drag ???
		Parasitic Drag is a bit more complex, but is entirely a function of the LIFT generated by the aerodynamic surfaces, (primarily the wings of course).
		Parasite drag is generally accepted to be caused by those things such as exposed landing gear, antennae, struts etc and all those other protrusions and odds & sods and things that are not involved in the production of lift.
		Some form drag is produced by the the wing in the airflow, but the wing is producing lift so we cannot consider that drag to be parasitic.
	www.pprune.org /forums/showthread.php?s=279df8ccbbff8f38a1fe73507342ee2d&goto=newpost&threadid=118007 (1602 words)

	THE PHYSICS OF FLIGHT -Part 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Form drag is caused by things sticking out of the airplane such as radio antennas, the shape of the wings and fuselage, switches, landing gear, flying wires, etc. Skin friction drag is attributed to the minor imperfections in the surface finish of the aircraft.
		Airflow interference drag is caused by air piling up at the junction between airplane components such as where the wings or empennage meet the fuselage.
		Parasite drag increases as the square of the airspeed increase.
	members.aol.com /RStought2/WhatDoU/physics1.htm (951 words)

	Forces in Flight
		The form drag, or pressure drag as it is sometimes called, is directly related to the shape of the body of the airplane.
		Wave drag is caused by the interactions of the shock waves over the surfaces and the pressure losses due to the shocks.
		Parasitic drag, which dominates at cruise, of a Boeing 747 wing is only equivalent to that of a 1/2-inch cable of the same length.
	homepage.mac.com /richtherrn/physics/flight.htm (7102 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Parasitic drag occurs when the separator plate and the friction plates in a particular clutch pack assembly are not engaged.
		Inasmuch as the drag is thus undesired, it may be referred to as a parasitic force.
		parasitic drag produced by other frictional engagement members, such as in the first through fifth gears, is not reduced.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/59315.010816&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (9391 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		It therefore follows that by reducing a glider’s total drag less energy is required – as a result the sink rate is reduced in direct proportion to the decrease in drag.
		The decrease in parasitic drag between a round and an airfoil section is remarkable.
		At high speeds where parasitic drag becomes dominant the benefit in terms of total drag reduction is even greater in percentage terms and may approach 8%.
	www.hgfa.asn.au /skysailor/Issues/0401/airfoilspeedbars.htm (1266 words)

	AERODYNAMICS OF SOLAR VEHICLES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The parasitic drag is the drag due to seams, imperfections, mirrors, antennae, or anything else that extends from the body.
		The beginning point is to define a general shape with the low drag and low side force characteristics we are interested in and then modify this ideal shape to fit the particular needs of the car.
		A total drag estimate of 5.03 N is obtained at 55 mph and at sea level standard conditions.
	web.umr.edu /~dougc/solar/pardun.html (3105 words)

	Forces of Flight
		Pressure induced drag is caused when the angle of attack becomes high enough that the airflow across the airfoil is no longer smooth and the airflow becomes turbulent as it breaks away from the wing.
		Turbulence and pressure drag also result from the flow of air around the wig tip as the relatively high pressure air under the wing flows over the wing tip to the low pressure area on top of the wing.
		The second type of drag, parasitic drag, is caused by the friction between the outer surfaces of the aircraft and the air through which it moves.
	www.doalasvegas.com /html/forces_of_flight.html (438 words)

	[No title]
		Parasitic drag is produced by =the shape of non-lift producing parts of the aircraft.
		Parasitic drag is produced by the shape ofnon- lift producing parts of the aircraft.
		The terms "induced drag" and ="parasitic drag" are used to describe the effects of an aircraft moving =thru a fluid, air.
	www.canerod.com /rodmakers/rma/rm0010_1.txt (17716 words)

	Parasitic Power Play
		Parasitic drag is one of the many evils facing racers or anyone looking to improve performance, for that matter.
		Parasitic drag or parasitic losses are found in parts that have friction or parts that are driven by the engine and must be rotated or turned.
		Piston rings and drag slicks are examples of parts that create friction, while a heavy flywheel or heavy steel rims are examples of components that take energy to turn.
	www.musclemustangsffweb.com /tech/0201mmff_fridgpulley (2265 words)

