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	Introduction to Plant Nematology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Plant parasitic nematodes (Figure 2) possess all of the major organ systems of higher animals except respiratory and circulatory systems.
		Plants in which giant cells cannot be established, or in which they degenerate before a nematode can complete its life cycle, are resistant to that nematode.
		Plantings which are stunted by nematodes often have worse weed problems (Figure 19) than areas without nematode injury, because the crop is less able to compete with weeds than it should be.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /BODY_NG006 (5729 words)

	Parasitic plant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A parasitic plant is one that derives some or all of its sustenance from another plant.
		Parasitic plants have a modified root, the haustorium, that penetrates the host plant and connects to the xylem, phloem, or both.
		Parasitic plants are important in research, especially on the loss of photosynthesis during evolution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parasitic_plant (634 words)

	Parasitic Flowering Plants
		True plant parasites can be hemiparasitic (semiparasitic) with photosynthetic leaves (such as mistletoe), or holoparasitic and completely dependent on their host (such as dodder).
		Broomrapes are obligate root parasites that are related to snapdragons (Scrophularia), Indian warrior (Pedicularis) and Indian paintbrush (Castilleja) of the figwort family (Scrophulariaceae).
		Because the tree is a semi-parasitic or facultative root parasite, it is difficult to propagate, and attempts to grow it commercially have resulted in dismal failure.
	waynesword.palomar.edu /plnov99.htm (3406 words)

	Parasite Summary
		Parasites that remain on a host's body surface to feed are called ectoparasites, while those that live inside a host's body are called endoparasites.
		Some plant parasites do kill their host and then live on its decomposing remains, and certain species of hymenopteran insect are parasitoids, whose larva feeds within the living body of the host, eventually killing it.
		Cuckoos are brood parasites, and they lay their eggs in the nest of another bird species, evicting the eggs that were there and leaving the young cuckoos to be raised by the parents of the host species.
	www.bookrags.com /Parasite (3326 words)

	Freeloaders
		Parasitic plants, which rely on other plants for their own sustenance, are an SIUC botanist's passion.
		Parasitic plants "represent unique evolutionary experiments," says Nickrent, who focuses on understanding their evolutionary history and the molecular mechanisms driving that evolution.
		Plants' evolutionary history can be related to their physical features and to the fossil record to determine where certain plant groups grew many millions of years ago.
	www.siu.edu /~perspect/05_fall/parasiticplants.html (1166 words)

	KOZGRO, Inc. - Nematodes-USA
		The next group, the Plant Parasitic Nematodes, are a major concern to agriculture as they feed on living plant tissue.
		Parasitic Nematodes actually thrive in saline conditions while their natural predators are eliminated, allowing the Parasitic Nematode population to increase unrestricted.
		The best way to break the life cycle of the Parasitic Nematode is by creating an environment that is not conducive for their reproduction, while at the same time creating a conducive environment for Predatory Nematodes, aerobic bacteria and other microorganisms to flourish in.
	www.kozgro.com /Articles/Nematodes-USA.htm (1281 words)

	Parasitic Plant Definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Parasitic plants are here defined as vascular plants which have developed specialized organs for the penetration of the tissues of other vascular plants (hosts), and the establishment of connections to the vascular strands of the host to the end of absorption of nutrients by the parasite.
		Among parasitic plants commonly a distinction is made between holoparasites (lacking chlorophyll and photosynthesis, absorbing organic matter from the hosts) and hemiparasites (green, photosynthesizing, absorbing mainly anorganic nutrients from the hosts).
		Another evolutionary advantage is conveyed by the ability of parasitic plants to spend larger proportions of their life cycle on reproduction than their hosts.
	www.omnisterra.com /botany/pp/html/pp_definition.html (464 words)

	APSnet Education Center - Introductions to the Major Pathogen Groups - Introduction to Parasitic Flowering Plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		bisexual and unisexual) in parasitic plants is diverse.
		Although the host parasite relationship defines parasitic plants, we still understand very little about how and why different plants are selected, why some plants are favored, and why some are avoided entirely.
		Evaluation of host range for parasitic plants is complicated by the fact that crops parasitized in pots may not be parasitized in the field.
	apsnet.org /education/IntroPlantPath/PathogenGroups/Parasiticplants (6765 words)

	Parasitic plant seems to smell its preferred verdant victim \| www.azstarnet.com ®
		The dodder attacks such plants as tomatoes, carrots, onions, citrus trees, cranberries, alfalfa and even flowers and is a problem for farmers because chemicals that kill the pesky weed also damage the crops it feeds on.
		Although they were attracted to tomato plants and the chemicals they release, the dodders showed no particular interest when offered a fake tomato plant, a pot of moist soil or vials or red or green colored water.
		The plants don't have a nose, of course, so it's not clear how they sense the chemicals given off by potential host plants.
	www.azstarnet.com /sn/printDS/148774 (490 words)

