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	Parathion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Parathion can be replaced by many safer and less toxic alternatives (less toxic organophosphates, carbamates, or synthetic pyrethroids).
		Parathion was developed by the German trust IG Farben in the 1940's.
		Absorbed Parathion is rapidly metabolized to Paraoxon in which the sulfur atom is replaced by oxygen.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parathion (596 words)

	Parathion
		The oral LD50 for parathion is 2 to 30 mg/kg in rats, 5 to 25 mg/kg in mice, 8 to 32 mg/kg in guinea pigs, 10 mg/kg in rabbits, 0.93 mg/kg in cats, and 3 to 5 mg/kg in dogs (2, 3, 11).
		Parathion is extremely toxic to birds (4) such as mallards, pigeons (5), quail, sparrows and grouse (4).
		Pure parathion is a pale yellow liquid with a faint odor of garlic at temperatures above 6 degrees C. Technical parathion is a deep brown to yellow liquid (2, 11).
	pmep.cce.cornell.edu /profiles/extoxnet/metiram-propoxur/parathion-ext.html (2108 words)

	ehtyl parathion
		Ethyl parathion has been shown to bioconcentrate in tadpoles and fish in laboratory experiments; this is significant in that other studies have shown the persistence of ethyl parathion to be 690 days at 20 degrees Celsius.
		Even as ethyl parathion’s use is restricted to only nine crops in the U.S., the regional concentration of some of these crops leads to high levels of the insecticide in the surrounding environment.
		Microbial mediated degradation is an important route of dissipation, ethyl parathion is relatively resistant to photodegradation on soil surfaces.
	www.abcbirds.org /pesticides/Profiles/ethyl_parathion.htm (921 words)

	Review of Parathion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Parathion (Parathion-ethyl) is an organophosphorus insecticide used in Australia for the control of sucking and chewing insects in the production of pome and stone fruit, vegetables, citrus, vines and lucerne.
		Parathion does not interact with genetic material, and long-term cancer studies in animals provided no evidence that parathion would be associated with cancer in humans.
		The report and the accompanying media announcements emphasised that the future use of parathion was dependent on the generation of data to address occupational exposure and environmental concerns identified during the assessment of data.
	www.apvma.gov.au /chemrev/parathiodd.shtml (1736 words)

	Parathion (PDS)
		Parathion and paraoxon are broken down and excreted as p-nitrophenol and ethyl and diethyl esters of phosphoric and/or thiophosphoric acid.
		Parathion, given to groups of five subjects in doses of 6 mg/day for 43 days produced 10-15% reduction in plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activity.
		Parathion was the predominant pesticide but malathion and a chlorinated hydrocarbon were also involved.
	www.inchem.org /documents/pds/pds/pest6_e.htm (3475 words)

	EWG Report \|\| Ban Methyl Parathion Now (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Methyl parathion is one of a number of pesticides that have rendered the American food supply unsafe due to the risks of pesticides for many years.
		Eating grapes exposed children to the highest doses of methyl parathion because it is more common for children to eat a large amount of grapes over the course of a day than it is to eat a large volume of apples.
		Methyl parathion is a pivotal decision for the EPA.
	www.ewg.org /pub/home/reports/methylp/mp.html (2385 words)

	Methyl Parathion
		Methyl parathion, sometimes called "cotton poison," is a chemical pesticide that should be used only in open fields to control insects.
		Methyl parathion is a brownish liquid that turns milky white when mixed with water.
		Contact with methyl parathion usually occurs by touching surfaces that were sprayed with the chemical.
	www.idph.state.il.us /public/hb/hbmeth.htm (551 words)

	ATSDR - MMG: Parathion
		Parathion is rapidly absorbed by ingestion and through intact skin and the eyes, resulting in acute systemic toxicity.
		Parathion is not irritating to the skin or eyes, but is rapidly absorbed through intact skin and eyes, contributing to systemic toxicity.
		Parathion is prepared by the reaction of diethyl phosphorothionchloridate with sodium p-nitrophenate.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /MHMI/mmg48.html (4990 words)

	EXTOXNET PIP - METHYL PARATHION
		Methyl parathion is a highly toxic insecticide in EPA toxicity class I. Some or all formulations of methyl parathion may be classified as Restricted Use Pesticides (RUPs).
		Methyl parathion is an organophosphate insecticide and acaricide used to control boll weevils and many biting or sucking insect pests of agricultural crops, primarily on cotton.
		Acute toxicity: Methyl parathion is highly toxic via the oral route, with reported oral LD50 values of 6 to 50 mg/kg in rats, 14.5 to 19.5 mg/kg in mice, 420 mg/kg in rabbits, 1270 mg/kg in guinea pigs and 90 mg/kg in dogs [2,13].
	extoxnet.orst.edu /pips/methylpa.htm (1340 words)