	Education; Technology:Simple Aerodynamics, Part Four" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The drag on the airfoil chart is a different type of drag.
		Therefore, the slower the airspeed, the greater the induced drag.
		As velocity decreases, induced drag increases inversely proportional to the square of the velocity.
	www.aeromuseum.org /Articles/Dec04/SimpleAerodynamicsPartFour.htm (957 words)

	Drag
		It is defined as the sum of parasitic drag and induced drag.
		This drag is the drag that you referred to as being proportional to speed.
		Parasitic drag increases with the square of speed.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/phy00/phy00107.htm (601 words)

	Forces in Flight
		Drag is the aerodynamic force that opposes an aircraft's motion through the air.
		Drag is generated by every part of the aircraft (even the engines).
		Induced drag is a sort of drag caused by the wing's generation of lift.
	adamone.rchomepage.com /index4.htm (794 words)

	Control Line DS potentially more efficient than Soaring DS? - RC Groups
		The air speed is proportional to the square root of the coefficient of lift and the induced drag is proportional to the square of the coefficient of lift.
		Therefore, the induced drag is inversely proportional to the airspeed.
		Of course the parasitic drag will also increase with the square of the velocity, so now it would be a matter of making the coefficient of parasitic drag of the lines low enough to make it parasitic drag always lower than induced drag.
	www.rcgroups.com /forums/showthread.php?t=206301 (2978 words)

	Messerschmitt Bf 109 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A wing generates two forms of drag, parasitic drag due to its form, and induced drag which is a side effect of generating lift.
		The former dominates at high speeds, when the airflow hitting the wing causes drag that rises with the square of the aircraft's speed.
		The latter dominates at lower speeds, where the lack of airflow requires the wing to be angled into the airflow at a higher angle of attack.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109 (4509 words)

	Neptunus Lex - Long Day (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Parasitic drag is a measure of the airframe efficiency - a needle has very low parasitic drag, while a flat plate driven through the air would have a very high parasitic drag.
		Parasitic drag (blue line) increases more or less linearly as a function of airspeed - it's the amount of energy required to push your dad's Nash Rambler, complete with shark grill, at 95 miles an hour.
		Induced drag (red line) is drag created in the act of creating lift - the more lift (the higher AOA), the greater the drag.
	homepage.mac.com /lexl/iblog/C2023153743/E2082957894 (1487 words)

	A zoom/drag/density/mass debate - alt.games.warbirds
		Parasitic drag (drag due to the airframe) is the same for both aircraft.
		So the total drag (parasitic and induced) is greater in the heavier airplane and it will have a little slower top speed.
		Thrust and drag will have minor effects (In terms of WW2 fighters) on the max altitude reached and those differences will mainly be visible when speeds starts to approach normal climbspeed.
	agw.bombs-away.net /showthread.php?t=3392 (2262 words)

	Advantages of VII Rotorblades (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Drag is the force that tends to resist a rotor blade's movement through the air, impeding the thrust of the rotor system.
		Parasitic drag in rotor blades is caused by the wind resistance of structures that may be necessary for the assembly of the blades, but do not contribute to—and in fact detract from—lift.
		Although there are numerous ways in which rotor blade manufacturers assemble the materials from which their blades are constructed and thereby attempt to minimize drag and weight, no other rotor blade uses so simple, elegant and efficient a design as the VI Rotor Blades.
	www.vortechinternational.com /more.html (273 words)

	August 3
		A ship’s total drag coefficient is the combined resistance of both the hull through the water and the superstructure through the air.
		Parasitic (sounds like parasite [bug] but is pronounced para-citic) drag is caused by some appendage or appurtenance sticking out from the skin of a moving body into a slip stream (medium traveled through like water or air).
		Any parasitic drag present will also be summed to the total drag equation.
	www.csum.edu /archives/vctsgb00/bt8300.htm (2328 words)