	Parasitic weed ‘sniffs out’ its prey - LiveScience - MSNBC.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Justin Runyon / AP A seedling of the parasitic dodder plant (Cuscuta pentagona) attaches itself to a tomato plant.
		The plant seems to be able to sniff out its victims, coiling around crops and making itself a pest to many farmers.
		Scientists had thought the parasitic plant used a hit-or-miss tactic, and any hook-up was the result of a chance encounter.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/15049172 (763 words)

	Parasitic Plants
		Parasitism for plants is a relationship in which one organism uses the nutrients and water of another plant, the host, to the detriment of the host.
		A hemiparasite is exemplified by a plant that can live either as a parasite or on its own, hence this plant is a facultative parasite.
		Parasitic plants belong to about 15 families of flowering plants.
	www.botgard.ucla.edu /html/botanytextbooks/lifeforms/parasiticplants (120 words)

	John I. Yoder, Faculty, Department of Vegetable Crops and Weed Science Program
		Parasitic plants are interesting because their growth, development, and physiological behavior is modified in response to molecular signals exuded from neighboring plants.
		In addition, the study of parasitic plants is important because of the agricultural devastation caused by several of the more pernicious weedy species.
		Triphysaria is useful for these studies because it is a facultative parasite that can be grown either in the presence or absence of hosts plants, it is a simple diploid amenable to classical genetic manipulations, and it infects Arabidopsis roots by processes that can be readily monitored in vitro.
	www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu /veghome/Faculty/yoder/yoder.htm (976 words)

	Weeds - Plant Pathology Internet Guide Book (PPIGB)
		Parasitic Plant Connection, Plant Biology, College of Science, Southern Illinois University (SIUC), Carbondale.
		Parasitic Plants: Anatomical Characteristics of the Ground-Cone, Boschniakia hookeri (Orobanchaceae).
		Parasitic Weed Research in Amsterdam, Department of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
	www.pk.uni-bonn.de /ppigb/weed2.htm (1082 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Pscroph, a parasitic plant EST database enriched for parasite associated transcripts
		The number of parasitic angiosperms is surprisingly large with over four thousand parasitic species identified in nineteen different plant families [4].
		Parasitic plants have a wide diversity of growth habits ranging from the tiny flowered mistletoes that live in the tops of trees to the enormously flowered and rootless Rafflesia whose entire vegetative body is endophytic [4].
		Parasitic plants in the Orobanchaceae develop haustoria on their roots in response to contact with host roots.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2229/5/24 (4249 words)

	Parasites
		Although often associated with plants that are in an advance stage of decline, it is not the cause of the decline.
		The plant is present on the tree 12 months of the year, but property owners become more concerned about controlling the parasite during the winter months.
		Cedar and juniper are not bothered by this plant and pecan, live oak and magnolia trees are seldom infected with mistletoe.
	aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu /plantanswers/misc/parasites.html (1816 words)

	Plant Web site features 'weirdest of the weird'
		Parasitic plants, unlike their self-reliant botanical cousins, put out roots that snare nearby vegetation, sucking up their hosts' nutrients, Nickrent explains.
		A phenomenon in the plant kingdom, Rafflesia may be the "giant panda of the plant world." A single female flower may produce thousands of seeds, likely dispersed by tree shrews, rats and other wildlife.
		If you Google parasitic plants, boom — you have a connection (to my Web site) and a connection to an information base that is just awesome.
	news.siu.edu /news/July05/070605pd5082.jsp (988 words)

	Parasitic Plants Smell Their Hosts! - This could help finding a way to combat them - Softpedia
		The dodder, strangleweed or witch's shoelaces (Cuscuta) is a parasitic plant that attacks tomatoes, carrots, onions, citrus trees, cranberries, alfalfa and even flowers.
		Plants use a variety of chemicals as lures or repellents to encourage or discourage a variety of animal behaviors.
		It is possible that plants can sense chemicals emitted by other plants that are attacked by insects, as some recent researches indicated.
	news.softpedia.com /news/Parasitic-Plants-Smell-Their-Hosts-37069.shtml (1047 words)

	Cynomorium: Parasitic Plant Widely Used in Traditional Medicine
		In the Maghrib, Arab North Africa, the dried and pulverized plant is used as a spice or condiment with meat dishes.
		The plant was a favored treatment for apoplexy and venereal disease, and was used as a contraceptive, as a toothpaste and as a dye to color textiles.
		He suggests that apothecaries may have inferred the plant's therapeutic properties from its appearance, applying the 'doctrine of the signatures,' a belief going back to the ancient Greeks that a plant's external appearance indicated what its effects might be.
	www.itmonline.org /arts/cynomorium.htm (4158 words)

	Parasitic Weed Seems to Smell Its Prey
		While they were attracted to tomato plants and the chemicals they release, the dodders showed no particular interest when offered a fake tomato plant, a pot of moist soil or vials or red or green colored water.
		And, Mescher added, some research has indicated that plants may be able to sense chemicals emitted by other plants that are attacked by insects.
		The parasitic dodder plant seems to be able to sniff out its victims, coiling around crops and making itself a pest to many farmers.
	www.sciencenewsden.com /2006/parasiticweedseemstosmellitsprey.shtml (775 words)