	EPA - Air Toxics Website - Parathion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Parathion is extremely toxic from acute (short-term) inhalation, oral, and dermal exposures.
		Parathion is primarily used as an insecticide on fruit, cotton, wheat, vegetables, and nut crops.
		Humans are exposed to parathion primarily during field application and formulation; the general public may be exposed by dermal and inhalation exposure from spray drift in areas adjacent to agricultural fields.
	www.epa.gov /ttn/atw/hlthef/parathio.html (1138 words)

	Methyl parathion fact sheet
		Methyl parathion is generally applied as a spray, mainly as an emulsifiable concentrate formulation.
		Methyl parathion has been implicated in the deaths of waterfowl in Spain and the acute poisoning of fish, birds, cattle and wild animals in the Sudan(23).
		Methyl parathion is banned in Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Tanzania, and is severely restricted in Colombia, Korea, China and Japan.
	www.pan-uk.org /pestnews/actives/methylpa.htm (1684 words)

	EXTOXNET PIP - PARATHION
		The LD50 for parathion in bobwhite quail is 6 mg/kg (3), 3 mg/kg in pigeons, and 2.1 mg/kg in ducks (Hdbk Acute Tox.
		The LD50 for parathion in mule deer is 22-44 mg/kg (Hdbk Acute Tox.
		Appearance: Pure parathion is a pale yellow liquid with a faint odor of garlic at temperatures above 6 degrees C. Technical parathion is a deep brown to yellow liquid (2, 11).
	extoxnet.orst.edu /pips/parathio.htm (2133 words)

	Isolation of Methyl Parathion-Degrading Strain M6 and Cloning of the Methyl Parathion Hydrolase Gene -- Zhongli et al. ...
		To clone the methyl parathion hydrolase gene, a gene library was constructed from genomic DNA of M6 by the shotgun technique.
		Enzymatic hydrolysis of organophosphates: cloning and expression of a parathion hydrolase gene from Pseudomonas diminuta.
		Plasmid involvement in parathion hydrolysis by Pseudomonas diminuta.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/67/10/4922 (1934 words)

	[No title]
		In the environment, methyl parathion appears to be readily oxidized in the atmosphere to methyl paraoxon, which is more persistent in the atmosphere than methyl parathion.
		Upon absorption, methyl parathion is metabolically activated to methyl paraoxon.
		The agricultural use of methyl parathion is expected to result in significant exposures from additional pathways such as residues in food, and dermal exposures through occupational contacts.
	www.arb.ca.gov /srp/srp3.doc (3267 words)

	EPA: Pesticides - Illegal Indoor Use of Methyl Parathion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Methyl parathion is a man-made pesticide that may only be used lawfully on certain agricultural crops in open fields to control insects.
		Methyl parathion is a brownish liquid that turns milky white when mixed with water; smells like rotten eggs; and can leave a yellow stain on indoor surfaces where it has been sprayed.
		The Agency believes that individuals may be using methyl parathion illegally indoors as a treatment for cockroaches because some have found it to be effective against these pests; it is a relatively inexpensive pesticide; and it persists (lasts) for such a long period of time when used indoors that frequent retreatments may not be necessary.
	www.epa.gov /pesticides/factsheets/chemicals/methyl.htm (2802 words)

	ATSDR - Public Health Statement: Methyl Parathion
		Methyl parathion is a pesticide that is used to kill insects on crops.
		Methyl parathion is no longer used on food crops commonly consumed by children, and the maximum amount of methyl parathion that can be present as a residue on specific crops is regulated (see Section 1.9).
		Once methyl parathion is introduced into the environment from spraying on crops, droplets of methyl parathion in the air fall on soil, plants, or water.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /toxprofiles/phs48.html (3435 words)

	Environmental Protection Agency (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Ethyl parathion is an organophosphate insecticide and miticide registered for use on nine agricultural crops: alfalfa, barley, corn, cotton, canola, sorghum, soybean, sunflower, and wheat.
		Ethyl parathion is a restricted-use pesticide due to high acute toxicity.
		Ethyl parathion is highly toxic to bees on an acute basis, and has a well-documented history of bee-kill incidents..
	www.epa.gov /pesticides/op/ethyl-parathion/epsumm.htm (359 words)

	Parathion Disaster in Mississippi -- Update
		In response to the methyl parathion disaster in Mississippi, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has announced that it is taking steps to stop future use of restricted-use pesticides in urban areas.
		An estimated 4.5 million pounds of methyl parathion are used annually in the U.S. Approximately 95% of this is used on cotton, soybeans, field corn, peaches, wheat, barley and rice, primarily in Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nebraska and Texas.
		Parathion is one of PAN International's Dirty Dozen pesticides, and has been banned in over 14 countries.
	www.pmac.net /panup2.htm (665 words)

	ATSDR - ToxFAQs™: Methyl Parathion
		Methyl parathion is an insecticide that does not occur naturally in the environment.
		Methyl parathion is used to kill insects on farm crops, especially cotton.
		Methyl parathion sticks to soil and generally does not move from the soil to groundwater.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /tfacts48.html (1083 words)