	Project Sidewinder \| Banks Power: A Dodge Dakota Platform is the basis for the world’s first diesel sport truck ...
		In order to determine the power needed to reach the speed goal of 210 miles per hour at Bonneville, the power at the rear wheels, top speed and aerodynamic and parasitic drag had to be determined for the stock truck.
		But by lowering the truck to race configuration and cleaning up the aero profile with a front air dam and other allowed modifications, both the frontal area and drag coefficient were reduced enough to lower horsepower requirements to a projected 600 BHP to hit the target speed of 210 mile per hour.
		The goal of reducing aerodynamic drag to a minimum requires lowering of the truck as much as possible to reduce frontal area and to clean up air flow wherever possible to reduce parasitic drag.
	www.bankspower.com /sidewinder-dakota_platform.cfm (689 words)

	YL AR-1
		So, the ten-pound side force caused by the parasitic drag of the rig might be overcome by the underwater hydrodynamics of the hull at a cost of 1 pound of drag.
		Now let's assume that the Drag generated by the sail(s), as part of their action in creating the Lift in these conditions is 42 pounds.
		Just as in our discussion of parasitic drag, the aerodynamic Side Force must be overcome by underwater hydrodyanamics for which a price in water drag must be paid, as another charge against the sail Thrust.
	www.xs4all.nl /~erkooi/YL/ylar1.html (1866 words)

	Engine Oiling Systems
		Drag cars begin each race with the oil sitting level in the pan.
		Parasitic drag can be found wherever something moves or turns, and if you reduce the drag, you'll get free power.
		When the engine is running the rotating assembly sweeps through the oil, which results in parasitic drag and windage.
	www.musclemustangfastfords.com /tech/0306mm_slippery (2829 words)

	Re: How much voltage can a 100watt DC electric motor handle?
		Your second question requires knowledge beyond the weight of the car, that is, the parasitic drag associated with the car.
		Parasitic drag is the force required to overcome tire friction plus the aerodynamic drag.
		Aerodynamic drag is not easy to estimate and requires access to a wind tunnel in order to be measured.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/2000-06/962057006.Eg.r.html (349 words)

	The Venture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Parasitic drag, CDO, was determined using the equivalent flat-plate area calculated from the VenTure's average skin friction coefficient, wetted area, and wing area.
		The wing geometry was then optimized to give a low induced drag coefficient and a wing Oswald efficiency factor of 99%, as shown in Table 4.
		Figures 7 and 8 present the airfoil’s drag polar and lift-to-drag ratio curves.
	www.aoe.vt.edu /design/venture/aero.html (267 words)

	Education; Technology:Simple Aerodynamics, Part Five" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Note that at 30 MPH the drag vector is only 1/4 the length of the drag vector at 60 MPH.
		While cars have other forms of drag, parasitic drag is the major drag factor opposing speed.
		The more powerful jet engine should be placed further up the chart, but for the purposes of this lesson, the figure illustrates that, assuming equal piston power vs. jet power, the piston engine gives more thrust (and acceleration) at low airspeeds while the jet engine gives more thrust at higher airspeeds.
	www.aeromuseum.org /Articles/Dec04/SimpleAerodynamicsPartFive.htm (852 words)

	Tail thrust of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix at different buoyancies, speeds, and swimming angles -- Ogilvy and DuBois ...
		parasitic drag, induced drag, and weight directed along the track.
		The tail thrust overcoming parasitic drag in Newtons, as measured during
		for the induced drag of the pectoral fins.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/abstract/98/1/105 (363 words)

	Twin Disc Propulsion - Arneson Surface Driver - Why?
		Rudders, exposed shafts, struts, and propeller hubs all contribute to parasitic drag.
		Inclined exposed shafts not only produce form and frictional drag, but there is also induced drag associated with Magnus effect lift caused by their rotation.
		For speed in excess of 35 Knots the resistance induced by appendage drag becomes relevant and a considerable part of the hull resistance.
	www.twindiscpropulsion.com /uk/ASDWhy.htm (543 words)

	Model Aircraft Glossary
		The fixed undercarriage on most aircraft is one of the main causes of unwanted drag.
		A form of dihedral in which there are one or more changes of dihedral in each wing panel.
		This is the sum of the form and skin friction drag calculated at zero incidence.
	www.glue-it.com /aircraft/general-information/glossary/p_summ.htm (462 words)

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