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Topic: Parathyroid hormone

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Hypoparathyroidism

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	Hyperparathyroidism: overactivity of the parathyroid glands.
		This situation is illustrated here: one of the parathyroid glands has developed a tumor which is secreting all the hormone...the other three glands are small and responding appropriately to the high calcium by becoming dormant (the parathyroids are yellow and are situated behind the larger thyroid lobes shown in light pink).
		This out of control parathyroid gland is essentially never cancerous (less than one in 2500), however, it slowly causes damage to the body because it induces an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood which can slowly destroy a number of tissues.
		Parathyroid adenomas typically are much bigger than the normal pea-sized parathyroid (shown to scale) and will frequently be about the size of a walnut.
	www.endocrineweb.com /hyperpara.html (1311 words)

	PTH - parathyroid hormone
		In rats fed a high-phosphate (Pi) diet, nephrectomy elicited a significant increase in the serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration that was associated with a significant increase in the abundance of PHEX mRNA and protein in the tibia and a significant increase in PHEX mRNA in the parathyroid gland.
		Parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion was also modulated primarily by ambient serum calcium but the enlarged parathyroid glands which the mutants exhibited and the widened cartilaginous growth plates could only be normalized by the combination of calcium and 1,25(OH)(2)D, apparently independently of the VDR.
		Parathyroid hormone (PTH) or activators of protein kinase A (PKA) up-regulate the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and augment the induction by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) of the expression of target genes (24-hydroxylase and osteopontin) in osteoblastic cells.
	www.ihop-net.org /UniPub/iHOP/gg/91464.html (5613 words)

	Parathyroid Disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Parathyroid glands are small glands of the endocrine system which are normally about the size and shape of a grain of rice.
		Once the parathyroid hormone is released into the blood, it circulates to act in a number of places to increase the amount of calcium in the blood (like removing calcium from bones).
		Under the presence of too much parathyroid hormone, however, the bones will continue to release their calcium into the blood at a rate which is too high resulting in bones which have too little calcium.
	coloradosurgicalservice.com /article_parathyroid.htm (2015 words)

	Parathyroid Hormone
		A parathyroid hormone (PTH) blood test measures the level of parathyroid hormone to help diagnose hyperparathyroidism or to determine the cause of abnormal calcium levels in the blood.
		A high parathyroid hormone (PTH) level along with a high blood calcium level may indicate excessive parathyroid gland growth (hyperplasia) or a parathyroid tumor.
		Overactive parathyroid glands are often the result of noncancerous (benign) tumors of the parathyroid glands.
	www.webmd.com /hw/hormonal_disorders/hw8101.asp (1221 words)

	Parathyroid disease, parathyroid glands, parathyroid hormone, thyroid gland, hypoparathyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, ...
		Parathyroid hormone is a substance that helps regulate the amount of calcium in the bloodstream.
		Parathyroid hormone raises the amount of calcium in the bloodstream by removing calcium from bones, by increasing the amount of calcium taken from the diet, and by decreasing the amount of calcium excreted in the urine.
		The parathyroid hormone secreted may not be effective in the body for various reasons, which is considered a form of hypoparathyroidism.
	www.pediatric-ent.com /learning/problems/parathyroid.htm (798 words)

	Parathyroid hormone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by the parathyroid glands as a polypeptide containing 84 amino acids.
		It acts to increase the concentration of calcium in the blood, whereas calcitonin (a hormone produced by the thyroid gland) acts to decrease calcium concentration.
		PTH also acts to decrease the concentration of phosphate in the blood, primarily by reducing reabsorption in the proximal tubules of the kidney.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parathyroid_hormone (414 words)

	Untitled
		Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released from the parathyroid gland (behind the thyroid) and is used to maintain homeostatic levels of calcium in the blood.
		Parathyroid hormone is released from a particular cell type found in the parathyroid gland.
		Therefore, a given hormone may have one function in one cell, a totally opposite function in another cell region of the body, and yet a another totally unrelated activity in a third area of the body.
	www.mrs.umn.edu /~goochv/HAP/lectures/hormone/hormone.html (2349 words)

	eMedicine - Hyperparathyroidism : Article Excerpt by: Philip Salen, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Background: The parathyroid glands regulate calcium and phosphorus levels by releasing variable amounts of parathyroid hormone, which raises serum calcium levels while lowering serum phosphorus.
		Under usual conditions, the rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is inversely proportional to the serum calcium level.
		Hypertrophy of all parathyroid glands causes hyperparathyroidism in 15% of patients.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/byname/hyperparathyroidism.htm (557 words)

