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	Parathyroid gland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands in the neck, usually located within the thyroid gland, which produce parathyroid hormone.
		Parathyroid hormone is a small protein that takes part in the control of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, as well as bone physiology.
		A Sestamibi scan is often used to determine which parathyroid gland(s) are responsible for overproduction of parathyroid hormone.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parathyroid (341 words)

	Parathyroid Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment
		85% is secondary to a solitary parathyroid adenoma.
		The superior parathyroid glands arise from the fourth branchial pouch.
		In the event that bilateral neck exploration does not reveal parathyroid pathology, the thyroid gland should be examined (2-5% of patients have intrathyroidal parathyroid), followed by examination of the thymus and superior mediastinum.
	www.utmb.edu /otoref/Grnds/Parathyroid-2002-03/Parathyroid-2002-03.htm (3859 words)

	Parathyroid Disease (Feb.1997)
		The parathyroid glands are derived from the dorsal endoderm of third and fourth branchial pouches and develop during the fifth week of gestation.
		The inferior parathyroid glands are from the third branchial pouch and descend with the thymus gland, and as a result, has a wider variation in terms of location.
		The parathyroid glands are nourished by the superior and inferior parathyroid arteries, both of which usually arise from the inferior thyroid artery, although the superior parathyroid artery may receive some to all supply from the superior thyroid artery.
	www.utmb.edu /otoref/Grnds/parath.htm (3790 words)

	National Cancer Institute - Parathyroid Cancer Treatment
		Parathyroid cancer, a very rare cancer, is a disease in which cancer (malignant) cells are found in the tissues of the parathyroid gland.
		The parathyroid gland is at the base of the neck, near the thyroid gland.
		The chance of recovery (prognosis) depends on whether the cancer is just in the parathyroid gland or has spread to other parts of the body (stage) and the patientâs general health.
	www.cancer.gov /cancerinfo/pdq/treatment/parathyroid/patient (328 words)

	Parathyroid Hormone
		Parathyroid hormone is the most important endocrine regulator of calcium and phosphorus concentration in extracellular fluid.
		Another hormone, parathyroid hormone-related protein, binds to the same receptor as parathyroid hormone and has major effects on development.
		Another effect of parathyroid hormone on the kidney is to stimulate loss of phosphate ions in urine.
	arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu /hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/thyroid/pth.html (760 words)

	Thyroid and Parathyroid Ultrasound
		A thyroid and parathyroid ultrasound is an imaging test to evaluate the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands.
		Parathyroid hormone, or PTH, is produced by the parathyroid glands and regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood.
		During a thyroid and parathyroid ultrasound, a small handheld instrument called a transducer is passed back and forth over the neck to produce a picture of the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands.
	www.webmd.com /hw/health_guide_atoz/hw5894.asp (1078 words)

	Parathyroid Gland Overview: Parathyroid Disease, Parathyroid Function, How Parathyroid Glands Work.
		Parathyroid glands are small glands of the endocrine system which are located in the neck behind the thyroid.
		If you have parathyroid disease, you almost certainly have 3 parathyroid glands the size of a grain of rice and one parathyroid tumor that is as big as an olive, grape, or even a walnut.
		Except in rare cases, parathyroid glands are in the neck behind the thyroid.
	www.parathyroid.com /parathyroid.htm (1391 words)

	Parathyroid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Reoperative parathyroid surgery requires a multidisciplinary approach and should be managed by a specialist team in a centre with appropriate facilities.
		Routine imaging of the parathyroid glands is not indicated prior to a first operation.
		The cryopreservation of parathyroid tissue for possible later implantation is an option in units with specific experience of this technique.
	www.baes.info /Parathyroid.htm (1292 words)

	Parathyroid Hyperthyroidism: Online Reference For Health Concerns
		Once the parathyroid hormone is released into the blood, it circulates to act in a number of places to increase the amount of calcium in the blood (such as removing calcium from bones).
		Under the presence of too much parathyroid hormone, however, the bones will continue to release their calcium into the blood at a rate which is too high, resulting in bones that have too little calcium and in serum calcium overload.
		Parathyroid adenomas are typically much bigger (about the size of a walnut) than the normal pea-sized parathyroid.
	lef.org /protocols/prtcl-087.shtml?source=DeathClock&... (1735 words)

	Joint Program in Nuclear Medicine
		A diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism was made and localization of a parathyroid adenoma responsible for the increased parathormone was desired.
		Parathyroid scintigraphy is based on the concept of physiologic localization in tissue using metabolic markers.
		Tc-99m Sestamibi is a promising radiopharmaceutical for the detection and localization of parathyroid adenomas in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.
	www.med.harvard.edu /JPNM/TF93_94/May3/WriteUpMay3.html (816 words)

	What Is Parathyroid Cancer
		A doctor may remove the parathyroid gland (parathyroidectomy) and the half of the thyroid on the same side as the cancer (ipsilateral thyroidectomy).
		Treatment for parathyroid cancer depends on the type and stage of the disease and the patient's age and overall health.
		Surgery to remove the parathyroid gland (parathyroidectomy) and the half of the thyroid on the same side as the cancer (ipsilateral thyroidectomy).
	cancer.uchc.edu /patients_families/treatment_types/headneck/parathyroid.html (892 words)