	Parathion Degradation Pathway
		Parathion (O,O-diethy-O-p-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate) is an organophosphate compound and is one of the most toxic insecticides registered with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
		Parathion is well tolerated by crops, does not easily leach through soil and may be degraded by soil microorganisms within weeks.
		Degradation of parathion by sunlight or liver enzymes results in the active compound paraoxon which interferes with the nervous system through cholinesterase inhibition.
	umbbd.msi.umn.edu /pthn/pthn_map.html (196 words)

	Methyl parathion (EHC 145, 1992)
		The distribution of methyl parathion in air, water, soil, and organisms in the environment is influenced by several physical, chemical, and biological factors.
		The general population may be exposed to air-, water-, and food-borne residues of methyl parathion as a consequence of agricultural or forestry practices, the misuse of the agent resulting in the contamination of fields, crops, water, and air through off-target spraying.
		The concentrations of methyl parathion increased in foggy conditions because of the adsorption of the compound on the surface of water aerosols (Goncharuk et al., (1988).
	www.inchem.org /documents/ehc/ehc/ehc145.htm (12231 words)

	Children's Exposure to Chlorpyrifos and Parathion in an Agricultural Community in Central Washington State
		Parathion was the most commonly used OP pesticide in the region for many decades, but its use was discontinued in the early 1990s.
		Parathion was also virtually absent from children's hands, parents' work boots, vehicle steering wheels, and noncarpeted floors.
		Parathion was the most commonly used OP pesticide in this region for several decades, and continued to be used widely through 1991, when its registration was discontinued.
	www.ehponline.org /members/2002/110p549-553fenske/fenske-full.html (3714 words)

	Methyl parathion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		DNAs evaluating the use of methyl parathion in a specific country will need to consider whether the necessary precautions can be ensured in the country as part of the risk assessment of the use of the methyl parathion formulations subject to this Decision Guidance Document.
		Methyl parathion is readily absorbed via all routes of exposure (oral, dermal, inhalation) and is rapidly distributed to the tissues of the body.
		Methyl parathion is rapidly metabolized by both plants and animals and it is not expected to persist.
	www.fao.org /docrep/W5715E/w5715e03.htm (2833 words)

	parathion
		Ethyl parathion, an organophosphate insecticide, is highly toxic to birds and has caused numerous wildlife mortality incidents.
		In 1991, after numerous lethal incidents involving humans, wildlife and domestic animals, EPA restricted use of ethyl parathion to nine crops: alfalfa, barley, corn, cotton, canola, sorghum, soybean, sunflower and wheat.
		Residues of parathion and paraoxon have been found at relatively high concentrations on crop foliage and soils for at least 45 days after parathion was applied at normal rates under dry conditions.
	www.safer-world.org /e/chem/para.htm (889 words)

	Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLHs)
		Basis for original (SCP) IDLH: No useful data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which to base the IDLH for parathion.
		Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for parathion is 10 mg/m
		Parathion exposure and cholinesterase response of Quebec apple growers.
	www.cdc.gov /niosh/idlh/56382.html (502 words)

	Methyl Parathion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Methyl parathion is an insecticide used as a roach killer and has also been used to combat pests of cotton, corn, and soy bean crops since 1954.
		The crackdown on methyl parathion began after a child's death in Detroit in 1994 was linked to the chemical.
		Residents of low-income housing projects are the ones disproportionately affected by methyl parathion.
	eelink.net /EJ/detroit.html (278 words)

	Spectrum Laboratories : Chemical Fact Sheet - Cas # 298000
		Methyl parathion metabolizes rapidly in plants and animals and is
		and water in agricultural areas where methyl parathion is used during the growing season.
		Methyl parathion should degrade fairly rapidly in the atmosphere by photolysis.
	www.speclab.com /compound/c298000.htm (837 words)

	Methyl Parathion
		Cancellation of Pesticide Registration of Methyl Parathion (HTML version) - Cancellation and retention of uses for methyl parathion (Penncap-M) were printed in the Federal Register: October 27, 1999 (Volume 64, Number 207.
		This action makes official the agreement companies holding registration for methyl parathion made with EPA on August 2, 1999.
		Methyl Parathion Registration Cancelled - Federal Register: October 27, 1999.
	entweb.clemson.edu /pesticid/issues/Methpara.htm (354 words)

	Chemical Sampling Information: Parathion
		Synonyms: o,o-Diethyl-o-p-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate; O,O-diethyl O-(p-nitrophenyl) ester Phosphorothioic acid; Diethyl parathion; Ethyl parathion; Parathion-ethyl
		NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Parathion: chemical description, physical properties, potentially hazardous incompatibilities, and more
		Notes: 1) Parathion is activated to paraoxon by several cytochrome P-450 isoforms.2) Polymorphism in the expression and activity of the enzyme paraoxonase, which inactivates paraoxon, may play a role in susceptibility of workers to have symptoms from occupational parathion exposure.
	www.osha.gov /dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_259600.html (407 words)

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