	NPR : Devious Dodder Vine Sniffs Out Its Victims
		The parasitic dodder vine wraps around the stem of a tomato plant before strangling it.
		And then there's the parasitic dodder vine, which has the remarkable ability to sniff out its victims.
		Plant biologist Consuelo M. De Moraes says when they wafted odors in the direction of a dodder seedling, the tendril almost always began to creep toward the smell.
	www.npr.org /templates/story/story.php?storyId=6160709 (496 words)

	Turf Nematodes factsheet
		Living in the cold Northeastern United States, we are fortunate to have fewer plant parasitic nematode problems than those living farther south.
		There are approximately twelve different species of plant parasitic nematodes that cause problems on various turfgrass species.
		Plant parasitic nematodes cause major problems on warm season grasses, but cool season grasses can also have substanial decline and damage symptoms.
	plantclinic.cornell.edu /FactSheets/turfnematode/turfnematodes.htm (609 words)

	Dave's Garden: Definition of parasitic plant
		The parasite still needs to do photosynthesis, as it never absorbs organic matter and needs to make it itself, so its general appearance isn´t very different from any other plant (with branches, green leaves, etc).
		This way, the parasite don´t need to do photosynthesis itself, and so they are usually colorless plants, or just grows completely in the hosts body.
		Examples of this type of parasite plants are the genera Cuscuta and Rafflesia (the later having the biggest flowers of all the flowering plants).
	davesgarden.com /terms/go/642 (296 words)

	Heritable Variation in Quinone-Induced Haustorium Development in the Parasitic Plant Triphysaria -- Jamison and Yoder ...
		Parasite species in the Scrophulariaceae invade host plants via subterranean connections between parasite and host plant roots.
		parasites that invade the roots of neighboring plants.
		Those individuals with a three-digit label followed by a dashed no. represent plants that were collected in the field after open pollination was allowed to occur, generating the intraspecific families.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/125/4/1870 (4393 words)

	Introduction to Nematology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The severity of plant injury resulting from nematode activity depends on several factors such as the combination of plant and nematode species and prevailing environmental factors including rainfall, soil types, land contour, and culture practices.
		· The degree of plant damage varies with the kinds and numbers of nematodes present, the kind and variety of plant, and the cultural and environmental factors involved.
		Plants already infected when put into the ground will not grow well and can introduce nematodes to the site that attack present and future susceptible plantings.
	www.agnr.umd.edu /users/nrsl/entm/nematology/nemaintro.html (1024 words)

	Divergence - The Nematode Genomics Company - Home
		The Divergence research program is focused on parasites, especially nematodes or roundworms, a major cause of economic losses in agriculture, as well as morbidity and mortality in humans and domestic animals.
		Parasites (both endo-parasites such as nematodes and ecto-parasites such fleas, ticks, and flies) pose many problems for livestock and companion animals.
		Drugs used to control nematode parasites of animals include: the ivermectin class of compounds; with sales of over $500 million annually; milbemycin, with sales of over $100 million; and the off-patent albendazole class.
	www.divergence.com /Investors/index.html (783 words)

	Witchweed: A Parasitic Pest
		Witchweed (Striga asiatica) is a parasitic plant that attacks some of the most important crops in the United States–corn, sorghum, sugar cane, and rice.
		While a parasitized host, such as a corn plant, may be less productive (produce fewer seeds), each witchweed plant produces as many as 50,000 seeds.
		However, the slender, red-blossomed parasite was first identified in 1955 by a graduate student from India who knew it as the pest that had ruined sorghum production in his country.
	www.ceris.purdue.edu /napis/a-facts/fswweed.html (918 words)

	Dancing Together. Social Controls in Parasitic Plant Development -- Keyes et al. 127 (4): 1508 -- PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
		It has been estimated that 1% of all flowering plants are parasitic.
		the poles of the plant established in the embryo.
		Kim D, Kocz R, Boone L, Keyes WJ, Lynn DG (1998) On becoming a parasite: evaluating the role of wall oxidases in parasitic plant development.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/127/4/1508 (2765 words)

	9th World Congress on Parasitic Plants - June 3-7, 2007 - Omni Charlottesville Hotel - Charlottesville, VA
		The Congress continues a long tradition of regularly assembling the world's experts on parasitic plants for professional and scientific meetings, which started in 1973 with the first international meeting in Malta.
		The venue was chosen to be in Virginia, thanks to the long tradition of parasitic plants research in this state, and its significant contribution to the understanding of plant parasitism.
		Assembling specialists with different perspectives, all focused around the common theme of plant parasitism, provides a stimulating environment for learning, exchanging ideas, and connecting with old and new colleagues.
	www.cpe.vt.edu /wcopp (325 words)

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