	Parathyroid Gland Function
		Once the parathyroid hormone is released into the blood, it circulates to act in a number of places to increase the amount of calcium in the blood (like removing calcium from bones).
		Parathyroid hormone (PTH) has a very powerful influence on the cells of the bones which causes them to release their calcium into the bloodstream.
		Under the presence of too much parathyroid hormone, however, the bones will continue to release their calcium into the blood at a rate which is too high resulting in bones which have too little calcium.
	www.endocrineweb.com /function.html (664 words)

	Parathyroid scan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A parathyroid scan is administered when the parathyroid appears to be overactive and a tumor is suspected.
		Parathyroid scans are not recommended for pregnant women because of the potential harm to the developing fetus.
		A parathyroid scan is a non-invasive procedure that uses two radiopharmaceuticals (drugs with a radioactive marker) to obtain an image of highly active areas of the parathyroid glands.
	www.healthatoz.com /healthatoz/Atoz/ency/parathyroid_scan.jsp (737 words)

	eMedicine - Parathyroid Surgery : Article by W Bradford Carter, MD, FACS, FACE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Relevant Anatomy: The superior parathyroid glands are derived from the fourth branchial pouch and normally descend to positions adjacent to the posterior aspect of the thyroid capsule at about the level at which the middle thyroid vein crosses the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) near the cricothyroid junction.
		The normal parathyroid gland is composed of chief and oxyphilic cells within a fibrous stroma with a variable amount of fat, depending on the patient's age and body fat content.
		An adenomatous parathyroid gland is confirmed by being hypercellular and having less adipose tissue relative to a normal parathyroid gland; therefore, identify the remaining glands and obtain a biopsy sample of a healthy gland for comparison.
	www.emedicine.com /ent/topic766.htm (3617 words)

	parathyroid glands on Encyclopedia.com
		Parathormone increases the concentration of calcium ions in the blood, with accompanying bone absorption and increased reabsorption of calcium ions by the kidneys.
		The hormone's effect on phosphate ion concentration is the opposite, i.e., phosphate ion concentration in the bloodstream decreases as a result of increased phosphate excretion by the kidneys.
		Parathyroid hyperplasia as a cause of recurrent hyperparathyroidism.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/p1/parathyr.asp (416 words)

	Parathyroid Hyperthyroidism - Page 2 Of 2: Online Reference For Health Concerns
		Experts in the field believe that after a parathyroid is surgically removed, Fosomax may have a role in trying to build bone density and replace the calcium that the parathyroid hormone removed.
		Calcitonin is a parathyroid hormone that acts to decrease the release of skeletal calcium, phosphorus, and hydroxyproline.
		Although primary hyperparathyroidism normally mandates surgery to remove one or more parathyroid glands that have developed benign tumors, secondary hyperparathyroidism can be caused by a dietary calcium or vitamin D deficiency.
	www.lef.org /protocols/prtcl-087a.shtml (1735 words)

	Parathyroid cancer: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ] This information is produced and, Eastern Carolina
		Surgery to remove the parathyroid gland (parathyroidectomy), the half of the thyroid on the same side as the cancer (ipsilateral thyroidectomy), and possibly other tissues around the thyroid.
		Parathyroid cancer which has spread beyond nearby tissues to areas such as the lungs may appear soon after surgery, or as much as 20 years later.
		Because parathyroid cancer tends to be slow-growing, repeated surgeries to remove cancer which has come back can lower the level of parathyroid hormone and extend survival.
	www.uhseast.com /113838.cfm (1705 words)

	Parathyroid gland -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		There are two types of cells in the parathyroid glands (additional info and facts about parathyroid chief cell) parathyroid chief cells and (additional info and facts about oxyphil cell) oxyphil cells.
		When blood calcium levels drop below a certain point, calcium-sensing (A cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response) receptors in the parathyroid gland are activated to release hormone into the blood.
		It then stimulates (Cell that functions in the breakdown and resorption of bone tissue) osteoclasts to break down bone and release calcium into the blood.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pa/parathyroid_gland.htm (204 words)

	Minimally Invasive Radioguided Parathyroid Surgery (MIRP). Highest cure for parathyroid disease. Parathyroid surgeons ...
		Importantly, the standard parathyroid operation does not do either of these two important steps, rather the old way simply requires the surgeon to dissect all parts of the neck and "explore" for the parathyroids, hoping to find one that is big so it can be removed.
		The patient's head is to the top of the picture and a blue pen was used to mark the outline of her collar bones and the top of her breast bone (the sternum).
		The next step is for the surgeon to dissect the overactive parathyroid tumor away from the rest of the neck structures and remove it.
	www.parathyroid.com /MIRP-Surgery.htm (2141 words)