	Parathyroid Hormone
		Parathyroid hormone is the most important endocrine regulator of calcium and phosphorus concentration in extracellular fluid.
		Another hormone, parathyroid hormone-related protein, binds to the same receptor as parathyroid hormone and has major effects on development.
		Another effect of parathyroid hormone on the kidney is to stimulate loss of phosphate ions in urine.
	arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu /hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/thyroid/pth.html (772 words)

	Parathyroid Glands Information on Healthline
		The parathyroid glands are located on the thyroid gland, a butterfly-shaped gland found in the neck on both sides of the windpipe.
		Parathyroid tissue consists of two major cell types: oxyphil cells, whose function is unknown, and chief cells, which produce parathyroid hormone.
		The function of the parathyroid glands is to secrete parathyroid hormone, which causes the release of the calcium present in bone to extracellular fluid (ECF).
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/parathyroid-glands (950 words)

	Parathyroid gland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands in the neck, usually located behind the thyroid gland, which produce parathyroid hormone.
		Parathyroid hormone is a small protein that takes part in the control of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, as well as bone physiology.
		The parathyroid glands originate from the interaction of neural crest mesenchyme and third and fourth pharyngeal pouch endoderm.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parathyroid (595 words)

	parathyroid hormone. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The hormone also enhances both the excretion of phosphate by the kidneys and its uptake by the cells.
		Calcium is intimately involved not only in the formation of bone, but also in the functioning of the nervous system; thus hypoparathyroidism, the disease associated with a deficiency in parathyroid hormone secretion, is characterized by muscle spasms leading eventually to generalized convulsions and various psychiatric symptoms.
		Hyperparathyroidism, the result of oversecretion of the hormone, often leads to the resorption of bone and can only be treated by the surgical removal of all of the parathyroid glands, which can be found in unusual locations.
	www.bartleby.com /65/pa/parathor.html (239 words)

	Parathyroid.com Discusses Parathyroid Disease and Parathyroid Treatment. Parathyroid Surgery, Parathyroid Operations ...
		Parathyroid disease, parathyroid hormone activity, parathyroid tumors, and parathyroid surgery are all discussed in easy to read language with pictures and illustrations.
		Hyperparathyroidism is the principle disease of parathyroid glands.
		How parathyroid disease occurs and how it is due to high secretion of parathyroid hormone is covered on a different page.
	www.parathyroid.com (1344 words)

	Hypoparthyroidism
		Hypoparthyroidism is a deficiency of parathyroid hormone that causes abnormal metabolism of calcium and phosphorus.
		The gland produces parathyroid hormone which, along with vitamin D and calcitonin, are important for the regulation of the calcium level in the
		- Hypoparthyroidism is a deficiency of parathyroid hormone that causes abnormal metabolism of calcium and phosphorus.
	endocrine-disorders.health-cares.net /hypoparathyroidism.php (406 words)

	Hypoparathyroidism and too little parathyroid hormone. A complication from parathyroid surgery and thyroid surgery.
		Parathyroid surgery (and to a lesser extent) can be very tricky, with the results being extremely dependant upon the experience of the surgeon.
		Even if normal parathyroid hormone is given to them in their veins, they do not respond to it...the problem lies in the bones and kidneys.
		Parathyroid auto-transplantation is routinely done for patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism due to renal failure in patients on dialysis.
	www.parathyroid.com /hypoparathyroidism.htm (3096 words)

	Parathyroid Patients Resource Web. Parathyroid Disease and Parathyroid Treatment Overview
		The only function of the 4 parathyroid glands is to secrete a hormone (parathyroid hormone) that helps maintain the proper balance of calcium and phosphorus in your blood (and other places within your body like nerve and muscle tissues and bones).
		The parathyroid glands maintain proper levels of both calcium and phosphorus in your body by turning the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) off or on, much as a thermostat controls a heating system to maintain a constant air temperature.
		Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) is designed to keep the blood calcium in the normal range, and it does this by taking calcium out of the bones.
	www.parathyroid-gland.com (4325 words)

	Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands Study Guide
		Thyroid hormones are secreted from the lateral and basal surfaces of the cell.
		There are at least 4 parathyroid glands found embedded in the capsule of the thyroid at its dorsal surface.
		Parathyroid hormone then works on three target cell types to raise serum calcium.
	www.cytochemistry.net /Endocrine_System/thyroid_and_parathyroid.htm (1483 words)

	Parathyroid Hormone Demonstrates Benefit in Osteoporosis Treatment
		A cyclic regimen of parathyroid hormone might be as effective as a daily regimen at increasing bone density of the spine, even when less of the PTH drug is used.
		Parathyroid hormone, or PTH, initially stimulates bone formation and later increases the entire bone remodeling process, which includes both degradation and rebuilding of bone.
		The concept of cyclic administration of parathyroid hormone was based on the hypothesis that early direct stimulation of bone formation by parathyroid hormone might be more important to the ultimate accrual of bone mineral density than later activation of bone remodeling by parathyroid hormone.
	www.nysopep.org /page.cfm/128 (735 words)

	Diagnosis of Parathyroid Disease. Diagnose Parathyroid Disease by High Calcium and Parathyroid Hormone Levels. ...
		Since parathyroid glands are glands within the endocrine system, we can detect parathyroid disease by measuring the hormone that the parathyroid glands make and compare this level to the amount of calcium in the blood.
		Parathyroid operations are not as "involved" as they once were, and usually patients go home within 2 hours of the operation (when the operation is performed by a parathyroid surgeon).
		People with normal parathyroid glands have calcium levels that are very constant from week to week, month to month, and year to year--their calcium levels do not bounce around between high and normal.
	www.parathyroid.com /diagnosis.htm (4474 words)

	Parathyroid Cancer - Endocrine Cancers - Stanford Comprehensive Cancer Center
		The parathyroid glands are two pairs of small, oval-shaped glands located adjacent to the two thyroid gland lobes in the neck.
		Parathyroid cancer is quite rare, and the majority of parathyroid tumors are benign adenomas, meaning they are not cancerous.
		Parathyroid cancer sometimes runs in families and is caused by genes.
	cancer.stanford.edu /endocrine/parathyroid.html (413 words)

	Recombinant human parathyroid hormone -- Reeve 324 (7335): 435 -- BMJ
		Parathyroid hormone's biggest untested impact might be in the prevention of hip fractures, because it expands the bony envelope
		Parathyroid hormone added to established hormone therapy: effects on vertebral fracture and maintenance of bone mass after parathyroid hormone withdrawal.
		Parathyroid hormone as a therapy for idiopathic osteoporosis in men: effects on bone mineral density and bone markers.
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/324/7335/435 (1131 words)

	Medical Dictionary: Parathyroid hormone - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Parathyroid hormone: A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body.
		Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.
		Parathyroid hormone : polypeptide hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands which maintains intracellular calcium levels in the body; parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of calcium from bone, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /medical/parathyroid_hormone.htm (353 words)

	Parathyroid hormone: past and present -- Potts 187 (3): 311 -- Journal of Endocrinology
		Heinrich G, Kronenberg HM, Potts JT Jr and Habener JF 1984 Gene encoding parathyroid hormone: nucleotide sequence of the rat gene and deduced amino acid sequence of rat preproparathyroid hormone.
		Nussbaum SR and Potts JT Jr 1991 Immunoassays for parathyroid hormone 1–84 in the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism.
		Russell J and Sherwood LM 1989 Nucleotide sequence of the DNA complementary to avian (chicken) preproparathyroid hormone mRNA and the deduced sequence of the hormone precursor.
	joe.endocrinology-journals.org /cgi/content/full/187/3/311 (8010 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Hyperparathyroidism
		They produce parathyroid hormone, which regulates calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium levels within the blood and bone.
		This increase in parathyroid hormone causes more calcium to be taken from the bone and more calcium to be reabsorbed by the intestines and kidney.
		If the parathyroid glands continue to produce too much parathyroid hormone even though the calcium level is back to normal, this is called "tertiary hyperthyroidism" and occurs especially in patients with kidney problems.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/001215.htm (640 words)

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