	Parathyroid Adenoma (MIRP)* OTOLARYNGOLOGY HOUSTON
		The right sternocleidomastoid muscle was retracted. The sternohyoid muscles were separated in the midline and retracted. The dark blue adenoma immediately came into view, inferior to the right thyroid lobe and lateral to the trachea.
		Normal parathyroid tissue stained to a lesser extent or not at all.
		Its preferential staining of abnormal parathyroid tissue can assist the surgeon in deciding the extent of his parathyroid excision.
	www.ghorayeb.com /ParathyroidAdenomaMethyleneBlue.html (209 words)

	Parathyroid Surgery
		This is the standard approach to parathyroid surgery which has been used for the treatment of parathyroid disorders and involves a bilateral (both sides of the neck) exploration for the removal of diseased parathyroid glands.
		Bilateral surgery is most often required for patients suspected of having multiglandular parathyroid disease, those who have co-existing thyroid nodules needing removal, or in initially focused operations where it becomes necessary to perform a bilateral procedure due to disease in the opposite neck or a questionable diagnosis.
		Useful for localizing parathyroid adenomas by using a probe which detects a radioactive molecule administered preoperatively that accumulates in the parathyroid adenoma.
	cpmcnet.columbia.edu /dept/cs/pat/endo/para_surg.html (624 words)

	Parathyroid Disease: calcium, osteoporosis, tumors, and surgery.
		Parathyroid glands are small glands of the endocrine system which are located behind the thyroid.
		There are four parathyroid glands which are normally about the size and shape of a grain of rice.
		The single major disease of parathyroid glands is overactivity of one or more of the parathyroids which make too much parathyroid hormone causing a potentially serious calcium imbalance.
	www.endocrineweb.com /parathyroid.html (441 words)

	eMedicine - Parathyroid Carcinoma : Article by Lawrence Kim, MD
		Parathyroid hormone (intact): Parathyroid carcinoma should produce authentic parathyroid hormone, therefore serum parathyroid hormone levels should be elevated.
		Diagnosis is based on the histologic appearance of the excised parathyroid gland and clinical indicators such as recurrence or metastases.
		However, hypercalcemia due to parathyroid cancer is often resistant to long-term medical management and is usually the cause of death in patients with metastatic disease.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic1754.htm (1674 words)

	Parathyroid Patients Resource Web. Parathyroid Disease and Parathyroid Treatment Overview
		The only function of the 4 parathyroid glands is to secrete a hormone (parathyroid hormone) that helps maintain the proper balance of calcium and phosphorus in your blood (and other places within your body like nerve and muscle tissues and bones).
		The parathyroid glands maintain proper levels of both calcium and phosphorus in your body by turning the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) off or on, much as a thermostat controls a heating system to maintain a constant air temperature.
		Many parathyroid experts believe that it is this second type of calcium (the ionized calcium) that most closely matches the severity of symptoms.
	www.parathyroid-gland.com (4325 words)

	Endocrine Malignancies Resource Directory - CancerIndex
		The parathyroid gland is located at the base of the neck near the thyroid gland.
		Parathyroid cancer is a condition where the cells of the parathyroid gland become malignant (cancerous).
		Parathyroid cancers are rare; while problems with the parathyroid gland are common, these are not usually cancer related.
	www.cancerindex.org /clinks2e.htm (1025 words)

	New York Thyroid Center: Parathyroid Surgery
		Bilateral surgery is best for the patients who are at risk for multiglandular parathyroid disease, which occurs in about 3-4% of patients, or for the patients at risk for co-existing thyroid nodules, which occurs in about 20% of patients.
		Most parathyroid surgeons do not believe that the intra-operative probe is necessary because it does not improve the success rate of parathyroid surgery and it only makes the procedure more complicated.
		Instead, a repeat sestamibi scan is recommended for the 5-8% of patients who have a second parathyroid adenoma remaining, and a second operation (a "directed" approach) under local anesthesia is performed at a latter date.
	cpmcnet.columbia.edu /dept/thyroid/parasurgHP.html (1247 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Parathyroid biopsy
		A parathyroid biopsy is a diagnostic test in which a small piece of parathyroid gland is removed for examination.
		A parathyroid biopsy most often is performed as the first part of a surgical procedure to examine or remove these glands, usually because of hypercalcemia (increased blood calcium) caused by hyperparathyroidism (increased parathyroid hormone production).
		Hyperparathyroidism can be a primary condition (parathyroid hyperplasia) or it can be a secondary condition caused by a tumor of the parathyroid gland.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/003898.htm (564 words)

	Joint Program in Nuclear Medicine
		Parathyroid scintigraphy (59k bytes) was performed 20 minutes and 2 hours after injection of technetium-99m-sestamibi.
		Different scintigraphic techniques have been used for detection of abnormal parathyroid glands using a combination of radiotracers including thallium-201 chloride or technetium-99m sestamibi for localization of abnormal parathyroid glands and technetium-99m-sodium pertechnetate or iodine-123 sodium iodide for thyroid localization.
		All parathyroid glands were identified at surgery and the gross surgical findings, location of parathyroid adenomas, weight of excised glands and histopathologic findings were recorded for each patient.
	www.med.harvard.edu /JPNM/TF94_95/April11/WriteUpApril11.html (1410 words)

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